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no differences were observed between mothers of multiple preterm children <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; those of a single preterm child in terms of maternal anxiety and stress&#46; Then&#44; we want to know more&#46; Of course&#44; it is only when a study is completed that one sees precisely how it should have been done&#46; For example&#44; it would have been interesting to know more on the effects of multiple preterm births on fathers&#46; Do they suffer the same impact than mothers&#44; and are the under the same influence of socioeconomic status&#63; What is the role&#44; if any&#44; of the co-parenting alliance on anxiety&#44; stress&#44; and depression associated with preterm multiple birth&#44; and on the impact on the relationship&#63; Answering those questions is essential&#44; but a different frame of research is needed&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To further investigate causal relationships&#44; it is necessary to move from a single frame of thoughts to one that is more sequential&#44; more developmental&#44; and more probabilistic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The medical community is in search of the factors that can positively or negatively influence the developmental trajectories of the infants&#44; as well as the caregiver&#39;s abilities&#44; considering the genetic susceptibility of both partners in their individual reaction to stress&#46; Such studies have been conducted&#44; for example&#44; by Costa and Figuereido&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> on a non-clinical sample followed from birth onward&#44; and by Baptista et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> on a Portuguese institutionalized sample&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These studies require a considerable power and the variables have to be carefully controlled&#46; It also requires a longitudinal design&#44; if some trickier questions are to be answered&#44; such as what is the role of the child&#39;s ability to cope with stress stemming from interactive difficulties with parents&#46; Costa and Figuereido<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> explored the several developmental trajectories of infants that are dependent on a complex interaction between the infant&#39;s temperament and his&#47;her ability to develop a social withdrawal reaction in face of maternal depression&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies trying to capture the complex interplay of factors &#40;relational and temperamental&#44; as well as genetic or epigenetic&#41; require assessments tools that directly evaluate the child&#39;s experience and his&#47;her behaviors when faced with relational hazards&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is why the Alarm Distress Baby scale was designed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> Among the several validations of the scale&#44; two were made in Brazil&#44; one in a day care center&#44; the other in Baby-Friendly clinics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; the key issue is to understand why&#44; in a similar context&#44; some do better than others&#46; This question leads the issue of screening for the most vulnerable individuals&#44; in order to help them earlier and more effectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> To achieve this goal&#44; we need simple and validated assessments of the caregiver&#39;s ability&#44; but also some tools that directly assess the child&#39;s defensive reaction when faced with relational difficulties&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author declares no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Journal Information
Vol. 94. Issue 5.
Pages 458-459 (September - October 2018)
Vol. 94. Issue 5.
Pages 458-459 (September - October 2018)
Editorial
Open Access
Who needs what and when, and how do we sort that out?
Quem precisa do que e quando, e como resolvemos isso?
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Antoine Guedeneya,b,c,d
a L’adolescent et Périnatalité, Psychiatrie de L’Enfant, Paris, France
b Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Pôle, Paris, France
c Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Nord Val de Seine, Paris, France
d Policlinique Ney Jenny Aubry, Paris, France
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Joana Baptista, Vanessa Moutinho, Vera Mateus, Hercília Guimarães, Fátima Clemente, Sara Almeida, Maria Agostinha Andrade, Clara Paz Dias, Alice Freitas, Carla Martins, Isabel Soares
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Choosing a clinically relevant but insufficiently documented question is the first step of a sound clinical research. This is precisely what has been done by Baptista et al.1

They start by reminding us that 15 million babies are born preterm worldwide, and that this number is still rising. Mothers of multiple preterm infants (and their partners) are exposed to increased risk for depression, anxiety, and parenting stress. Considering the number of preterm babies worldwide, there is clearly a mental health issue to be addressed. Moreover, little is known on the intermediate variables, which may buffer or increase the negative effect of a multiple preterm birth on the parent's caregiving abilities, acting in a negative transactional spiral.2

The results of the study by Baptista et al.1 are therefore important, and they are striking. There is a clear effect of multiple preterm births, but only in the context of socioeconomic disadvantages. What was new here was the effect size (F[1.95]=5.25). If it is true that the hallmark of good research is the fact that is yields surprise, then the study by Baptista et al.1 is a good one. Contrarily to what could be expected, no differences were observed between mothers of multiple preterm children vs. those of a single preterm child in terms of maternal anxiety and stress. Then, we want to know more. Of course, it is only when a study is completed that one sees precisely how it should have been done. For example, it would have been interesting to know more on the effects of multiple preterm births on fathers. Do they suffer the same impact than mothers, and are the under the same influence of socioeconomic status? What is the role, if any, of the co-parenting alliance on anxiety, stress, and depression associated with preterm multiple birth, and on the impact on the relationship? Answering those questions is essential, but a different frame of research is needed.

To further investigate causal relationships, it is necessary to move from a single frame of thoughts to one that is more sequential, more developmental, and more probabilistic.3 The medical community is in search of the factors that can positively or negatively influence the developmental trajectories of the infants, as well as the caregiver's abilities, considering the genetic susceptibility of both partners in their individual reaction to stress. Such studies have been conducted, for example, by Costa and Figuereido,4,5 on a non-clinical sample followed from birth onward, and by Baptista et al.,6 on a Portuguese institutionalized sample.

These studies require a considerable power and the variables have to be carefully controlled. It also requires a longitudinal design, if some trickier questions are to be answered, such as what is the role of the child's ability to cope with stress stemming from interactive difficulties with parents. Costa and Figuereido4 explored the several developmental trajectories of infants that are dependent on a complex interaction between the infant's temperament and his/her ability to develop a social withdrawal reaction in face of maternal depression.

Studies trying to capture the complex interplay of factors (relational and temperamental, as well as genetic or epigenetic) require assessments tools that directly evaluate the child's experience and his/her behaviors when faced with relational hazards.

This is why the Alarm Distress Baby scale was designed.7–9 Among the several validations of the scale, two were made in Brazil, one in a day care center, the other in Baby-Friendly clinics.10,11

Finally, the key issue is to understand why, in a similar context, some do better than others. This question leads the issue of screening for the most vulnerable individuals, in order to help them earlier and more effectively.12 To achieve this goal, we need simple and validated assessments of the caregiver's ability, but also some tools that directly assess the child's defensive reaction when faced with relational difficulties.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares no conflicts of interest.

References
[1]
J. Baptista, V. Moutinho, V. Mateus, H. Guimarães, F. Clemente, S. Almeida, et al.
Being a mother of preterm multiples in the context of socioeconomic disadvantage: perceived stress and psychological symptoms.
J Pediatr (Rio J), 94 (2018), pp. 491-497
[2]
R. Seifer, A.J. Sameroff, C.P. Baldwin, A. Baldwin.
Child and family factors that ameliorate risk between 4 and 13 years of age.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 31 (1992), pp. 893-903
[3]
M. Rutter.
Protective factors in children's response to stress and disadvantage.
Primary prevention and psychopathology: vol. 3. Social competence in children, pp. 49-74
[4]
R. Costa, B. Figueiredo.
Infants’ behavioral and physiological profile and mother–infant interaction.
Int J Behav Dev, 36 (2012), pp. 205-214
[5]
R. Costa, B. Figueiredo.
The Alarm Distress Baby Scale (ADBB) in a longitudinal Portuguese study reanalyzed with attachment data.
Infant Ment Health J, 34 (2013), pp. 553-561
[6]
J. Baptista, J. Belsky, C. Martins, J. Silva, S. Marques, A. Mesquita, et al.
Social withdrawal behavior in institutionalized toddlers: individual, early family and institutional determinants.
Infant Ment Health J, 34 (2013), pp. 562-573
[7]
Accueil [Internet]. Alarme Destresse (ADBB). A. Guedeney; 2012. Available from: http://www.adbb.net [cited 24.10.17].
[8]
A. Guedeney, J. Fermanian.
A validity and reliability study of assessment and screening for sustained withdrawal reaction in infancy: the alarm distress baby scale.
Infant Ment Health J, 5 (2001), pp. 559-575
[9]
A. Guedeney, S. Matthey, K. Puura.
Social withdrawal behavior in infancy: a history of the concept and a review of published controlled studies using the Alarm Distress Baby Scale.
Infant Ment Health J, 34 (2013), pp. 1-16
[10]
F.B. Assumpção Jr., E. Kuczynski, M.G. Rego, C.C. Rocca.
A scale to evaluate the withdrawn reaction in infancy.
Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 60 (2002), pp. 56-60
[11]
S. Lopes, J. Ricas, M.C. Mancini.
Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Alarm Distress Baby scale among 122 Brazilian children.
Infant Ment Health J, 29 (2008), pp. 153-173
[12]
S.S. Luthar, D. Cicchetti, B. Becker.
The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guideline for future work.
Child Dev, 71 (2000), pp. 543-562

Please cite this article as: Guedeney A. Who needs what and when, and how do we sort that out?. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2018;94:458–9.

See paper by Baptista et al. in pages 491–7.

Copyright © 2017. Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria
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Os artigos submetidos a partir de 1º de setembro de 2018, que forem aceitos para publicação no Jornal de Pediatria, estarão sujeitos a uma taxa para que tenham sua publicação garantida. O artigo aceito somente será publicado após a comprovação do pagamento da taxa de publicação. Ao submeterem o manuscrito a este jornal, os autores concordam com esses termos. A submissão dos manuscritos continua gratuita. Para mais informações, contate assessoria@jped.com.br. Articles submitted as of September 1, 2018, which are accepted for publication in the Jornal de Pediatria, will be subject to a fee to have their publication guaranteed. The accepted article will only be published after proof of the publication fee payment. By submitting the manuscript to this journal, the authors agree to these terms. Manuscript submission remains free of charge. For more information, contact assessoria@jped.com.br.
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