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A esse respeito&#44; cerca de 40 a 45&#37; da massa &#243;ssea presente na vida adulta s&#227;o adquiridos durante a adolesc&#234;ncia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nesse contexto&#44; deve&#8208;se lembrar que os contraceptivos s&#227;o prescritos em idades cada vez mais jovens para proteger o p&#250;blico jovem de gravidezes n&#227;o intencionais no in&#237;cio da atividade sexual&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Essa pr&#225;tica levantou d&#250;vidas quanto &#224; quantidade de estrog&#234;nio na formula&#231;&#227;o ser adequada para essa faixa et&#225;ria&#44; com rela&#231;&#227;o ao desenvolvimento &#243;sseo e ao atingimento de um pico de massa &#243;ssea adequado&#46; A maior parte das pesquisas publicadas inclui uma ampla gama de mulheres de diferentes idades&#44; inclusive adolescentes&#44; pessoas jovens e at&#233; mesmo adultos jovens&#44; bem como diversos momentos do crescimento e mineraliza&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea&#44; cria dificuldades ao interpretar os resultados de aumentos da massa &#243;ssea&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudos recentes que envolvem meninos e meninas jovens demonstraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre os marcadores &#243;sseos como preditores do desenvolvimento de conte&#250;do mineral &#243;sseo &#40;CMO&#41; e DMO durante o per&#237;odo de maior ganho de massa &#243;ssea&#46; Os resultados mostraram que as concentra&#231;&#245;es de marcadores de forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea e reabsor&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o maiores nos primeiros anos da puberdade do que os est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados de desenvolvimento p&#250;bere&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;7</span></a> Os poss&#237;veis efeitos dos contraceptivos sobre o ganho de massa &#243;ssea podem causar doen&#231;as de remodela&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A import&#226;ncia dos contraceptivos hormonais para o ganho de massa &#243;ssea e sua participa&#231;&#227;o na remodela&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea destacam a necessidade de fazer estudos prospectivos que abordem especificamente a adolesc&#234;ncia&#44; um per&#237;odo caracterizado por maior aquisi&#231;&#227;o de massa &#243;ssea&#44; para avaliar os efeitos desses medicamentos sobre a sa&#250;de &#243;ssea nessa faixa et&#225;ria e os poss&#237;veis resultados futuros na vida adulta e velhice&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Assim&#44; o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar prospectivamente se haveria quaisquer efeitos e poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre o uso de dois tipos de contraceptivos orais &#40;CO&#41; de baixa dosagem&#44; com 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g etinilestradiol &#40;EE&#41;&#47;150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g desogestrel ou 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g EE&#47;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg de drospirenona&#44; por um ano sobre o metabolismo &#243;sseo das adolescentes e comparar os resultados com os obtidos para adolescentes saud&#225;veis que n&#227;o usaram COs&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">M&#233;todos</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este foi um estudo quase experimento aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu&#44; S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brasil&#46; A amostra consistiu de adolescentes saud&#225;veis com estatura entre o percentil 5 e 95 para a idade e &#237;ndice de massa corporal &#40;IMC&#41; entre percentil 5 e 95&#44; de acordo com o Centro de Controle e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> As adolescentes que disseram ter vida sexual ativa e quiseram iniciar o m&#233;todo contraceptivo foram inclu&#237;das nos grupos de exposi&#231;&#227;o a CO e dois tipos de COs foram oferecidos&#46; Aquelas que n&#227;o pediram COs foram direcionadas para o grupo de controle&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As participantes foram divididas em tr&#234;s grupos&#46; O Grupo 1 &#40;CO1&#41; consistiu em adolescentes saud&#225;veis entre 12 anos completos e 20 anos incompletos no p&#243;s&#8208;menarca&#44; puberdade tardia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> As adolescentes foram registradas na cl&#237;nica ambulatorial de Medicina do Adolescente do Hospital Universit&#225;rio e foram encaminhadas para orienta&#231;&#227;o e prescri&#231;&#227;o de um m&#233;todo contraceptivo&#44; devido &#224; vida sexual ativa&#46; Esses indiv&#237;duos &#40;n &#61; 42&#41; receberam um contraceptivo oral &#40;CO&#41; combinado de baixa dosagem que cont&#233;m etinilestradiol &#40;EE&#41; e 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g de desogestrel&#46; O grupo 2 &#40;CO2&#41; consistiu em adolescentes da mesma faixa et&#225;ria e com as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas que as do CO1&#46; Esses indiv&#237;duos &#40;n &#61; 66&#41; receberam outra formula&#231;&#227;o de CO combinado de baixa dosagem que cont&#233;m 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g EE e 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg de drospirenona&#46; O grupo de controle consistiu em 70 adolescentes pareadas para os outros dois grupos&#44; que n&#227;o usaram COs&#46; Todas as adolescentes do estudo e dos grupos de controle estavam no p&#243;s&#8208;menarca&#44; apresentaram ciclos menstruais regulares e n&#227;o apresentaram oligomenorreia&#47;amenorreia&#46; Todas as participantes n&#227;o bebiam e n&#227;o fumavam e n&#227;o praticavam atividades esportivas al&#233;m das duas horas de atividade f&#237;sica por semana durante o hor&#225;rio escolar&#46; Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o relacionados &#224; sa&#250;de adotados para o estudo foram&#58; hist&#243;rico de prematuridade ou baixo peso ao nascer&#59; tratamento prolongado com esteroides ou uso de suplementos de c&#225;lcio ou ferro nos 12 meses anteriores ao estudo&#59; diabetes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mellitus</span>&#59; desnutri&#231;&#227;o aguda ou cr&#244;nica&#59; doen&#231;as &#243;sseas cong&#234;nitas ou adquiridas&#59; m&#225; absor&#231;&#227;o gastrointestinal&#59; hist&#243;rico de nefropatia com ou sem insufici&#234;ncia renal&#59; endocrinopatias&#59; puberdade precoce ou tardia&#59; uso cr&#244;nico de drogas&#59; fibrose c&#237;stica e doen&#231;a cel&#237;aca&#46; Outros crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram uso de medicamentos conhecidos por afetar negativamente o metabolismo &#243;sseo&#44; aquelas que usaram anteriormente um CO ou outro m&#233;todo de contraceptivo hormonal inclusive acetato de medroxiprogesterona de dep&#243;sito&#44; indiv&#237;duos que trocaram de m&#233;todos durante o estudo&#44; ser vegetariana ou consumir dieta ricas em fibras e consumo di&#225;rio de mais de 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg de cafe&#237;na ou mais de 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL de refrigerantes &#224; base de cola&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todas as adolescentes foram submetidas a avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica&#46; O IMC foi calculado e o est&#225;gio puberal foi avaliado com os crit&#233;rios de Tanner&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> A idade &#243;ssea foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo de Greulich e Pyle<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> no in&#237;cio do estudo e ap&#243;s 12 meses de acompanhamento&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As adolescentes que conclu&#237;ram todas as etapas anteriores foram submetidas a avalia&#231;&#227;o da massa &#243;ssea no in&#237;cio do uso do CO e no t&#233;rmino do acompanhamento &#40;ap&#243;s um ano&#41;&#46; A massa &#243;ssea foi medida densitometricamente por absorciometria de dupla energia de raios X &#40;DXA&#41; com um aparelho Hologic QDR 4500 Discovery A &#40;Hologic&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; Bedford&#44; MA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; Os biomarcadores de osteocalcina e fosfatase alcalina &#243;ssea &#40;FAO&#41; foram avaliados antes e depois de 12 meses do uso do CO&#46; As dosagens foram medidas com o ensaio da Metra&#8482; Biosystems &#40;Quidel Corporation&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#44; com os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o intraensaio e interensaio de 8 e 7&#44;6&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O estudo prop&#244;s um acompanhamento dos tr&#234;s grupos durante um ano&#59; contudo&#44; no momento do acompanhamento&#44; h&#225; dificuldades com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s adolescentes no grupo de controle&#44; no momento em que elas foram submetidas &#224; nova densitometria mineral &#243;ssea e coletas de sangue&#44; procedimentos semelhantes aos propostos para os usu&#225;rios dos contraceptivos&#46; Essas dificuldades inclu&#237;ram o que segue&#58; muitas n&#227;o voltaram no dia agendado para a coleta de sangue ou densitometria&#44; come&#231;ar a usar uma medica&#231;&#227;o que estava entre os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o e&#44; por fim&#44; um grande percentual solicitou a prescri&#231;&#227;o de um m&#233;todo contraceptivo&#46; Por esse motivo&#44; foi tomada a decis&#227;o de excluir o grupo de controle e fazer uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear com uma resposta normal com observa&#231;&#245;es independentes entre as adolescentes do grupo de controle&#44; o que possibilitou uma estimativa do efeito anual sobre nossos resultados e compensou a aus&#234;ncia de um acompanhamento de um ano entre as adolescentes no grupo de controle&#46; Com essa t&#233;cnica&#44; conseguimos comparar os grupos indiretamente durante um ano de acompanhamento&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste de Kruskal&#8208;Wallis foi usado para comparar as vari&#225;veis de base entre os grupos de controle&#44; CO1 e CO2 e o teste de Mann&#8208;Whitney para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos de CO1 e CO2&#46; O teste Anova foi usado para as vari&#225;veis IMC&#44; escore z do IMC e o percentil do IMC &#40;valores apresentados como m&#233;dia&#41;&#44; pois essas vari&#225;veis apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o sim&#233;trica&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os efeitos da idade sobre as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e densitom&#233;tricas e sobre as concentra&#231;&#245;es de marcadores &#243;sseos no grupo de controle foram avaliados por regress&#227;o linear simples com uma resposta normal&#46; O teste de Wilcoxon foi usado para comparar as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e densitom&#233;tricas e os marcadores &#243;sseos no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s 12 meses no grupo de CO1 e CO2&#46; Para o IMC&#44; o escore z do IMC e o percentil do IMC&#44; foi usado o teste pareado&#46; As diferen&#231;as e as associa&#231;&#245;es foram consideradas significativas quando p &#60; 0&#44;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Resultados</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No grupo de CO1&#44; 36 indiv&#237;duos conclu&#237;ram o estudo e seis foram exclu&#237;dos por optarem por n&#227;o continuar com o CO&#44; devido a motivos pessoais&#46; Dos 66 indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos no grupo de CO2&#44; cinco foram exclu&#237;dos pelos mesmos motivos pessoais&#46; A compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e densitom&#233;tricas&#44; da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal obtida por densitometria e das concentra&#231;&#245;es de FAO e osteocalcina no in&#237;cio n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;as significativas entre os tr&#234;s grupos&#44; indicou a homogeneidade entre os grupos no momento da inclus&#227;o&#44; exceto percentual de gordura corporal&#46; Essa vari&#225;vel foi maior no grupo de CO2 em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos de controle e CO1&#46; Contudo&#44; nenhum dos pacientes estava obeso &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear simples foi usada para estudar&#44; indiretamente&#44; o efeito de cada ano adicional da idade cronol&#243;gica sobre as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e densitom&#233;tricas e sobre os marcadores &#243;sseos no grupo de controle&#46; Para cada ano adicional de idade cronol&#243;gica&#44; a idade &#243;ssea aumentou 1&#44;04 ano&#44; o peso em 3&#44;42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg e IMC em 1&#44;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; O efeito anual estatisticamente significativo sobre a estatura &#40;aumento de 0&#44;1 m por ano&#41; n&#227;o est&#225; de acordo com o efeito biologicamente esperado&#46; Assim&#44; esse efeito foi reavaliado com um modelo de regress&#227;o linear com inser&#231;&#227;o de um intercepto&#44; que resultou em um efeito biologicamente mais sens&#237;vel sobre a estatura de praticamente zero &#40;p &#61; 0&#44;953&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis densitom&#233;tricas no grupo de controle mostrou diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na DMO da coluna lombar&#44; na DMO de todo o corpo e na DMO subtotal&#44; com aumentos de 0&#44;060&#44; 0&#44;064 e 0&#44;056<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> em cada ano adicional&#44; respectivamente&#46; Aumentos tamb&#233;m foram observados no CMO da coluna lombar&#44; no CMO de todo o corpo e no CMO subtotal &#40;3&#44;22&#59; 117&#44;21 e 89&#44;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; respectivamente&#59; p &#60; 0&#44;001&#41;&#46; A massa gorda e a massa magra apresentaram um aumento de 1045&#44;85 e 2238&#44;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; respectivamente &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A respeito dos biomarcadores &#243;sseos&#44; houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa no grupo de controle com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o de FAO &#40;&#8722;5&#44;19 U&#47;L&#41; com cada ano adicional da idade cronol&#243;gica&#46; N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa para osteocalcina &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas para as seguintes vari&#225;veis&#58; DMO lombar&#44; CMO lombar&#44; DMO de todo o corpo&#44; CMO de todo o corpo&#44; DMO subtotal e CMO subtotal no grupo de CO2 e as mesmas vari&#225;veis no grupo de CO1&#44; exceto IMC de todo o corpo &#40;p &#61; 0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Diferen&#231;as significativas foram observadas na massa gorda e na percentual de gordura corporal entre o in&#237;cio e os 12 meses nas duas formula&#231;&#245;es de contraceptivos&#46; N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa na massa magra entre o in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s 12 meses no grupo de CO2 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabela 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis medianos de FAO&#44; passaram de 53&#44;92 U&#47;L no in&#237;cio para 41&#44;48U&#47;L ap&#243;s 12 meses de uso no grupo de CO1 &#40;p &#61; 0&#44;080&#41; e de 43&#44;10 para 27&#44;14U&#47;L no grupo de CO2 &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es das concentra&#231;&#245;es de osteocalcina&#44; passaram de 8&#44;0 ng&#47;mL no in&#237;cio para 4&#44;69 ng&#47;mL ap&#243;s 12 meses no grupo de CO1 &#40;p &#61; 0&#44;002&#41; e de 10&#44;43 para 1&#44;47 ng&#47;mL no grupo de CO2 &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabela 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As adolescentes saud&#225;veis na faixa de 12 anos completos a 20 anos incompletos&#44; que n&#227;o usaram contraceptivos hormonais orais&#44; de acordo com a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear usada para verificar o efeito de um ano de idade cronol&#243;gica sobre as vari&#225;veis analisadas&#44; mostraram um aumento significativo na massa &#243;ssea quando analisadas por densitometria &#243;ssea nos locais do esqueleto propostos&#46; A respeito dos marcadores de forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea&#44; foi observado um aumento das concentra&#231;&#245;es&#44; o que coincidiu com o momento de pico de velocidade de crescimento &#40;PVC&#41;&#44; confirmou&#8208;se o paralelismo entre esses eventos&#46; Esse aumento foi acompanhado por uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis dos biomarcadores&#44; que acompanharam a expectativa de desacelera&#231;&#227;o do PVC&#46; Assim&#44; apesar de os valores de DMO terem aumentado com a antecipa&#231;&#227;o dos eventos de matura&#231;&#227;o&#44; as concentra&#231;&#245;es dos tr&#234;s biomarcadores reduziram com a idade no fim da adolesc&#234;ncia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;13</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No in&#237;cio&#44; os tr&#234;s grupos estuados foram homog&#234;neos em termos de caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas e densitom&#233;tricas&#44; bem como os marcadores de forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea&#46; As usu&#225;rias dos dois tipos de CO mostraram menor incremento &#243;sseo entre o in&#237;cio e os 12 meses que o estimado para o grupo de controle&#44; de acordo com os resultados obtidos por meio da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear&#44; demonstraram um menor aumento da massa &#243;ssea em adolescentes que tomaram as duas formula&#231;&#245;es de contraceptivos&#46; Deve&#8208;se enfatizar que esse per&#237;odo da vida&#44; que abrange a segunda d&#233;cada&#44; &#233; considerado &#250;nico e fundamental para a sa&#250;de &#243;ssea futura&#44; pois 92&#37; da massa &#243;ssea total s&#227;o adquiridos at&#233; aproximadamente 18 anos de idade e 99&#37; at&#233; os 26 anos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;16</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sabe&#8208;se que as mulheres que fazem uso de COs n&#227;o t&#234;m as altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de estrog&#234;nio end&#243;geno observadas no ciclo m&#233;dio&#44; uma caracter&#237;stica de ciclos espont&#226;neos&#44; bem como as oscila&#231;&#245;es vistas durante as diferentes fases dos ciclos menstruais&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Os esfor&#231;os para reduzir os efeitos colaterais&#44; principalmente as complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares resultantes do uso de COs&#44; levou a uma redu&#231;&#227;o gradual nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de estrog&#234;nio nas formula&#231;&#245;es dos contraceptivos&#44; um fato que pode ter causado um efeito delet&#233;rio sobre a DMO&#46; Devido &#224; menor concentra&#231;&#227;o de esteroides sexuais na circula&#231;&#227;o&#44; foi observado um aumento menor do pico de massa &#243;ssea adquirida na adolesc&#234;ncia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> apesar de outros &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas serem protegidos por essa redu&#231;&#227;o nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de EE nos contraceptivos&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ao compararmos os resultados deste estudo com os dados na literatura&#44; podemos confirmar que o uso de COs precipita um menor aumento da massa &#243;ssea nas adolescentes&#44; pois a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear mostrou um aumento da DMO e do CMO em todos os locais do esqueleto analisados nos indiv&#237;duos de controle&#46; Esses resultados est&#227;o em linha com o relatado no estudo de Polatti et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> nos quais a DMO aumentou 7&#44;8&#37; nos controles&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> Em contrapartida&#44; neste estudo&#44; a an&#225;lise do ganho de massa &#243;ssea por densitometria revelou um aumento muito discreto das usu&#225;rias de COs ap&#243;s 12 meses&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com o in&#237;cio&#44; por&#233;m a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cromer et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> avaliaram a evolu&#231;&#227;o da massa &#243;ssea em 370 adolescentes entre 12 e 18 anos&#44; divididas em uso e n&#227;o uso de COs&#44; em de 12 meses&#46; As usu&#225;rias de acetato de medroxiprogesterona mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 1&#44;4&#37; na DMO da coluna lombar &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;001&#41;&#44; ao passo que aquelas que usam CO com 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g de EE e 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g de levonorgestrel ganharam 2&#44;3&#37; de DMO na coluna lombar&#46; Contudo&#44; esse aumento foi de 3&#44;8&#37; no grupo de controle&#46; O aumento da DMO encontrado nas usu&#225;rias de COs observado no estudo de Polatti et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> e neste estudo &#233; digno de nota&#58; contudo&#44; esse aumento foi menor do que o esperado para o grupo de n&#227;o usu&#225;rias de CO&#46; Esses resultados sugerem que os ganhos moderados na DMO em adolescentes que usam COs de baixa dosagem permitem certo ganho de massa &#243;ssea&#44; por&#233;m n&#227;o o pico de mineraliza&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea necess&#225;rio para servir como um &#8220;banco &#243;sseo&#8221; para a vida adulta e a velhice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;18&#8211;20</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al&#233;m dos efeitos relacionados ao estrog&#234;nio&#44; o impacto dos progestog&#234;nios sobre a massa &#243;ssea tamb&#233;m deve ser considerado&#44; com diferentes mecanismos subjacentes&#46; Primeiro&#44; os efeitos bem estabelecidos confirmam que as doses elevadas de progesterona atuam sobre o eixo hipot&#225;lamo&#8208;hip&#243;fise&#8208;gonadal&#44; causam hipoestrogenismo&#44; remodela&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea antecipada e r&#225;pida perda de massa &#243;ssea&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a> Outra possibilidade &#233; que a progesterona exer&#231;a um efeito estimulador por meio dos receptores de progesterona e andr&#243;genos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Os receptores de progesterona e andr&#243;genos s&#227;o expressos em osteoblastos e osteoclastos e a ativa&#231;&#227;o desses dois receptores foi demonstrada por um aumento da massa &#243;ssea&#44; aumentou a atividade dos osteoblastos e reduziu a reabsor&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea resultante do est&#237;mulo dos osteoclastos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;24</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Muitos progestog&#234;nios comprometidos com os receptores de andr&#243;genos&#44; como a drospirenona e o desogestrel encontrados nos COs usados neste estudo&#44; ativam os receptores de andr&#243;genos por inibi&#231;&#227;o competitiva&#44; bloquearam&#44; assim&#44; a a&#231;&#227;o androg&#234;nica end&#243;gena&#46; Esse mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o resulta em importantes efeitos antiandrog&#234;nicos sobre o metabolismo &#243;sseo&#44; pois a testosterona desempenha um papel fundamental na obten&#231;&#227;o de massa &#243;ssea&#46; Diante do pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos que investigam a influ&#234;ncia dos progestog&#234;nios presentes nas formula&#231;&#245;es os COs&#44; &#233; dif&#237;cil distinguir se os efeitos sobre o metabolismo &#243;sseo resultam da progesterona ou dos n&#237;veis reduzidos de estrog&#234;nio&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Observa&#8208;se um aumento nos marcadores &#243;sseos durante o per&#237;odo de acelera&#231;&#227;o do crescimento nas meninas&#44; corresponde ao est&#225;gio 2 de Tanner&#46; A massa &#243;ssea tamb&#233;m aumenta e o pico de concentra&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores coincide com o PVC observado no est&#225;gio 3 de Tanner&#46; Posteriormente&#44; no momento da desacelera&#231;&#227;o do crescimento&#44; os marcadores de metabolismo &#243;sseo caem&#44; ao passo que a massa &#243;ssea continua a aumentar&#44; devido&#44; provavelmente&#44; aos n&#237;veis elevados de esteroides sexuais e ao fator de crescimento semelhante &#224; insulina tipo 1&#46; Esse fen&#244;meno foi relatado por Tobiume et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Em vista dessas considera&#231;&#245;es e como todas as adolescentes desta amostra estavam na puberdade tardia&#44; acreditamos que a redu&#231;&#227;o nas concentra&#231;&#245;es dos marcadores de forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea foi influenciada pelo uso de COs&#46; Assim&#44; os resultados dos marcadores &#243;sseos obtidos neste estudo n&#227;o aparecem ser influenciados somente pela idade&#44; mas tamb&#233;m pelas diferentes concentra&#231;&#245;es de EE nas duas formula&#231;&#245;es&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A respeito dos marcadores de forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea&#44; este estudo demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o nas concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas desses marcadores nos dois grupos ap&#243;s 12 meses de uso dos COs&#44; com redu&#231;&#245;es de 20 a 37&#37; na FAO e 40 a 86&#37; na osteocalcina&#46; Resultados semelhantes foram relatados no estudo de Paoletti et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> que comparou 28 mulheres entre 20 e 30 anos que usaram CO com 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g de EE&#47;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg de drospirenona com n&#227;o usu&#225;rias da mesma faixa et&#225;ria&#46; As concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas dos marcadores de forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea analisados ca&#237;ram 20 a 30&#37; nas usu&#225;rias de CO&#44; por&#233;m continuaram inalteradas nos controles&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A redu&#231;&#227;o observada nos biomarcadores de forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea pode ser atribu&#237;da ao uso de COs&#44; o que foi confirmado pela demonstra&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as significativas nos n&#237;veis de FAO e osteocalcina nas adolescentes ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo foram o curto per&#237;odo de acompanhamento das usu&#225;rias de CO e o pequeno n&#250;mero de participantes&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; enfrentamos dificuldades de acompanhar as adolescentes no grupo de controle&#44; devido ao grande n&#250;mero de meninas que n&#227;o voltou nas datas agendadas para fazer as avalia&#231;&#245;es propostas&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por outro lado&#44; os pontos fortes deste estudo s&#227;o seu modelo prospectivo e que a densitometria &#243;ssea e as medi&#231;&#245;es dos biomarcadores &#243;sseos foram feitas por um &#250;nico t&#233;cnico cego para a atribui&#231;&#227;o de grupo&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; o uso das duas formula&#231;&#245;es de COs de baixa dose por um ano foi associado a menor aumento da massa &#243;ssea&#44; com ganhos de DMO e CMO abaixo do estimado para essa faixa et&#225;ria&#46; H&#225; comprova&#231;&#227;o de que a introdu&#231;&#227;o desses contraceptivos na segunda d&#233;cada de vida est&#225; relacionada a n&#237;veis sistematicamente menores dos marcadores de forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea&#44; confirma&#8208;se o menor aumento da massa &#243;ssea demonstrado por densitometria&#46; Acompanhar esses adolescentes por um tempo maior de exposi&#231;&#227;o aos COs combinados &#233; necess&#225;rio para melhor entender os efeitos desses medicamentos sobre os biomarcadores de massa &#243;ssea e forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Financiamento</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#40;Fapesp&#41;&#44; bolsas 07&#47;07731&#8208;0&#44; 2011&#47;05991&#8208;0 e 2015&#47;04040&#8208;2&#44; e Pr&#243;&#8208;Reitoria de Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual Paulista &#40;Unesp&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflitos de interesse</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesse&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2018-01-18"
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          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Adolescents"
            1 => "Oral contraceptives"
            2 => "Bone density"
            3 => "Osteocalcin"
            4 => "Bone remodeling"
            5 => "Prospective study"
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            0 => "Adolescentes"
            1 => "Contraceptivos orais"
            2 => "Densidade &#243;ssea"
            3 => "Osteocalcina"
            4 => "Remodela&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea"
            5 => "Estudo prospectivo"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two low&#8208;dose combined oral contraceptives on bone metabolism in adolescents for one year&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This was a quasi&#8208;experimental study&#46; The adolescents were divided into three groups&#58; oral contraceptives 1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#41; &#40;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g EE&#47;150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g desogestrel&#41;&#44; oral contraceptives 2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>66&#41; &#40;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g EE&#47;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg drospirenone&#41;&#44; and a control group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70&#41;&#46; Adolescents underwent anthropometric assessment and densitometry &#40;dual&#8208;energy X&#8208;ray&#41;&#46; Bone age and bone formation markers &#40;osteocalcin and bone alkaline phosphatase&#41; were evaluated&#46; The oral contraceptives users were evaluated again after 12 months&#46; Linear regression analysis was used to indirectly study the effect of each additional year of chronological age on anthropometric and densitometric variables as well as on bone markers in the control group&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">At study entry&#44; no significant differences were observed between the oral contraceptives 1&#44; oral contraceptives 2&#44; and controls in the analyzed variables&#46; Linear regression analysis showed an increase in bone mineral density and bone mineral content for each additional year&#46; There was a significant reduction in bone alkaline phosphatase levels&#59; no significant difference was observed for osteocalcin in control individuals&#46; Comparison of dual&#8208;energy X&#8208;ray variables at baseline and after one year showed no significant differences in the oral contraceptives 1 or oral contraceptives 2 groups&#46; A significant reduction in bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels was observed in both the oral contraceptives 1 and oral contraceptives 2 groups&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adolescent women gain peak bone mass during this phase of life&#46; Two low&#8208;dose combined oral hormonal contraceptives were associated with lower bone gain and lower bone formation markers than in untreated controls&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de dois contraceptivos orais combinados de baixa dosagem por um ano sobre o metabolismo &#243;sseo em adolescentes&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este foi um estudo quase experimental&#46; As adolescentes foram divididas em tr&#234;s grupos&#58; contraceptivos orais 1 &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#41; &#40;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g de EE&#47;150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g de desogestrel&#41;&#44; contraceptivos orais 2 &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>66&#41; &#40;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g EE&#47;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg de drospirenona&#41; e grupo controle &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>70&#41;&#46; As adolescentes foram submetidas &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica e densitometria &#40;raio-X de dupla energia&#41;&#46; Foram avaliados a idade &#243;ssea e os marcadores de forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea &#40;osteocalcina e fosfatase alcalina &#243;ssea&#41;&#46; As usu&#225;rias de contraceptivos orais foram novamente avaliadas ap&#243;s 12 meses&#46; A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear foi utilizada para estudar&#44; indiretamente&#44; o efeito de cada ano adicional da idade cronol&#243;gica sobre as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e densitom&#233;tricas e sobre os marcadores &#243;sseos no grupo de controle&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No in&#237;cio do estudo&#44; n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas nas vari&#225;veis analisadas entre as usu&#225;rias de contraceptivos orais 1&#44; contraceptivos orais 2 e o grupo controle&#46; A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear mostrou um aumento na densidade mineral &#243;ssea e no conte&#250;do mineral &#243;sseo para cada ano adicional&#46; Houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos n&#237;veis de fosfatase alcalina &#243;ssea e n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa para osteocalcina nos indiv&#237;duos controles&#46; A compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis do raio-X de dupla energia no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s um ano n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa no grupo de contraceptivos orais 1 ou contraceptivos orais 2&#46; Foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos n&#237;veis de fosfatase alcalina &#243;ssea e osteocalcina nos dois grupos contraceptivos orais 1 e contraceptivos orais 2&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">As adolescentes atingiram o pico de massa &#243;ssea durante essa fase da vida&#46; Duas formula&#231;&#245;es de contraceptivos hormonais orais de baixa dosagem&#44; ap&#243;s um ano de uso&#44; se associaram a menor incremento na densidade mineral &#243;ssea e menor concentra&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea quando confrontados com resultados de adolescentes n&#227;o usu&#225;rias de contraceptivos&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Como citar este artigo&#58; Rizzo AC&#44; Goldberg TB&#44; Biason TP&#44; Kurokawa CS&#44; Silva CC&#44; Corrente JE&#44; et al&#46; One&#8208;year adolescent bone mineral density and bone formation marker changes through the use or lack of use of combined hormonal contraceptives&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2019&#59;95&#58;567&#8211;74&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CO1&#44; adolescentes que recebem contraceptivos orais que cont&#234;m 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g EE&#47;150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g de desogestrel&#59; CO2&#44; adolescentes que recebem contraceptivos orais que cont&#234;m 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g EE&#47;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg de drospirenona&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controle &#40;n &#61; 70&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CO1 &#40;n &#61; 36&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CO2 &#40;n &#61; 61&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mediana&#47;m&#233;dia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M&#237;n&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M&#225;x&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mediana&#47;m&#233;dia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M&#237;n&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M&#225;x&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mediana&#47;m&#233;dia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M&#237;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M&#225;x&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Idade &#40;anos&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#44;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;663&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;182&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Idade &#243;ssea &#40;anos&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;245&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;402&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Peso &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52&#44;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69&#44;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">73&#44;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&#44;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;855&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;971&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Altura &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;862&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;212&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IMC &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#44;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#44;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#44;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&#44;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;512&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;052&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Escore z para IMC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#44;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#44;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;840&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;113&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IMC &#40;Percentil&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;066&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DMO lombar &#40;g&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CMO lombar &#40;g&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Escore z para lombar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DMO de todo o corpo &#40;g&#47;cm&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;205&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;995&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Escore z de todo o corpo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Escore z para IMC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;342&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IMC &#40;Percentil&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DMO lombar &#40;g&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;060&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;058&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CMO lombar &#40;g&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;223&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;086&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Escore z para lombar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#44;012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;105&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#44;026&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DMO de todo o corpo &#40;g&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;064&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;062&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CMO de todo o corpo &#40;g&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">117&#44;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">113&#44;150&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">121&#44;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DMO subtotal &#40;g&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;056&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;055&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CMO subtotal &#40;g&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">89&#44;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">86&#44;041&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">92&#44;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Massa gorda &#40;g&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;045&#44;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">974&#44;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;117&#44;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Massa magra &#40;g&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;238&#44;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;150&#44;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;326&#44;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#37; de gordura corporal total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;910&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">FAO &#40;U&#47;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;5&#44;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60; 0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;7&#44;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;3&#44;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Osteocalcina &#40;ng&#47;mL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#44;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;540&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#44;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2139637.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear para avaliar o efeito da idade sobre as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e densitom&#233;tricas e os marcadores de forma&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea em adolescentes que n&#227;o usam contraceptivos orais &#40;grupo de controle&#41;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
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            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Tabela "
            "rol" => "short"
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CO1&#44; adolescentes que recebem contraceptivos orais que cont&#234;m 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g EE&#47;150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g de desogestrel&#59; CO2&#44; adolescentes que recebem contraceptivos orais que cont&#234;m 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g EE&#47;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg de drospirenona&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Teste de Wilcoxon para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os pontos de tempo nos grupos de CO1 e CO2&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="8" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CO1</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">In&#237;cio &#40;n &#61; 36&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">12 meses &#40;n &#61; 36&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">In&#237;cio &#40;n &#61; 61&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">12 meses &#40;n &#61; 61&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mediana&#47;M&#233;dia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M&#237;n&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M&#225;x&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mediana&#47;M&#233;dia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M&#237;n&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M&#225;x&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Z&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mediana&#47;M&#233;dia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M&#237;n&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M&#225;x&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mediana&#47;M&#233;dia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M&#237;n&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M&#225;x&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Z&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Idade &#40;anos&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;4&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;5&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Idade &#243;ssea &#40;anos&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;4&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;4&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Peso &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Altura &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">IMC &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Escore z do IMC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">IMC &#40;Percentil&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;0&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;908&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DMO lombar &#40;g&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;1&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;1&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CMO lombar &#40;g&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;1&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Escore z para lombar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;2&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DMO de todo o corpo &#40;g&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8208;1&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CMO de todo o corpo &#40;g&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Escore z de Todo o Corpo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">DMO subtotal &#40;g&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#92;</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CMO subtotal &#40;g&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Massa magra &#40;g&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#37; de gordura corporal total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Vol. 95. Núm. 5.
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Vol. 95. Núm. 5.
Páginas 567-574 (setembro - outubro 2019)
Artigo Original
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One‐year adolescent bone mineral density and bone formation marker changes through the use or lack of use of combined hormonal contraceptives
Alterações na densidade mineral óssea e nos marcadores de formação óssea em adolescentes usuárias ou não de contraceptivos hormonais orais combinados por período de um ano
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Anapaula da Conceição Bisi Rizzoa, Tamara Beres Lederer Goldberga,
Autor para correspondência
tamara@fmb.unesp.br

Autor para correspondência.
, Talita Poli Biasona, Cilmery Suemi Kurokawab, Carla Cristiane da Silvac, José Eduardo Corrented, Helio Rubens Carvalho Nunese
a Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de Pediatria, Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ginecologia, Obstetrícia e Mastologia, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
b Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Departamento de Pediatria, Centro de Pesquisa Pediátrica Clínica e Experimental, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
c Universidade Norte do Paraná, Departamento de Educação Física, Jacarezinho, PR, Brasil
d Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Estatística, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
e Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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Estatísticas
Tabelas (3)
Tabela 1. Comparação das variáveis antropométricas e densitométricas e marcadores de formação óssea no início entre as adolescentes que recebem contraceptivos orais de baixa dosagem e o grupo de controle
Tabela 2. Análise de regressão linear para avaliar o efeito da idade sobre as variáveis antropométricas e densitométricas e os marcadores de formação óssea em adolescentes que não usam contraceptivos orais (grupo de controle)
Tabela 3. Comparação das variáveis antropométricas e densitométricas e marcadores de formação óssea entre o início e após 12 meses nos dois grupos que recebem contraceptivos orais
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Abstract
Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two low‐dose combined oral contraceptives on bone metabolism in adolescents for one year.

Methods

This was a quasi‐experimental study. The adolescents were divided into three groups: oral contraceptives 1 (n=42) (20μg EE/150μg desogestrel), oral contraceptives 2 (n=66) (30μg EE/3mg drospirenone), and a control group (n=70). Adolescents underwent anthropometric assessment and densitometry (dual‐energy X‐ray). Bone age and bone formation markers (osteocalcin and bone alkaline phosphatase) were evaluated. The oral contraceptives users were evaluated again after 12 months. Linear regression analysis was used to indirectly study the effect of each additional year of chronological age on anthropometric and densitometric variables as well as on bone markers in the control group.

Results

At study entry, no significant differences were observed between the oral contraceptives 1, oral contraceptives 2, and controls in the analyzed variables. Linear regression analysis showed an increase in bone mineral density and bone mineral content for each additional year. There was a significant reduction in bone alkaline phosphatase levels; no significant difference was observed for osteocalcin in control individuals. Comparison of dual‐energy X‐ray variables at baseline and after one year showed no significant differences in the oral contraceptives 1 or oral contraceptives 2 groups. A significant reduction in bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels was observed in both the oral contraceptives 1 and oral contraceptives 2 groups.

Conclusion

Adolescent women gain peak bone mass during this phase of life. Two low‐dose combined oral hormonal contraceptives were associated with lower bone gain and lower bone formation markers than in untreated controls.

Keywords:
Adolescents
Oral contraceptives
Bone density
Osteocalcin
Bone remodeling
Prospective study
Resumo
Objetivo

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de dois contraceptivos orais combinados de baixa dosagem por um ano sobre o metabolismo ósseo em adolescentes.

Métodos

Este foi um estudo quase experimental. As adolescentes foram divididas em três grupos: contraceptivos orais 1 (n=42) (20μg de EE/150μg de desogestrel), contraceptivos orais 2 (n=66) (30μg EE/3mg de drospirenona) e grupo controle (n=70). As adolescentes foram submetidas à avaliação antropométrica e densitometria (raio-X de dupla energia). Foram avaliados a idade óssea e os marcadores de formação óssea (osteocalcina e fosfatase alcalina óssea). As usuárias de contraceptivos orais foram novamente avaliadas após 12 meses. A análise de regressão linear foi utilizada para estudar, indiretamente, o efeito de cada ano adicional da idade cronológica sobre as variáveis antropométricas e densitométricas e sobre os marcadores ósseos no grupo de controle.

Resultados

No início do estudo, não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas variáveis analisadas entre as usuárias de contraceptivos orais 1, contraceptivos orais 2 e o grupo controle. A análise de regressão linear mostrou um aumento na densidade mineral óssea e no conteúdo mineral ósseo para cada ano adicional. Houve uma redução significativa nos níveis de fosfatase alcalina óssea e não foi observada diferença significativa para osteocalcina nos indivíduos controles. A comparação das variáveis do raio-X de dupla energia no início e após um ano não mostrou diferença significativa no grupo de contraceptivos orais 1 ou contraceptivos orais 2. Foi observada uma redução significativa nos níveis de fosfatase alcalina óssea e osteocalcina nos dois grupos contraceptivos orais 1 e contraceptivos orais 2.

Conclusão

As adolescentes atingiram o pico de massa óssea durante essa fase da vida. Duas formulações de contraceptivos hormonais orais de baixa dosagem, após um ano de uso, se associaram a menor incremento na densidade mineral óssea e menor concentração de marcadores de formação óssea quando confrontados com resultados de adolescentes não usuárias de contraceptivos.

Palavras‐chave:
Adolescentes
Contraceptivos orais
Densidade óssea
Osteocalcina
Remodelação óssea
Estudo prospectivo
Texto Completo
Introdução

A aquisição de massa óssea adequada durante a infância e a adolescência foi identificada como um fator de proteção da saúde óssea na vida adulta.1 Um fator de risco para osteopenia/osteoporose e fraturas por fragilidade durante a vida adulta e a velhice é a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) ou falta de sua preservação durante a infância e adolescência. Parece praticamente impossível aumentar o pico de massa óssea na vida adulta, assim o indivíduo em crescimento deve ganhar a massa óssea necessária no momento adequado. A esse respeito, cerca de 40 a 45% da massa óssea presente na vida adulta são adquiridos durante a adolescência.2

Nesse contexto, deve‐se lembrar que os contraceptivos são prescritos em idades cada vez mais jovens para proteger o público jovem de gravidezes não intencionais no início da atividade sexual.3 Essa prática levantou dúvidas quanto à quantidade de estrogênio na formulação ser adequada para essa faixa etária, com relação ao desenvolvimento ósseo e ao atingimento de um pico de massa óssea adequado. A maior parte das pesquisas publicadas inclui uma ampla gama de mulheres de diferentes idades, inclusive adolescentes, pessoas jovens e até mesmo adultos jovens, bem como diversos momentos do crescimento e mineralização óssea, cria dificuldades ao interpretar os resultados de aumentos da massa óssea.

Estudos recentes que envolvem meninos e meninas jovens demonstraram uma relação entre os marcadores ósseos como preditores do desenvolvimento de conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO) e DMO durante o período de maior ganho de massa óssea. Os resultados mostraram que as concentrações de marcadores de formação óssea e reabsorção são maiores nos primeiros anos da puberdade do que os estágios avançados de desenvolvimento púbere.4–7 Os possíveis efeitos dos contraceptivos sobre o ganho de massa óssea podem causar doenças de remodelação óssea.8,9

A importância dos contraceptivos hormonais para o ganho de massa óssea e sua participação na remodelação óssea destacam a necessidade de fazer estudos prospectivos que abordem especificamente a adolescência, um período caracterizado por maior aquisição de massa óssea, para avaliar os efeitos desses medicamentos sobre a saúde óssea nessa faixa etária e os possíveis resultados futuros na vida adulta e velhice.

Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar prospectivamente se haveria quaisquer efeitos e possíveis diferenças entre o uso de dois tipos de contraceptivos orais (CO) de baixa dosagem, com 20μg etinilestradiol (EE)/150μg desogestrel ou 30μg EE/3mg de drospirenona, por um ano sobre o metabolismo ósseo das adolescentes e comparar os resultados com os obtidos para adolescentes saudáveis que não usaram COs.

Métodos

Este foi um estudo quase experimento aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. A amostra consistiu de adolescentes saudáveis com estatura entre o percentil 5 e 95 para a idade e índice de massa corporal (IMC) entre percentil 5 e 95, de acordo com o Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças.10 As adolescentes que disseram ter vida sexual ativa e quiseram iniciar o método contraceptivo foram incluídas nos grupos de exposição a CO e dois tipos de COs foram oferecidos. Aquelas que não pediram COs foram direcionadas para o grupo de controle.

As participantes foram divididas em três grupos. O Grupo 1 (CO1) consistiu em adolescentes saudáveis entre 12 anos completos e 20 anos incompletos no pós‐menarca, puberdade tardia.11 As adolescentes foram registradas na clínica ambulatorial de Medicina do Adolescente do Hospital Universitário e foram encaminhadas para orientação e prescrição de um método contraceptivo, devido à vida sexual ativa. Esses indivíduos (n = 42) receberam um contraceptivo oral (CO) combinado de baixa dosagem que contém etinilestradiol (EE) e 150μg de desogestrel. O grupo 2 (CO2) consistiu em adolescentes da mesma faixa etária e com as mesmas características que as do CO1. Esses indivíduos (n = 66) receberam outra formulação de CO combinado de baixa dosagem que contém 30μg EE e 3mg de drospirenona. O grupo de controle consistiu em 70 adolescentes pareadas para os outros dois grupos, que não usaram COs. Todas as adolescentes do estudo e dos grupos de controle estavam no pós‐menarca, apresentaram ciclos menstruais regulares e não apresentaram oligomenorreia/amenorreia. Todas as participantes não bebiam e não fumavam e não praticavam atividades esportivas além das duas horas de atividade física por semana durante o horário escolar. Os critérios de exclusão relacionados à saúde adotados para o estudo foram: histórico de prematuridade ou baixo peso ao nascer; tratamento prolongado com esteroides ou uso de suplementos de cálcio ou ferro nos 12 meses anteriores ao estudo; diabetes mellitus; desnutrição aguda ou crônica; doenças ósseas congênitas ou adquiridas; má absorção gastrointestinal; histórico de nefropatia com ou sem insuficiência renal; endocrinopatias; puberdade precoce ou tardia; uso crônico de drogas; fibrose cística e doença celíaca. Outros critérios de exclusão foram uso de medicamentos conhecidos por afetar negativamente o metabolismo ósseo, aquelas que usaram anteriormente um CO ou outro método de contraceptivo hormonal inclusive acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito, indivíduos que trocaram de métodos durante o estudo, ser vegetariana ou consumir dieta ricas em fibras e consumo diário de mais de 300mg de cafeína ou mais de 500mL de refrigerantes à base de cola.

Todas as adolescentes foram submetidas a avaliação antropométrica. O IMC foi calculado e o estágio puberal foi avaliado com os critérios de Tanner.11 A idade óssea foi determinada pelo método de Greulich e Pyle12 no início do estudo e após 12 meses de acompanhamento.

As adolescentes que concluíram todas as etapas anteriores foram submetidas a avaliação da massa óssea no início do uso do CO e no término do acompanhamento (após um ano). A massa óssea foi medida densitometricamente por absorciometria de dupla energia de raios X (DXA) com um aparelho Hologic QDR 4500 Discovery A (Hologic, Inc., Bedford, MA, EUA). Os biomarcadores de osteocalcina e fosfatase alcalina óssea (FAO) foram avaliados antes e depois de 12 meses do uso do CO. As dosagens foram medidas com o ensaio da Metra™ Biosystems (Quidel Corporation, CA, EUA), com os coeficientes de variação intraensaio e interensaio de 8 e 7,6%, respectivamente.

O estudo propôs um acompanhamento dos três grupos durante um ano; contudo, no momento do acompanhamento, há dificuldades com relação às adolescentes no grupo de controle, no momento em que elas foram submetidas à nova densitometria mineral óssea e coletas de sangue, procedimentos semelhantes aos propostos para os usuários dos contraceptivos. Essas dificuldades incluíram o que segue: muitas não voltaram no dia agendado para a coleta de sangue ou densitometria, começar a usar uma medicação que estava entre os critérios de exclusão e, por fim, um grande percentual solicitou a prescrição de um método contraceptivo. Por esse motivo, foi tomada a decisão de excluir o grupo de controle e fazer uma análise de regressão linear com uma resposta normal com observações independentes entre as adolescentes do grupo de controle, o que possibilitou uma estimativa do efeito anual sobre nossos resultados e compensou a ausência de um acompanhamento de um ano entre as adolescentes no grupo de controle. Com essa técnica, conseguimos comparar os grupos indiretamente durante um ano de acompanhamento.

Análise estatística

O teste de Kruskal‐Wallis foi usado para comparar as variáveis de base entre os grupos de controle, CO1 e CO2 e o teste de Mann‐Whitney para comparação entre os grupos de CO1 e CO2. O teste Anova foi usado para as variáveis IMC, escore z do IMC e o percentil do IMC (valores apresentados como média), pois essas variáveis apresentaram distribuição simétrica.

Os efeitos da idade sobre as variáveis antropométricas e densitométricas e sobre as concentrações de marcadores ósseos no grupo de controle foram avaliados por regressão linear simples com uma resposta normal. O teste de Wilcoxon foi usado para comparar as variáveis antropométricas e densitométricas e os marcadores ósseos no início e após 12 meses no grupo de CO1 e CO2. Para o IMC, o escore z do IMC e o percentil do IMC, foi usado o teste pareado. As diferenças e as associações foram consideradas significativas quando p < 0,05.

Resultados

No grupo de CO1, 36 indivíduos concluíram o estudo e seis foram excluídos por optarem por não continuar com o CO, devido a motivos pessoais. Dos 66 indivíduos incluídos no grupo de CO2, cinco foram excluídos pelos mesmos motivos pessoais. A comparação das variáveis antropométricas e densitométricas, da composição corporal obtida por densitometria e das concentrações de FAO e osteocalcina no início não revelou diferenças significativas entre os três grupos, indicou a homogeneidade entre os grupos no momento da inclusão, exceto percentual de gordura corporal. Essa variável foi maior no grupo de CO2 em comparação com os grupos de controle e CO1. Contudo, nenhum dos pacientes estava obeso (tabela 1).

Tabela 1.

Comparação das variáveis antropométricas e densitométricas e marcadores de formação óssea no início entre as adolescentes que recebem contraceptivos orais de baixa dosagem e o grupo de controle

  Controle (n = 70)CO1 (n = 36)CO2 (n = 61)   
  Mediana/média  Mín.  Máx.  Mediana/média  Mín.  Máx.  Mediana/média  Mín  Máx.  Pa  Pb 
Idade (anos)  16,00  12,00  19,40  15,00  11,00  20,00  15,00  12,00  18,00  0,663  0,182 
Idade óssea (anos)  17,00  14,00  19,00  16,00  14,00  18,00  17,00  14,00  21,00  0,245  0,402 
Peso (kg)  52,55  41,00  69,90  54,00  39,00  73,40  54,00  38,50  69,00  0,855  0,971 
Altura (m)  1,60  1,49  1,72  1,59  1,49  1,67  1,59  1,39  1,71  0,862  0,212 
IMC (kg/m2)c  20,30  16,44  26,78  21,35  17,1  26,78  21,50  15,82  26,86  0,512  0,052 
Escore z para IMCc  −0,02  −1,40  1,15  0,27  −1,39  1,27  0,24  −1,73  1,24  0,840  0,113 
IMC (Percentil)c  48,89  8,07  87,46  58,72  8,21  89,78  59,89  8,18  89,22  0,692  0,066 
DMO lombar (g/cm20,951  0,724  1,174  0,963  0,770  1,169  0,955  0,744  1,242  0,987  0,874 
CMO lombar (g)  51,00  29,94  76,64  49,82  38,54  72,99  50,19  34,61  79,39  0,579  0,854 
Escore z para lombar  −0,300  −1,800  1,630  −1,400  1,900  −1,800  2,400  0,774  0,637 
DMO de todo o corpo (g/cm)2  1,017  0,859  1,205  0,995  0,845  1,130  1,017  0,884  1,240  0,152  0,213 
CMO de todo o corpo (g)  1886,75  1260,69  2473,26  1848,59  1291,25  2130,32  1804,57  1377,30  2719,86  0,620  0,743 
Escore z de todo o corpo        −0,900  −1,900  1,800  −0,500  −1,900  1,800  0,219  0,219 
DMO subtotal (g/cm20,886  0,753  1,043  0,874  0,726  0,950  0,888  0,790  1,161  0,077  0,185 
CMO subtotal (g)  1445,81  923,07  1901,61  1443,84  945,38  1609,56  1395,64  1032,23  2254,86  0,541  0,782 
Massa gorda (g)  15315,20  9539,10  29019,90  16111,70  7740,60  25324,60  17593,45  10151,70  29019,90  0,037  0,069 
Massa magra (g)  35636,00  26173,60  48669,10  37105,10  29294,40  48669,10  35325,60  25993,70  51819,50  0,209  0,358 
% de gordura corporal total  29,400  20,400  41,800  29,100  20,000  38,500  32,550  19,600  41,300  0,002  0,008 
FAO (U/L)  53,92  15,41  87,90  44,86  3,94  132,766  39,885  19,3124  103,404  0,093  0,225 
Osteocalcina (ng/mL)  6,68  1,12  30,11  8,0015  1,711  25,998  10,427  0,269  28,146  0,295  0,301 

CO1, adolescentes que recebem contraceptivos orais que contêm 20μg EE/150g de desogestrel; CO2, adolescentes que recebem contraceptivos orais que contêm 30μg EE/3mg de drospirenona.

a

Teste de Mann‐Whitney para comparação entre CO1 e CO2.

b

Teste de Kruskal‐Wallis para comparação entre os três grupos.

c

Anova para comparação das médias entre os três grupos.

A análise de regressão linear simples foi usada para estudar, indiretamente, o efeito de cada ano adicional da idade cronológica sobre as variáveis antropométricas e densitométricas e sobre os marcadores ósseos no grupo de controle. Para cada ano adicional de idade cronológica, a idade óssea aumentou 1,04 ano, o peso em 3,42kg e IMC em 1,33kg/m2. O efeito anual estatisticamente significativo sobre a estatura (aumento de 0,1 m por ano) não está de acordo com o efeito biologicamente esperado. Assim, esse efeito foi reavaliado com um modelo de regressão linear com inserção de um intercepto, que resultou em um efeito biologicamente mais sensível sobre a estatura de praticamente zero (p = 0,953) (tabela 2).

Tabela 2.

Análise de regressão linear para avaliar o efeito da idade sobre as variáveis antropométricas e densitométricas e os marcadores de formação óssea em adolescentes que não usam contraceptivos orais (grupo de controle)

Controle
  β  IC de 95%   
Idade óssea (anos)  1,04  < 0,001  1,02  1,06 
Peso (kg)  3,42  < 0,001  3,30  3,54 
Altura (m)  0,10  < 0,001  0,10  0,10 
IMC (kg/m21,33  < 0,001  1,29  1,37 
Escore z para IMC  0,01  0,342  −0,01  0,02 
IMC (Percentil)  3,31  < 0,001  2,93  3,68 
DMO lombar (g/cm20,060  < 0,001  0,058  0,06 
CMO lombar (g)  3,223  < 0,001  3,086  3,36 
Escore z para lombar  −0,012  0,105  −0,026  0,00 
DMO de todo o corpo (g/cm20,064  < 0,001  0,062  0,07 
CMO de todo o corpo (g)  117,21  < 0,001  113,150  121,27 
DMO subtotal (g/cm20,056  < 0,001  0,055  0,06 
CMO subtotal (g)  89,36  < 0,001  86,041  92,68 
Massa gorda (g)  1,045,85  < 0,001  974,54  1,117,16 
Massa magra (g)  2,238,40  < 0,001  2,150,19  2,326,62 
% de gordura corporal total  1,910  < 0,001  1,82  2,00 
FAO (U/L)  −5,19  < 0,001  −7,24  −3,14 
Osteocalcina (ng/mL)  −0,30  0,540  −1,23  0,65 

A análise das variáveis densitométricas no grupo de controle mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas na DMO da coluna lombar, na DMO de todo o corpo e na DMO subtotal, com aumentos de 0,060, 0,064 e 0,056g/cm2 em cada ano adicional, respectivamente. Aumentos também foram observados no CMO da coluna lombar, no CMO de todo o corpo e no CMO subtotal (3,22; 117,21 e 89,36g, respectivamente; p < 0,001). A massa gorda e a massa magra apresentaram um aumento de 1045,85 e 2238,40g, respectivamente (tabela 2).

A respeito dos biomarcadores ósseos, houve uma redução estatisticamente significativa no grupo de controle com relação à concentração de FAO (−5,19 U/L) com cada ano adicional da idade cronológica. Não foi observada diferença significativa para osteocalcina (tabela 2).

Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para as seguintes variáveis: DMO lombar, CMO lombar, DMO de todo o corpo, CMO de todo o corpo, DMO subtotal e CMO subtotal no grupo de CO2 e as mesmas variáveis no grupo de CO1, exceto IMC de todo o corpo (p = 0,001). Diferenças significativas foram observadas na massa gorda e na percentual de gordura corporal entre o início e os 12 meses nas duas formulações de contraceptivos. Não foi observada diferença significativa na massa magra entre o início e após 12 meses no grupo de CO2 (tabela 3).

Tabela 3.

Comparação das variáveis antropométricas e densitométricas e marcadores de formação óssea entre o início e após 12 meses nos dois grupos que recebem contraceptivos orais

  CO1CO2
  Início (n = 36)12 meses (n = 36)    Início (n = 61)12 meses (n = 61)   
  Mediana/Média  Mín.  Máx.  Mediana/Média  Mín.  Máx.  Mediana/Média  Mín.  Máx.  Mediana/Média  Mín.  Máx. 
Idade (anos)  15,00  11,00  20,00  16,00  12,00  19,00  ‐4,4  0,000  15,00  12,00  18,00  16,00  13,00  21,00  ‐5,6  0,000 
Idade óssea (anos)  16,00  14,00  18,00  18,00  15,00  18,00  ‐4,1  0,000  17,00  14,00  18,00  17,00  15,00  18,00  ‐4,9  0,000 
Peso (kg)  54,00  39,00  73,40  54,10  39,80  90,00  ‐3,2  0,001  54,00  38,50  69,00  54,45  39,50  73,60  ‐2,9  0,004 
Altura (m)  1,59  1,49  1,67  1,58  1,49  1,68  ‐1,3  0,179  1,59  1,39  1,71  1,59  1,39  1,73  ‐3,4  0,001 
IMC (kg/m2)a  21,35  17,10  26,78  23,11  17,00  31,89  ‐2,9  0,037  21,50  15,82  26,86  21,87  17,91  26,78  ‐2,5  0,450 
Escore z do IMCa  0,27  ‐1,39  1,27  0,52  ‐1,97  1,77  ‐1,2  0,175  0,24  ‐1,73  1,24  0,29  ‐1,58  1,26  ‐0,7  0,759 
IMC (Percentil)  58,72  8,21  89,78  66,71  2,42  96,20  ‐1,0  0,194  59,89  8,18  89,22  60,44  15,00  89,60  ‐0,9  0,908 
DMO lombar (g/cm20,968  0,771  1,169  0,983  0,798  1,091  ‐1,7  0,088  0,955  0,744  1,242  0,926  0,672  1,242  ‐1,6  0,116 
CMO lombar (g)  49,82  38,54  72,99  50,88  34,07  65,49  ‐1,4  0,166  50,19  34,61  79,39  50,98  33,90  77,35  ‐0,8  0,437 
Escore z para lombar  0,000  ‐1,400  1,900  ‐0,200  ‐1,300  2,000  ‐1,7  0,081  0,000  ‐1,800  2,400  ‐0,250  ‐3,100  2,100  ‐2,8  0,005 
DMO de todo o corpo (g/cm21,000  0,845  1,130  1,000  0,864  1,144  ‐1,9  0,059  1,017  0,884  1,240  1,031  0,907  1,242  ‐1,6  0,102 
CMO de todo o corpo (g)  1,848,59  1,291,25  2,130,32  1,829,99  1,360,21  2,153,10  ‐3,2  0,001  1,804,57  1,377,30  2,719,86  1,769,70  1,512,99  2,809,39  ‐0,3  0,751 
Escore z de Todo o Corpo  ‐0,900  ‐1,900  1,800  ‐1,000  ‐2,200  0,800  ‐2,7  0,007  ‐0,500  ‐1,900  1,800  ‐0,700  ‐2,200  1,700  ‐2,3  0,021 
DMO subtotal (g/cm2\0,874  0,726  0,950  0,874  0,730  0,938  ‐0,3  0,765  0,888  0,790  1,161  0,907  0,788  1,165  ‐1,9  0,055 
CMO subtotal (g)  1,443,84  945,38  1,609,56  1,397,775  995,05  1,602,94  ‐1,5  0,126  1,395,64  1,032,23  2,254,86  1,378,83  1,107,32  2,360,76  ‐1,2  0,224 
Massa gorda (g)  16,111,70  7,740,60  25,324,60  17,270,35  8,940,40  34,651,30  ‐3,3  0,001  17,593,45  10,151,70  29,019,90  18,817,90  11,719,50  28,551,00  ‐4,1  0,000 
Massa magra (g)  37,105,10  29,294,40  48,669,10  36,420,85  28,945,30  53,000,10  ‐2,5  0,012  35,325,60  25,993,70  51,819,50  34,553,00  26,597,90  44,855,40  ‐0,2  0,873 
% de gordura corporal total  29,100  20,000  38,500  31,800  20,300  39,600  ‐3,2  0,001  32,550  19,600  41,300  33,800  23,400  41,600  ‐4,0  0,000 
FAO (U/L)  53,92  3,94  132,77  41,48  17,44  69,64  ‐2,1  0,080  43,10  19,31  103,40  27,14  11,70  51,70  ‐4,0  0,001 
Osteocalcina (ng/mL)  8,00  1,71  26,00  4,69  1,93  17,92  ‐3,1  0,002  10,43  0,27  28,15  1,47  0,00  19,83  ‐4,1  0,000 

CO1, adolescentes que recebem contraceptivos orais que contêm 20μg EE/150g de desogestrel; CO2, adolescentes que recebem contraceptivos orais que contêm 30μg EE/3mg de drospirenona.

Teste de Wilcoxon para comparação entre os pontos de tempo nos grupos de CO1 e CO2.

a

Teste T pareado para comparação entre os pontos de tempo nos grupos de CO1 e CO2.

Houve uma redução nos níveis medianos de FAO, passaram de 53,92 U/L no início para 41,48U/L após 12 meses de uso no grupo de CO1 (p = 0,080) e de 43,10 para 27,14U/L no grupo de CO2 (p < 0,001). Foram observadas reduções das concentrações de osteocalcina, passaram de 8,0 ng/mL no início para 4,69 ng/mL após 12 meses no grupo de CO1 (p = 0,002) e de 10,43 para 1,47 ng/mL no grupo de CO2 (p < 0,001) (tabela 3).

Discussão

As adolescentes saudáveis na faixa de 12 anos completos a 20 anos incompletos, que não usaram contraceptivos hormonais orais, de acordo com a análise de regressão linear usada para verificar o efeito de um ano de idade cronológica sobre as variáveis analisadas, mostraram um aumento significativo na massa óssea quando analisadas por densitometria óssea nos locais do esqueleto propostos. A respeito dos marcadores de formação óssea, foi observado um aumento das concentrações, o que coincidiu com o momento de pico de velocidade de crescimento (PVC), confirmou‐se o paralelismo entre esses eventos. Esse aumento foi acompanhado por uma redução nos níveis dos biomarcadores, que acompanharam a expectativa de desaceleração do PVC. Assim, apesar de os valores de DMO terem aumentado com a antecipação dos eventos de maturação, as concentrações dos três biomarcadores reduziram com a idade no fim da adolescência.7,13

No início, os três grupos estuados foram homogêneos em termos de características antropométricas e densitométricas, bem como os marcadores de formação óssea. As usuárias dos dois tipos de CO mostraram menor incremento ósseo entre o início e os 12 meses que o estimado para o grupo de controle, de acordo com os resultados obtidos por meio da análise de regressão linear, demonstraram um menor aumento da massa óssea em adolescentes que tomaram as duas formulações de contraceptivos. Deve‐se enfatizar que esse período da vida, que abrange a segunda década, é considerado único e fundamental para a saúde óssea futura, pois 92% da massa óssea total são adquiridos até aproximadamente 18 anos de idade e 99% até os 26 anos.14–16

Sabe‐se que as mulheres que fazem uso de COs não têm as altas concentrações de estrogênio endógeno observadas no ciclo médio, uma característica de ciclos espontâneos, bem como as oscilações vistas durante as diferentes fases dos ciclos menstruais.16 Os esforços para reduzir os efeitos colaterais, principalmente as complicações cardiovasculares resultantes do uso de COs, levou a uma redução gradual nas concentrações de estrogênio nas formulações dos contraceptivos, um fato que pode ter causado um efeito deletério sobre a DMO. Devido à menor concentração de esteroides sexuais na circulação, foi observado um aumento menor do pico de massa óssea adquirida na adolescência,17 apesar de outros órgãos e sistemas serem protegidos por essa redução nas concentrações de EE nos contraceptivos.

Ao compararmos os resultados deste estudo com os dados na literatura, podemos confirmar que o uso de COs precipita um menor aumento da massa óssea nas adolescentes, pois a análise de regressão linear mostrou um aumento da DMO e do CMO em todos os locais do esqueleto analisados nos indivíduos de controle. Esses resultados estão em linha com o relatado no estudo de Polatti et al.,18 nos quais a DMO aumentou 7,8% nos controles.18,19 Em contrapartida, neste estudo, a análise do ganho de massa óssea por densitometria revelou um aumento muito discreto das usuárias de COs após 12 meses, em comparação com o início, porém a diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa.

Cromer et al.20 avaliaram a evolução da massa óssea em 370 adolescentes entre 12 e 18 anos, divididas em uso e não uso de COs, em de 12 meses. As usuárias de acetato de medroxiprogesterona mostraram uma redução média de 1,4% na DMO da coluna lombar (p < 0,001), ao passo que aquelas que usam CO com 20μg de EE e 100μg de levonorgestrel ganharam 2,3% de DMO na coluna lombar. Contudo, esse aumento foi de 3,8% no grupo de controle. O aumento da DMO encontrado nas usuárias de COs observado no estudo de Polatti et al.18 e neste estudo é digno de nota: contudo, esse aumento foi menor do que o esperado para o grupo de não usuárias de CO. Esses resultados sugerem que os ganhos moderados na DMO em adolescentes que usam COs de baixa dosagem permitem certo ganho de massa óssea, porém não o pico de mineralização óssea necessário para servir como um “banco ósseo” para a vida adulta e a velhice.9,18–20

Além dos efeitos relacionados ao estrogênio, o impacto dos progestogênios sobre a massa óssea também deve ser considerado, com diferentes mecanismos subjacentes. Primeiro, os efeitos bem estabelecidos confirmam que as doses elevadas de progesterona atuam sobre o eixo hipotálamo‐hipófise‐gonadal, causam hipoestrogenismo, remodelação óssea antecipada e rápida perda de massa óssea.21,22 Outra possibilidade é que a progesterona exerça um efeito estimulador por meio dos receptores de progesterona e andrógenos.23 Os receptores de progesterona e andrógenos são expressos em osteoblastos e osteoclastos e a ativação desses dois receptores foi demonstrada por um aumento da massa óssea, aumentou a atividade dos osteoblastos e reduziu a reabsorção óssea resultante do estímulo dos osteoclastos.18,24

Muitos progestogênios comprometidos com os receptores de andrógenos, como a drospirenona e o desogestrel encontrados nos COs usados neste estudo, ativam os receptores de andrógenos por inibição competitiva, bloquearam, assim, a ação androgênica endógena. Esse mecanismo de ação resulta em importantes efeitos antiandrogênicos sobre o metabolismo ósseo, pois a testosterona desempenha um papel fundamental na obtenção de massa óssea. Diante do pequeno número de estudos que investigam a influência dos progestogênios presentes nas formulações os COs, é difícil distinguir se os efeitos sobre o metabolismo ósseo resultam da progesterona ou dos níveis reduzidos de estrogênio.23,24

Observa‐se um aumento nos marcadores ósseos durante o período de aceleração do crescimento nas meninas, corresponde ao estágio 2 de Tanner. A massa óssea também aumenta e o pico de concentração dos marcadores coincide com o PVC observado no estágio 3 de Tanner. Posteriormente, no momento da desaceleração do crescimento, os marcadores de metabolismo ósseo caem, ao passo que a massa óssea continua a aumentar, devido, provavelmente, aos níveis elevados de esteroides sexuais e ao fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina tipo 1. Esse fenômeno foi relatado por Tobiume et al.25 Em vista dessas considerações e como todas as adolescentes desta amostra estavam na puberdade tardia, acreditamos que a redução nas concentrações dos marcadores de formação óssea foi influenciada pelo uso de COs. Assim, os resultados dos marcadores ósseos obtidos neste estudo não aparecem ser influenciados somente pela idade, mas também pelas diferentes concentrações de EE nas duas formulações.

A respeito dos marcadores de formação óssea, este estudo demonstrou uma redução nas concentrações séricas desses marcadores nos dois grupos após 12 meses de uso dos COs, com reduções de 20 a 37% na FAO e 40 a 86% na osteocalcina. Resultados semelhantes foram relatados no estudo de Paoletti et al.,26 que comparou 28 mulheres entre 20 e 30 anos que usaram CO com 30μg de EE/3mg de drospirenona com não usuárias da mesma faixa etária. As concentrações séricas dos marcadores de formação óssea analisados caíram 20 a 30% nas usuárias de CO, porém continuaram inalteradas nos controles.

A redução observada nos biomarcadores de formação óssea pode ser atribuída ao uso de COs, o que foi confirmado pela demonstração das diferenças significativas nos níveis de FAO e osteocalcina nas adolescentes após um ano de acompanhamento.

As limitações deste estudo foram o curto período de acompanhamento das usuárias de CO e o pequeno número de participantes. Além disso, enfrentamos dificuldades de acompanhar as adolescentes no grupo de controle, devido ao grande número de meninas que não voltou nas datas agendadas para fazer as avaliações propostas.

Por outro lado, os pontos fortes deste estudo são seu modelo prospectivo e que a densitometria óssea e as medições dos biomarcadores ósseos foram feitas por um único técnico cego para a atribuição de grupo. Além disso, o uso das duas formulações de COs de baixa dose por um ano foi associado a menor aumento da massa óssea, com ganhos de DMO e CMO abaixo do estimado para essa faixa etária. Há comprovação de que a introdução desses contraceptivos na segunda década de vida está relacionada a níveis sistematicamente menores dos marcadores de formação óssea, confirma‐se o menor aumento da massa óssea demonstrado por densitometria. Acompanhar esses adolescentes por um tempo maior de exposição aos COs combinados é necessário para melhor entender os efeitos desses medicamentos sobre os biomarcadores de massa óssea e formação óssea.

Financiamento

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp), bolsas 07/07731‐0, 2011/05991‐0 e 2015/04040‐2, e Pró‐Reitoria de Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp).

Conflitos de interesse

Os autores declaram não haver conflitos de interesse.

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Como citar este artigo: Rizzo AC, Goldberg TB, Biason TP, Kurokawa CS, Silva CC, Corrente JE, et al. One‐year adolescent bone mineral density and bone formation marker changes through the use or lack of use of combined hormonal contraceptives. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2019;95:567–74.

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