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devido &#224; epidemia mundial de obesidade infantil nas duas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> A DHGNA est&#225; intimamente ligada a um estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio&#44; aumento do &#237;ndice de massa corporal &#40;IMC&#41; e adiposidade visceral em crian&#231;as&#44; resultante do consumo excessivo de calorias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> V&#225;rios estudos recentes relatam que&#44; al&#233;m dos fatores de risco ambientais&#44; as varia&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas individuais tamb&#233;m podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento e a progress&#227;o da DHGNA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">V&#225;rios genes candidatos foram implicados na patog&#234;nese da DHGNA&#44; inclusive genes envolvidos no metabolismo lip&#237;dico hep&#225;tico&#44; sensibilidade &#224; insulina e gera&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies oxidantes reativas ou citocinas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Polimorfismos de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico em genes envolvidos no metabolismo lip&#237;dico &#40;dom&#237;nio de fosfolipase tipo&#8208;patatina&#8208;3 e lipina 1&#41;&#44; estresse oxidativo &#40;super&#243;xido dismutase 2&#41;&#44; sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de insulina &#40;substrato receptor de insulina&#8208;1&#41; e fibrog&#234;nese &#40;fator Kruppel&#8208;like 6&#41; foram associados &#224; DHGNA em crian&#231;as&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Al&#233;m desses polimorfismos bem conhecidos&#44; polimorfismos em genes que codificam prote&#237;nas envolvidas na patog&#234;nese da DHGNA tamb&#233;m podem estar associados ao desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A prote&#237;na quimioatrativa de mon&#243;citos 1 &#40;MCP&#8208;1&#41;&#44; tamb&#233;m chamada de quimiocina ligante 2 &#40;CCL2&#41;&#44; um forte fator quimiot&#225;tico&#44; desempenha um papel na ativa&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos&#44; macr&#243;fagos e c&#233;lulas T nas fases aguda e cr&#244;nica da inflama&#231;&#227;o&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> O polimorfismo 2518 A &#47; G no gene da MCP&#8208;1 afeta o n&#237;vel de express&#227;o da MCP&#8208;1 em resposta a est&#237;mulos inflamat&#243;rios e sabe&#8208;se que isso est&#225; associado a diabetes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mellitus</span> e v&#225;rias doen&#231;as autoimunes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> A MCP&#8208;1 exerce um efeito quimiot&#225;tico sobre mon&#243;citos e c&#233;lulas T atrav&#233;s do receptor de quimiocinas 2 &#40;CCR2&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> O polimorfismo 190 G&#47;A no gene CCR tamb&#233;m j&#225; foi associado ao desenvolvimento de DHGNA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O transportador&#8208;1 de cassete de liga&#231;&#227;o de ATP &#40;ABCA1&#41; &#233; um membro da fam&#237;lia de transportadores de membrana de cassete de liga&#231;&#227;o de ATP &#40;ABC&#41;&#46; A express&#227;o de ABCA1 resultou em aumento do efluxo de colesterol e diminui&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do lip&#237;dico hep&#225;tico&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> O estresse inflamat&#243;rio aumenta o ac&#250;mulo de colesterol nos hepat&#243;citos e inibe a express&#227;o de ABCA1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Al&#233;m disso&#44; foi relatado que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o hep&#225;tica de ABCA1 pode causar esteato&#8208;hepatite em pacientes adultos com obesidade m&#243;rbida&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> A interleucina&#8208;17 &#40;IL&#8208;17&#41; &#233; uma mol&#233;cula pr&#243;&#8208;inflamat&#243;ria produzida por c&#233;lulas T&#8208;helper &#40;Th&#41; 17&#46; Ela age como mediador da resposta imune contra pat&#243;genos bacterianos e f&#250;ngicos extracelulares e est&#225; envolvida no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias e autoimunes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Tamb&#233;m tem sido sugerido que a IL&#8208;17 tem um papel cr&#237;tico no desenvolvimento de v&#225;rias doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas&#44; como hepatite viral cr&#244;nica&#44; doen&#231;as autoimunes e doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas alco&#243;licas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;16</span></a> Foi demonstrado que a IL&#8208;17A &#40;&#8208;197 G &#47; A&#41; afeta o desenvolvimento da colite ulcerativa e da artrite reumatoide&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O objetivo do nosso estudo foi investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre DHGNA e polimorfismos em genes que codificam prote&#237;nas cujo papel na patog&#234;nese da DHGNA tem sido sugerido&#46; Que seja de nosso conhecimento&#44; a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os quatro polimorfismos de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico e a DHGNA n&#227;o foi estudada anteriormente&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">M&#233;todos</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O estudo incluiu pacientes turcos obesos entre 10 e 17 anos&#44; que se apresentaram na Cl&#237;nica Pedi&#225;trica de Gastroenterologia&#44; Hepatologia e Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Endocrinologia Pedi&#225;trica do Kanuni Training and Research Hospital entre junho de 2015 e julho de 2016&#46; O paciente era considerado obeso se o escore z do IMC fosse &#8805; 2 para idade e sexo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Os 186 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo foram separados em dois grupos&#46; O grupo DHGNA &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>101&#41; incluiu pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de DHGNA&#44; n&#237;veis de alanina aminotransferase &#40;ALT&#41; acima do dobro do limite superior da normalidade &#40;sexo masculino &#62; 50 U&#47;L&#44; sexo feminino &#62; 44 U&#47;L&#41; e doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa detectada por ultrassonografia &#40;USG&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Pacientes com outras causas de doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa&#44; como a doen&#231;a de Wilson&#44; defici&#234;ncia de &#945;&#8208;1 antitripsina&#44; hepatite autoimune e hepatite viral&#44; foram exclu&#237;dos&#46; O grupo sem DHGNA &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>85&#41; incluiu pacientes obesos sem DHGNA &#40;n&#237;veis normais de ALT e imagem USG do f&#237;gado normal&#41;&#44; com medidas antropom&#233;tricas&#44; resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e perfil lip&#237;dico semelhantes aos do grupo DHGNA&#46; Nenhum dos pacientes no estudo foi submetido a bi&#243;psia hep&#225;tica&#46; Pacientes com doen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas&#44; end&#243;crinas ou metab&#243;licas que podem causar obesidade n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; nenhum dos pacientes apresentava doen&#231;as pr&#243;&#8208;inflamat&#243;rias com&#243;rbidas&#44; como doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria intestinal&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O estudo foi feito ap&#243;s a aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica local &#40;URL do Registro&#58; 2015&#47;27 Identifier&#58; Trabzon Kanuni Training and Research Hospital Clinical Research Ethics Committee&#41; e da obten&#231;&#227;o do consentimento informado dos pais&#44; de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos os participantes foram submetidos a exame f&#237;sico&#46; A altura foi medida at&#233; o cent&#237;metro mais pr&#243;ximo com um estadi&#244;metro Harpenden &#40;Holtain Limited&#44; Crymych&#44; Dyfed&#44; Pa&#237;s de Gales&#41;&#46; O peso foi medido sem roupas at&#233; o 0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg mais pr&#243;ximo&#44; com uma balan&#231;a calibrada&#46; O &#237;ndice de massa corporal &#40;IMC&#41; foi calculado atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula peso &#40;kg&#41;&#47;altura &#40;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46; Os escores Z do IMC foram calculados com os valores de refer&#234;ncia para crian&#231;as turcas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> A propor&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo de bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica &#40;BIA&#41; em um dispositivo Tanita BC 418 &#40;Tanita Corporation&#44; T&#243;quio&#44; Jap&#227;o&#41;&#46; As medidas da cintura e da circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril foram obtidas com uma fita m&#233;trica inel&#225;stica&#44; enquanto o paciente permanecia de p&#233; com os p&#233;s juntos &#40;12&#8208;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41; e os bra&#231;os ao lado do corpo&#46; A rela&#231;&#227;o cintura&#8208;quadril foi calculada dividindo&#8208;se a medida da cintura pela medida do quadril&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s 10 horas de jejum&#44; amostras de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico foram obtidas para determinar os n&#237;veis de insulina &#40;Beckman Coulter DXI 800&#44; Calif&#243;rnia&#44; EUA&#41;&#44; lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade &#40;HDL&#41;&#44; lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade &#40;LDL&#41;&#44; triglic&#233;rides&#44; colesterol total&#44; alanina aminotransferase &#40;ALT&#41;&#44; aspartato aminotransferase &#40;AST&#41;&#44; gama glutamiltransferase &#40;GGT&#41; e glicose &#40;Beckman Coulter AU5821&#44; Calif&#243;rnia&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; O modelo homeost&#225;tico para resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica &#40;HOMA&#8208;IR&#41; foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula glicose &#215; insulina &#40;&#956;U&#47;mL&#41;&#47;405&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos os exames foram feitos por dois radiologistas com mais de 10 anos de experi&#234;ncia em imagiologia abdominal pedi&#225;trica e esteatose hep&#225;tica e os resultados foram determinados por consenso&#46; Os radiologistas estavam cegos para os achados cl&#237;nicos e resultados laboratoriais dos pacientes&#46; A m&#225;quina de ultrassom usada foi a Aplio 500 &#40;Toshiba Medical Systems&#44; Otawara&#44; Jap&#227;o&#41; com transdutores lineares de 4 a 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz&#46; Os pacientes foram avaliados em dec&#250;bito dorsal com o bra&#231;o direito em abdu&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima&#46; Os pacientes foram submetidos ao exame ap&#243;s um jejum de 4 horas&#46; Imagens longitudinais do lobo hep&#225;tico direito e do rim ipsilateral foram obtidas&#44; inclusive os planos hep&#225;ticos sagitais&#46; A gradua&#231;&#227;o semiquantitativa de altera&#231;&#245;es gordurosas foi feita com os achados da USG de f&#237;gado gorduroso&#44; perda de defini&#231;&#227;o das margens vasculares e atenua&#231;&#227;o profunda com contraste f&#237;gado&#8208;rim&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O DNA foi isolado do sangue perif&#233;rico com o dispositivo autom&#225;tico QuickGene&#46; &#193;reas alvo foram amplificadas por PCR com os pares prim&#225;rios&#58; para MCP1 &#40;2518 A&#47;G&#41; polimorfismo&#44; F&#58; 5&#8217; CTTTCCCTTGTGTGTCCCC 3&#8217;&#44; R&#58; 5&#8217; TTACTCCTTTTCTCCCCAACC 3&#8217;&#59; para CCR&#8208;2 rs1799864 polimorfismo&#44; F&#58; 5&#8217; ATTTCCCCAGTACATCCACAAC 3&#8217;&#44; R&#58; 5&#8217; CCCACAATGGGAGAGTAATAAG 3&#8217;&#59; para ABCA1rs4149313 polimorfismo&#44; F&#58; 5&#8217; GAGAAGAGCCACCCTGGTTCCAACCAGAAGAGGAT 3&#8217;&#44; R&#58; 5&#8217; AGAAAGGCAGGAGACAT CGCTT 3&#8217;&#59; e para IL&#8208;17A rs2275913 polimorfismo&#44; F&#58; 5&#8217; AACAAGTAAGAATGAAAAGAGGACATGGT 3&#8217;&#44; R&#58; 5&#8217; CCCCCAATGAGGTCATAGAAGAATC 3&#8217;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O seccionamento foi feito com enzimas de restri&#231;&#227;o Pvull &#40;Vivantis&#41; para MCP1 &#40;&#8208;2518 A&#47;G&#41; na atribui&#231;&#227;o do gen&#243;tipo&#44; enzimas de restri&#231;&#227;o FokL &#40;Vivantis&#41; para CCR&#8208;2 rs1799864 na atribui&#231;&#227;o do gen&#243;tipo&#44; enzimas de restri&#231;&#227;o Econl &#40;Vivantis&#41; para ABCA1 rs4149313 na atribui&#231;&#227;o do gen&#243;tipo e enzimas de restri&#231;&#227;o BstENI para IL&#8208;17A rs2275913 na atribui&#231;&#227;o do gen&#243;tipo&#46; Ap&#243;s a separa&#231;&#227;o por eletroforese em gel de agarose a 2&#37;&#44; a an&#225;lise foi feita de acordo com o tamanho do produto&#46; Para o controle&#44; a precis&#227;o foi confirmada por an&#225;lise de sequ&#234;ncia aleat&#243;ria de 10&#37; em ambos os grupos&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os dados foram avaliados com o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> estat&#237;stico SPSS 13&#46;0 &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; Os dados descritivos foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio&#8208;padr&#227;o &#40;DP&#41;&#46; A an&#225;lise dos resultados foi feita com a distribui&#231;&#227;o percentual para dados qualitativos e mediana do intervalo interquartil &#40;IIQ&#41; ou m&#233;dia &#40;desvio&#8208;padr&#227;o&#41; para dados quantitativos&#46; Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre dois grupos&#44; o teste <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> de amostras independentes pareadas foi usado para vari&#225;veis que apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal&#44; enquanto o teste U de Mann Whitney foi usado para aquelas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal&#46; No caso de mais de dois grupos&#44; foi usado o teste Anova para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste de Kruskal&#8208;Wallis para aquelas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal&#46; O teste do qui&#8208;quadrado foi usado para comparar vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas&#46; A associa&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span> &#40;OR&#41; com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95&#37; &#40;IC95&#37;&#41; foram estimados por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria&#46; Em todos os casos&#44; valores de p inferiores a 0&#44;05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos&#46; A an&#225;lise de pot&#234;ncia foi feita com aproxima&#231;&#227;o normal com o m&#233;todo de corre&#231;&#227;o de continuidade do programa Open Epi&#44; vers&#227;o 3&#46;01 &#40;OpenEpi&#58; Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health&#44; GA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas&#44; medidas antropom&#233;tricas e dados laboratoriais dos pacientes s&#227;o mostrados na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#46; N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em termos de idade e sexo&#44; IMC&#44; rela&#231;&#227;o cintura&#47;quadril ou propor&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal&#46; Al&#233;m da ALT&#44; as concentra&#231;&#245;es de AST e GGT tamb&#233;m foram significativamente maiores no grupo DHGNA do que no grupo sem DHGNA &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em termos de gen&#243;tipo e frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica para os polimorfismos MCP&#8208;1 rs1024611&#44; CCR&#8208;2 rs1799864 e ABCA1 rs4149313 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46; Dentre as quatro variantes&#44; apenas o IL&#8208;17A rs2275913 foi associado &#224; DHGNA&#46; A porcentagem de gen&#243;tipos IL&#8208;17A rs2275913 AA foi significativamente maior no grupo DHGNA do que no grupo sem DHGNA &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#44; OR&#58; 2&#44;05&#44; IC95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;12&#8208;3&#44;77&#41;&#46; A frequ&#234;ncia do alelo A de IL&#8208;17A rs2275913 foi significativamente maior no grupo DHGNA do que no grupo sem DHGNA &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60; 0&#44;01&#41;&#46; O poder do estudo foi calculado em 53&#37;&#46; Para esse poder &#40;erro alfa&#58; 0&#44;05 e Df&#58; 1&#41;&#44; o tamanho do efeito foi calculado em 0&#44;15&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada mostrou que pacientes com o gen&#243;tipo IL&#8208;17A rs2275913 AA tinham tr&#234;s vezes &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;37&#8208;6&#44;58&#59; p &#8804; 0&#44;01&#41; mais chance de ter DHGNA do que pacientes com o gen&#243;tipo GG &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabela 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas dos grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao gen&#243;tipo IL&#8208;17A rs2275913 s&#227;o mostradas na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabela 4</a>&#46; Houve diferen&#231;as significativas nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de AST e ALT entre os tr&#234;s grupos &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04 e p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; As concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de ALT e AST foram maiores no gen&#243;tipo AA e menores no gen&#243;tipo GG&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No presente estudo&#44; avaliamos o efeito de quatro polimorfismos no desenvolvimento de DHGNA em crian&#231;as obesas&#46; Encontramos o gen&#243;tipo AA do gene IL&#8208;17A com maior frequ&#234;ncia em crian&#231;as obesas com DHGNA do que em crian&#231;as obesas sem DHGNA&#46; Entretanto&#44; n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas nos polimorfismos dos genes MCP&#8208;1 rs1024611&#44; CCR&#8208;2 rs1799864 e ABCA1 rs4149313 em crian&#231;as turcas obesas com e sem DHGNA&#44; sugeriu&#8208;se que esses polimorfismos n&#227;o tiveram papel no desenvolvimento de DHGNA nas crian&#231;as obesas&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O equil&#237;brio entre os mecanismos pr&#243;&#8208;inflamat&#243;rios e anti&#8208;inflamat&#243;rios &#233; de import&#226;ncia cr&#237;tica para o desenvolvimento e a progress&#227;o da DHGNA&#46; O est&#237;mulo de macr&#243;fagos pr&#243;&#8208;inflamat&#243;rios por mediadores pr&#243;&#8208;inflamat&#243;rios&#44; tais como interferon&#8208;&#947; e lipopolissacar&#237;deos&#44; estimula a secre&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;&#8208;inflamat&#243;rias&#44; como TNF&#945;&#44; IL&#8208;6&#44; IL&#8208;17 e IL&#8208;23&#44; o que por sua vez causa danos hep&#225;ticos e metab&#243;licos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a> Em contraste&#44; as c&#233;lulas T regulat&#243;rias &#40;Treg&#41; impedem a produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;&#8208;inflamat&#243;rias&#44; como a IL&#8208;17&#44; ao expressar citocinas anti&#8208;inflamat&#243;rias&#44; como a IL&#8208;10&#44; o que controla a inflama&#231;&#227;o&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Em estudos experimentais&#44; a ativa&#231;&#227;o da via da IL&#8208;17 demonstrou que ela desempenha um papel significativo no desenvolvimento de DHGNA&#44; na progress&#227;o da esteatose e na forma&#231;&#227;o de fibrose&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sabe&#8208;se que o polimorfismo IL&#8208;17A rs2275913 &#233; fortemente associado &#224; secre&#231;&#227;o de IL&#8208;17 pelas c&#233;lulas&#8208;T&#46; No estudo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> de Espinoza et al&#46;&#44; observou&#8208;se um n&#237;vel mais elevado de secre&#231;&#227;o de IL&#8208;17 em c&#233;lulas&#8208;T estimuladas de indiv&#237;duos com o alelo AA de IL&#8208;17A rs2275913 do que nos indiv&#237;duos sem o alelo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> A liga&#231;&#227;o diferencial das variantes al&#233;licas do polimorfismo IL&#8208;17A rs2275913 ao fator nuclear de c&#233;lulas T ativadas &#40;NFAT&#41; tem sido proposta como respons&#225;vel pelas diferen&#231;as na secre&#231;&#227;o de IL&#8208;17A&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> V&#225;rias doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias t&#234;m sido associadas clinicamente ao polimorfismo IL&#8208;17A rs2275913&#46; Observou&#8208;se que o homozigoto rs2275913 AA apresenta risco aumentado de suscetibilidade &#224; artrite reumatoide em popula&#231;&#245;es caucasianas e colite ulcerativa em popula&#231;&#245;es japonesas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;29</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No presente estudo&#44; descobrimos que o polimorfismo IL&#8208;17A rs2275913 foi mais frequente em crian&#231;as obesas com DHGNA do que naquelas sem DHGNA&#46; Um estudo anterior tamb&#233;m relatou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o de IL&#8208;17 e a concentra&#231;&#227;o de ALT em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica pelo v&#237;rus da hepatite B&#44; refletiu o grau de dano hep&#225;tico&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Consistentemente com essas observa&#231;&#245;es&#44; as concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de ALT e AST diferiram significativamente entre os grupos de alelos de IL&#8208;17 rs2275913 &#40;AA&#44; AG e GG&#41;&#46; As concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de ALT e AST foram mais altas no gen&#243;tipo AA e mais baixas no gen&#243;tipo GG&#46; Esses achados sugerem que o gen&#243;tipo AA pode ser um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de DHGNA em pacientes obesos&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">N&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas nos polimorfismos dos genes MCP&#8208;1 rs1024611&#44; CCR&#8208;2 rs1799864 e ABCA1 rs4149313 entre crian&#231;as obesas com e sem DHGNA&#44; isso indicou que esses polimorfismos n&#227;o parecem desempenhar um papel no desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a&#46; No entanto&#44; esses polimorfismos podem estar relacionados ao desenvolvimento de esteato&#8208;hepatite em crian&#231;as obesas&#44; uma vez que n&#227;o pudemos avaliar o grau de fibrose e inflama&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica em nossos pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es&#46; Primeiro&#44; a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo era relativamente pequena&#46; Sabe&#8208;se que a frequ&#234;ncia dos polimorfismos estudados varia entre as etnias&#46; A estrutura &#233;tnica da popula&#231;&#227;o poderia afetar a preval&#234;ncia dos polimorfismos&#46; Portanto&#44; n&#227;o podemos generalizar nossos resultados para outras popula&#231;&#245;es&#46; Em segundo lugar&#44; a DHGNA foi diagnosticada por ultrassonografia e pelos n&#237;veis elevados de transaminases&#44; que s&#227;o consideradas ferramentas imperfeitas para detectar esteatose&#46; Nenhum dos pacientes em nosso estudo foi submetido a bi&#243;psia hep&#225;tica ou exame com FibroScan&#174;&#46; Portanto&#44; nem a fibrose nem a inflama&#231;&#227;o do f&#237;gado puderam ser avaliadas nos participantes&#46; Consequentemente&#44; a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os polimorfismos e o grau de fibrose e inflama&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o p&#244;de ser avaliada&#46; Terceiro&#44; o efeito do polimorfismo IL&#8208;17A rs2275913 na transcri&#231;&#227;o g&#234;nica n&#227;o foi investigado&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em conclus&#227;o&#44; os resultados deste estudo mostraram que o gen&#243;tipo AA do gene IL&#8208;17A pode estar associado ao desenvolvimento da DHGNA&#46; Esse polimorfismo pode servir como um preditor para a esteatose hep&#225;tica e fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es &#250;teis para identificar potenciais alvos terap&#234;uticos para o tratamento de doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas em pacientes obesos&#46; Diferentemente do IL&#8208;17A &#40;&#8208;197 G &#47; A&#41; &#40;rs2275913&#41;&#44; nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada entre os polimorfismos MCP&#8208;1 &#40;&#8208;2518 A&#47;G&#41; &#40;rs1024611&#41;&#44; CCR&#8208;2 &#40;190 G&#47;A&#41; &#40;rs1799864&#41; e ABCA1 &#40;883 G&#47;A&#41; &#40;rs4149313&#41; e DHGNA em crian&#231;as turcas obesas&#46; Outros estudos de grande escala precisam ser feitos sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre esses polimorfismos e a DHGNA&#44; bem como a fibrose&#44; em diferentes etnias&#44; a fim de confirmar nossos achados&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Financiamento</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo foi financiado pelo Kanuni Training and Research Hospital&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflitos de interesse</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesse&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Kanuni Training and Research Hospital foi recebida para este estudo&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Liver disease"
            1 => "Single&#8208;nucleotide polymorphisms"
            2 => "Obesity"
            3 => "Children"
            4 => "Interleukin&#8208;17"
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            0 => "Doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica"
            1 => "Polimorfismos de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico"
            2 => "Obesidade"
            3 => "Crian&#231;as"
            4 => "Interleucina 17"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of non&#8208;alcoholic fatty liver disease in children has risen significantly&#44; owing to the worldwide childhood obesity epidemic in the last two decades&#46; Non&#8208;alcoholic fatty liver disease is closely linked to sedentary lifestyle&#44; increased body mass index&#44; and visceral adiposity&#46; In addition&#44; individual genetic variations also have a role in the development and progression of non&#8208;alcoholic fatty liver disease&#46; The aim of this study was to investigate the gene polymorphisms of MCP&#8208;1 &#40;&#8208;2518 A&#47;G&#41; &#40;rs1024611&#41;&#44; CCR&#8208;2 &#40;190 G&#47;A&#41; &#40;rs1799864&#41;&#44; ABCA1 &#40;883 G&#47;A&#41; &#40;rs4149313&#41;&#44; and IL&#8208;17A &#40;&#8208;197 G&#47;A&#41; &#40;rs2275913&#41; in obese Turkish children with non&#8208;alcoholic fatty liver disease&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study recruited 186 obese children aged 10-17 years&#44; including 101 children with non&#8208;alcoholic fatty liver disease and 85 children without non&#8208;alcoholic fatty liver disease&#46; Anthropometric measurements&#44; insulin resistance&#44; a liver panel&#44; a lipid profile&#44; liver ultrasound examination&#44; and genotyping of the four variants were performed&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No difference was found between the groups in respect to age and gender&#44; body mass index&#44; waist&#47;hip ratio&#44; or body fat ratio&#46; In addition to the elevated ALT levels&#44; AST and GGT levels were found significantly higher in the non&#8208;alcoholic fatty liver disease group compared to the non non&#8208;alcoholic fatty liver disease group &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; The A&#8208;allele of IL&#8208;17A &#40;&#8208;197 G&#47;A&#41; &#40;rs2275913&#41; was associated with non&#8208;alcoholic fatty liver disease &#40;odds ratio &#91;OR&#93; 2&#46;05&#44; 95&#37; confidence interval&#58; 1&#46;12&#8208;3&#46;77&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The findings of this study suggest that there may be an association between IL&#8208;17A &#40;&#8208;197 G&#47;A&#41; &#40;rs2275913&#41; polymorphism and non&#8208;alcoholic fatty liver disease development in obese Turkish children&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica em crian&#231;as aumentou significativamente devido &#224; epidemia de obesidade infantil em todo o mundo nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas&#46; A doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica est&#225; intimamente ligada ao estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio&#44; ao aumento do &#237;ndice de massa corporal e &#224; adiposidade visceral&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; varia&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas individuais tamb&#233;m t&#234;m um papel no desenvolvimento e na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica&#46; O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos MCP&#8208;1 &#40;&#8208;2518 A&#47;G&#41; &#40;rs1024611&#41;&#44; CCR&#8208;2 &#40;190 G&#47;A&#41; &#40;rs1799864&#41;&#44; ABCA1 &#40;883 G&#47;A&#41; &#40;rs4149313&#41; e IL&#8208;17A &#40;&#8208;197 G&#47;A&#41; &#40;rs2275913&#41; em crian&#231;as turcas obesas com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O estudo recrutou 186 crian&#231;as obesas entre 10 e 17 anos&#44; inclusive 101 crian&#231;as com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica e 85 crian&#231;as sem doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica&#46; Medidas antropom&#233;tricas&#44; resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina&#44; painel hep&#225;tico&#44; perfil lip&#237;dico&#44; exame ultrassonogr&#225;fico do f&#237;gado e genotipagem de quatro variantes foram feitos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi encontrada entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade e sexo&#44; &#237;ndice de massa corporal&#44; rela&#231;&#227;o cintura&#47;quadril ou propor&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal&#46; Al&#233;m dos n&#237;veis elevados de ALT&#44; os n&#237;veis de AST e GGT foram significativamente maiores no grupo doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo n&#227;o doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;05&#41;&#46; O alelo A de IL&#8208;17A &#40;&#8208;197 G&#47;A&#41; &#40;rs2275913&#41; foi associado &#224; doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span> &#91;OR&#93; 2&#44;05&#44; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;12&#8208;3&#44;77&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os achados deste estudo sugerem que pode haver uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o polimorfismo IL&#8208;17A &#40;&#8208;197 G&#47;A&#41; &#40;rs2275913&#41; e o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica em crian&#231;as turcas obesas&#46;</p></span>"
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        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0040">Como citar este artigo&#58; Akbulut UE&#44; Emeksiz HC&#44; Citli S&#44; Cebi AH&#44; Korkmaz HA&#44; Baki G&#46; IL&#8208;17A&#44; MCP&#8208;1&#44; CCR&#8208;2&#44; and ABCA1 polymorphisms in children with non&#8208;alcoholic fatty liver disease&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2019&#59;95&#58;350&#8211;7&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ALT&#44; alanina aminotransferase&#59; AST&#44; aspartato aminotransferase&#59; DHGNA&#44; doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica&#59; GGT&#44; gama glutamiltransferase&#59; HOMA&#8208;IR&#44; avalia&#231;&#227;o do modelo homeost&#225;tico para resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica&#59; IMC&#44; &#237;ndice de massa corporal&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os valores s&#227;o expressos como mediana &#40;percentis 25 a 75&#41; ou m&#233;dia &#177; desvio&#8208;padr&#227;o&#44; conforme apropriado&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DHGNA &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>101&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sem DHGNA &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>85&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Comparado com o grupo de gen&#243;tipos de refer&#234;ncia&#44; as diferen&#231;as nas frequ&#234;ncias genot&#237;picas foram analisadas com o teste do qui&#8208;quadrado&#46; P &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante&#46; Todos os quatro polimorfismos foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada ao mesmo tempo&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Modelos&#58; MCP&#8208;1 AA&#44; gen&#243;tipo AG e alelo A&#44; CCR&#8208;2AG&#44; gen&#243;tipo GG e alelo G&#44; ABCA&#8208;1 AA&#44; gen&#243;tipo AG e alelo A&#44; IL&#8208;17A AA&#44; gen&#243;tipo AG e alelo A&#59; Vari&#225;vel dependente&#58; presen&#231;a de DHGNA&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Os valores em negrito referem&#8208;se a valores de p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frequ&#234;ncia genot&#237;pica e al&#233;lica dos polimorfismos MCP&#8208;1 rs1024611&#44; CCR&#8208;2 rs1799864&#44; ABCA1 rs4149313&#44; IL&#8208;17A rs2275913 em pacientes e an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica de fatores preditivos para DHGNA</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DHGNA&#44; doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica&#59; IC&#44; intervalo de confian&#231;a&#59; OR&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span>&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Vari&#225;vel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Rela&#231;&#227;o cintura&#8208;quadril&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">AST&#44; U&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">GGT&#44; U&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Colesterol total&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">163&#44;0 &#40;150&#44;0&#8208;179&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Calculado para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os tr&#234;s grupos genot&#237;picos com Anova para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste do qui&#8208;quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">Os valores s&#227;o expressos como mediana &#40;percentis 25&#8208;75&#41; ou m&#233;dia &#177; DP&#44; como apropriado&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035">Os valores em negrito referem&#8208;se a valores de p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas b&#225;sicas dos indiv&#237;duos nos gen&#243;tipos de IL&#8208;17A rs2275913</p>"
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Vol. 95. Núm. 3.
Páginas 350-357 (maio - junho 2019)
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Vol. 95. Núm. 3.
Páginas 350-357 (maio - junho 2019)
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IL‐17A, MCP‐1, CCR‐2, and ABCA1 polymorphisms in children with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Polimorfismos IL‐17A, MCP‐1, CCR‐2 e ABCA1 em crianças com doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica
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Ulas Emre Akbuluta,
Autor para correspondência
ulasemre@hotmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
, Hamdi Cihan Emeksizb, Senol Citlic, Alper Han Cebid, Hatice Ayca Ata Korkmaze, Gaye Bakie
a University of Health Sciences, Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Antália, Turquia
b Istanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istambul, Turquia
c Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Tokat, Turquia
d Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Trabzon, Turquia
e University of Health Sciences, Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Department of Radiology, Trabzon, Turquia
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Tabelas (4)
Tabela 1. Características dos grupos
Tabela 2. Frequência genotípica e alélica dos polimorfismos MCP‐1 rs1024611, CCR‐2 rs1799864, ABCA1 rs4149313, IL‐17A rs2275913 em pacientes e análise de regressão logística de fatores preditivos para DHGNA
Tabela 3. Análise de regressão logística univariada de fatores preditivos para DHGNA
Tabela 4. Características básicas dos indivíduos nos genótipos de IL‐17A rs2275913
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Abstract
Objective

The prevalence of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in children has risen significantly, owing to the worldwide childhood obesity epidemic in the last two decades. Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease is closely linked to sedentary lifestyle, increased body mass index, and visceral adiposity. In addition, individual genetic variations also have a role in the development and progression of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the gene polymorphisms of MCP‐1 (‐2518 A/G) (rs1024611), CCR‐2 (190 G/A) (rs1799864), ABCA1 (883 G/A) (rs4149313), and IL‐17A (‐197 G/A) (rs2275913) in obese Turkish children with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Methods

The study recruited 186 obese children aged 10-17 years, including 101 children with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and 85 children without non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. Anthropometric measurements, insulin resistance, a liver panel, a lipid profile, liver ultrasound examination, and genotyping of the four variants were performed.

Results

No difference was found between the groups in respect to age and gender, body mass index, waist/hip ratio, or body fat ratio. In addition to the elevated ALT levels, AST and GGT levels were found significantly higher in the non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease group compared to the non non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease group (p<0.05). The A‐allele of IL‐17A (‐197 G/A) (rs2275913) was associated with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (odds ratio [OR] 2.05, 95% confidence interval: 1.12‐3.77, p=0.02).

Conclusions

The findings of this study suggest that there may be an association between IL‐17A (‐197 G/A) (rs2275913) polymorphism and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease development in obese Turkish children.

Keywords:
Liver disease
Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms
Obesity
Children
Interleukin‐17
Resumo
Objetivo

A prevalência de doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica em crianças aumentou significativamente devido à epidemia de obesidade infantil em todo o mundo nas últimas duas décadas. A doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica está intimamente ligada ao estilo de vida sedentário, ao aumento do índice de massa corporal e à adiposidade visceral. Além disso, variações genéticas individuais também têm um papel no desenvolvimento e na progressão da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os polimorfismos genéticos MCP‐1 (‐2518 A/G) (rs1024611), CCR‐2 (190 G/A) (rs1799864), ABCA1 (883 G/A) (rs4149313) e IL‐17A (‐197 G/A) (rs2275913) em crianças turcas obesas com doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica.

Métodos

O estudo recrutou 186 crianças obesas entre 10 e 17 anos, inclusive 101 crianças com doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica e 85 crianças sem doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica. Medidas antropométricas, resistência à insulina, painel hepático, perfil lipídico, exame ultrassonográfico do fígado e genotipagem de quatro variantes foram feitos.

Resultados

Nenhuma diferença foi encontrada entre os grupos em relação à idade e sexo, índice de massa corporal, relação cintura/quadril ou proporção de gordura corporal. Além dos níveis elevados de ALT, os níveis de AST e GGT foram significativamente maiores no grupo doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica em comparação com o grupo não doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (p < 0,05). O alelo A de IL‐17A (‐197 G/A) (rs2275913) foi associado à doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (odds ratio [OR] 2,05, intervalo de confiança de 95%: 1,12‐3,77, p=0,02).

Conclusões

Os achados deste estudo sugerem que pode haver uma associação entre o polimorfismo IL‐17A (‐197 G/A) (rs2275913) e o desenvolvimento da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica em crianças turcas obesas.

Palavras‐chave:
Doença hepática
Polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único
Obesidade
Crianças
Interleucina 17
Texto Completo
Introdução

A doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) é uma doença hepática crônica causada pelo acúmulo excessivo de gordura no fígado, sem história de consumo crônico de álcool, doenças metabólicas do fígado (doença de Wilson) ou doenças hepáticas congênitas, virais ou autoimunes.1 A DHGNA está incluída em um amplo espectro de doenças hepáticas, variam de simples esteatose a esteato‐hepatite, fibrose e até cirrose.1 A prevalência de DHGNA aumentou significativamente, devido à epidemia mundial de obesidade infantil nas duas últimas décadas.2 A DHGNA está intimamente ligada a um estilo de vida sedentário, aumento do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e adiposidade visceral em crianças, resultante do consumo excessivo de calorias.3 Vários estudos recentes relatam que, além dos fatores de risco ambientais, as variações genéticas individuais também podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento e a progressão da DHGNA.4

Vários genes candidatos foram implicados na patogênese da DHGNA, inclusive genes envolvidos no metabolismo lipídico hepático, sensibilidade à insulina e geração de espécies oxidantes reativas ou citocinas.5 Polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único em genes envolvidos no metabolismo lipídico (domínio de fosfolipase tipo‐patatina‐3 e lipina 1), estresse oxidativo (superóxido dismutase 2), sinalização de insulina (substrato receptor de insulina‐1) e fibrogênese (fator Kruppel‐like 6) foram associados à DHGNA em crianças.2 Além desses polimorfismos bem conhecidos, polimorfismos em genes que codificam proteínas envolvidas na patogênese da DHGNA também podem estar associados ao desenvolvimento da doença.

A proteína quimioatrativa de monócitos 1 (MCP‐1), também chamada de quimiocina ligante 2 (CCL2), um forte fator quimiotático, desempenha um papel na ativação de monócitos, macrófagos e células T nas fases aguda e crônica da inflamação.6 O polimorfismo 2518 A / G no gene da MCP‐1 afeta o nível de expressão da MCP‐1 em resposta a estímulos inflamatórios e sabe‐se que isso está associado a diabetes mellitus e várias doenças autoimunes.7,8 A MCP‐1 exerce um efeito quimiotático sobre monócitos e células T através do receptor de quimiocinas 2 (CCR2).9 O polimorfismo 190 G/A no gene CCR também já foi associado ao desenvolvimento de DHGNA.10

O transportador‐1 de cassete de ligação de ATP (ABCA1) é um membro da família de transportadores de membrana de cassete de ligação de ATP (ABC). A expressão de ABCA1 resultou em aumento do efluxo de colesterol e diminuição do conteúdo lipídico hepático.11 O estresse inflamatório aumenta o acúmulo de colesterol nos hepatócitos e inibe a expressão de ABCA1.12 Além disso, foi relatado que a diminuição da expressão hepática de ABCA1 pode causar esteato‐hepatite em pacientes adultos com obesidade mórbida.11 A interleucina‐17 (IL‐17) é uma molécula pró‐inflamatória produzida por células T‐helper (Th) 17. Ela age como mediador da resposta imune contra patógenos bacterianos e fúngicos extracelulares e está envolvida no desenvolvimento de doenças inflamatórias e autoimunes.13 Também tem sido sugerido que a IL‐17 tem um papel crítico no desenvolvimento de várias doenças hepáticas, como hepatite viral crônica, doenças autoimunes e doenças hepáticas alcoólicas.14–16 Foi demonstrado que a IL‐17A (‐197 G / A) afeta o desenvolvimento da colite ulcerativa e da artrite reumatoide.17

O objetivo do nosso estudo foi investigar a associação entre DHGNA e polimorfismos em genes que codificam proteínas cujo papel na patogênese da DHGNA tem sido sugerido. Que seja de nosso conhecimento, a relação entre os quatro polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único e a DHGNA não foi estudada anteriormente.

Métodos

O estudo incluiu pacientes turcos obesos entre 10 e 17 anos, que se apresentaram na Clínica Pediátrica de Gastroenterologia, Hepatologia e Nutrição e Endocrinologia Pediátrica do Kanuni Training and Research Hospital entre junho de 2015 e julho de 2016. O paciente era considerado obeso se o escore z do IMC fosse ≥ 2 para idade e sexo.18 Os 186 pacientes incluídos no estudo foram separados em dois grupos. O grupo DHGNA (n=101) incluiu pacientes com diagnóstico de DHGNA, níveis de alanina aminotransferase (ALT) acima do dobro do limite superior da normalidade (sexo masculino > 50 U/L, sexo feminino > 44 U/L) e doença hepática gordurosa detectada por ultrassonografia (USG).19 Pacientes com outras causas de doença hepática gordurosa, como a doença de Wilson, deficiência de α‐1 antitripsina, hepatite autoimune e hepatite viral, foram excluídos. O grupo sem DHGNA (n=85) incluiu pacientes obesos sem DHGNA (níveis normais de ALT e imagem USG do fígado normal), com medidas antropométricas, resistência à insulina e perfil lipídico semelhantes aos do grupo DHGNA. Nenhum dos pacientes no estudo foi submetido a biópsia hepática. Pacientes com doenças genéticas, endócrinas ou metabólicas que podem causar obesidade não foram incluídos no estudo. Além disso, nenhum dos pacientes apresentava doenças pró‐inflamatórias comórbidas, como doença inflamatória intestinal.

O estudo foi feito após a aprovação do comitê de ética local (URL do Registro: 2015/27 Identifier: Trabzon Kanuni Training and Research Hospital Clinical Research Ethics Committee) e da obtenção do consentimento informado dos pais, de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinque.

Todos os participantes foram submetidos a exame físico. A altura foi medida até o centímetro mais próximo com um estadiômetro Harpenden (Holtain Limited, Crymych, Dyfed, País de Gales). O peso foi medido sem roupas até o 0,1kg mais próximo, com uma balança calibrada. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado através da fórmula peso (kg)/altura (m2). Os escores Z do IMC foram calculados com os valores de referência para crianças turcas.20 A proporção de gordura corporal foi calculada pelo método de bioimpedância elétrica (BIA) em um dispositivo Tanita BC 418 (Tanita Corporation, Tóquio, Japão). As medidas da cintura e da circunferência do quadril foram obtidas com uma fita métrica inelástica, enquanto o paciente permanecia de pé com os pés juntos (12‐15cm) e os braços ao lado do corpo. A relação cintura‐quadril foi calculada dividindo‐se a medida da cintura pela medida do quadril.

Após 10 horas de jejum, amostras de sangue venoso periférico foram obtidas para determinar os níveis de insulina (Beckman Coulter DXI 800, Califórnia, EUA), lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL), triglicérides, colesterol total, alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama glutamiltransferase (GGT) e glicose (Beckman Coulter AU5821, Califórnia, EUA). O modelo homeostático para resistência insulínica (HOMA‐IR) foi calculado pela fórmula glicose × insulina (μU/mL)/405.21

Todos os exames foram feitos por dois radiologistas com mais de 10 anos de experiência em imagiologia abdominal pediátrica e esteatose hepática e os resultados foram determinados por consenso. Os radiologistas estavam cegos para os achados clínicos e resultados laboratoriais dos pacientes. A máquina de ultrassom usada foi a Aplio 500 (Toshiba Medical Systems, Otawara, Japão) com transdutores lineares de 4 a 9MHz. Os pacientes foram avaliados em decúbito dorsal com o braço direito em abdução máxima. Os pacientes foram submetidos ao exame após um jejum de 4 horas. Imagens longitudinais do lobo hepático direito e do rim ipsilateral foram obtidas, inclusive os planos hepáticos sagitais. A graduação semiquantitativa de alterações gordurosas foi feita com os achados da USG de fígado gorduroso, perda de definição das margens vasculares e atenuação profunda com contraste fígado‐rim.22

O DNA foi isolado do sangue periférico com o dispositivo automático QuickGene. Áreas alvo foram amplificadas por PCR com os pares primários: para MCP1 (2518 A/G) polimorfismo, F: 5’ CTTTCCCTTGTGTGTCCCC 3’, R: 5’ TTACTCCTTTTCTCCCCAACC 3’; para CCR‐2 rs1799864 polimorfismo, F: 5’ ATTTCCCCAGTACATCCACAAC 3’, R: 5’ CCCACAATGGGAGAGTAATAAG 3’; para ABCA1rs4149313 polimorfismo, F: 5’ GAGAAGAGCCACCCTGGTTCCAACCAGAAGAGGAT 3’, R: 5’ AGAAAGGCAGGAGACAT CGCTT 3’; e para IL‐17A rs2275913 polimorfismo, F: 5’ AACAAGTAAGAATGAAAAGAGGACATGGT 3’, R: 5’ CCCCCAATGAGGTCATAGAAGAATC 3’.

O seccionamento foi feito com enzimas de restrição Pvull (Vivantis) para MCP1 (‐2518 A/G) na atribuição do genótipo, enzimas de restrição FokL (Vivantis) para CCR‐2 rs1799864 na atribuição do genótipo, enzimas de restrição Econl (Vivantis) para ABCA1 rs4149313 na atribuição do genótipo e enzimas de restrição BstENI para IL‐17A rs2275913 na atribuição do genótipo. Após a separação por eletroforese em gel de agarose a 2%, a análise foi feita de acordo com o tamanho do produto. Para o controle, a precisão foi confirmada por análise de sequência aleatória de 10% em ambos os grupos.

Os dados foram avaliados com o software estatístico SPSS 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). Os dados descritivos foram apresentados como média ± desvio‐padrão (DP). A análise dos resultados foi feita com a distribuição percentual para dados qualitativos e mediana do intervalo interquartil (IIQ) ou média (desvio‐padrão) para dados quantitativos. Para a comparação entre dois grupos, o teste t de amostras independentes pareadas foi usado para variáveis que apresentavam distribuição normal, enquanto o teste U de Mann Whitney foi usado para aquelas sem distribuição normal. No caso de mais de dois grupos, foi usado o teste Anova para variáveis com distribuição normal e o teste de Kruskal‐Wallis para aquelas sem distribuição normal. O teste do qui‐quadrado foi usado para comparar variáveis categóricas. A associação genotípica e odds ratio (OR) com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram estimados por análise de regressão logística binária. Em todos os casos, valores de p inferiores a 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. A análise de potência foi feita com aproximação normal com o método de correção de continuidade do programa Open Epi, versão 3.01 (OpenEpi: Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health, GA, EUA).

Resultados

As características demográficas, medidas antropométricas e dados laboratoriais dos pacientes são mostrados na tabela 1. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos em termos de idade e sexo, IMC, relação cintura/quadril ou proporção de gordura corporal. Além da ALT, as concentrações de AST e GGT também foram significativamente maiores no grupo DHGNA do que no grupo sem DHGNA (p < 0,05).

Tabela 1.

Características dos grupos

Parâmetros  DHGNA (n=101)  Sem DHGNA (n=85)  p valor 
Sexo, feminino, n (%)  45 (44,5)  36 (42,3)  0,88 
Idade, anos  12,98 ± 2,26  13,31 ± 2,52  0,39 
IMC, kg/m2  30,07 ± 4,52  29,82 ± 4,57  0,94 
Masculino  28,58 ± 3,94  29,11 ± 3,47  0,35 
Feminino  29,04 ± 5,84  29,76 ± 4,94  0,89 
z‐escore IMC  2,38 ± 0,35  2,35 ± 0,30  0,09 
Masculino  2,39 ± 0,35  2,42 ± 0,32  0,24 
Feminino  2,36 ± 0,34  2,32 ± 0,29  0,13 
Relação cintura‐quadril  0,94 ± 0,04  0,92 ± 0,05  0,15 
Masculino  0,95 ± 0,04  0,95 ± 0,03  0,10 
Feminino  0,92 ± 0,04  0,91 ± 0,05  0,09 
Gordura corporal total, %  35,95 ± 6,38  35,74 ± 5,73  0,64 
Masculino  32,57 ± 6,34  32,51 ± 4,91  0,49 
Feminino  39,26 ± 5,43  36,95 ± 5,32  0,73 
ALT, U/L  54,0 (48,5‐73,5)  19,0 (16,0‐26,0)  <0,01 
AST, U/L  46,0 (35,0‐54,0)  21,0 (19,0‐26,0)  <0,01 
GGT, U/L  28,0 (22,0‐37,0)  14,0 (12,0‐18,0)  <0,01 
Colesterol total, mg/dL  165,0 (141,5‐180,5)  158,0 (145,7‐173,0)  0,52 
Triglicérides, mg/dL  111,0 (82,0‐157,0)  105,0 (89,0‐138,0)  0,80 
HDL‐colesterol, mg/dL  42,0 (36,0‐52,0)  44,0 (38,0‐52,0)  0,35 
LDL‐colesterol, mg/dL  100,0 (80,7‐117,5)  91,0 (79,0‐106,0)  0,28 
HOMA‐IR  4,63 ± 1,76  4,52 ± 1,50  0,10 
Masculino  4,68 ± 1,62  4,65 ± 1,56  0,09 
Feminino  4,44 ± 1,73  4,31 ± 1,89  0,13 

ALT, alanina aminotransferase; AST, aspartato aminotransferase; DHGNA, doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica; GGT, gama glutamiltransferase; HOMA‐IR, avaliação do modelo homeostático para resistência insulínica; IMC, índice de massa corporal.

Os valores são expressos como mediana (percentis 25 a 75) ou média ± desvio‐padrão, conforme apropriado.

Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos em termos de genótipo e frequência alélica para os polimorfismos MCP‐1 rs1024611, CCR‐2 rs1799864 e ABCA1 rs4149313 (tabela 2). Dentre as quatro variantes, apenas o IL‐17A rs2275913 foi associado à DHGNA. A porcentagem de genótipos IL‐17A rs2275913 AA foi significativamente maior no grupo DHGNA do que no grupo sem DHGNA (p=0,02, OR: 2,05, IC95%: 1,12‐3,77). A frequência do alelo A de IL‐17A rs2275913 foi significativamente maior no grupo DHGNA do que no grupo sem DHGNA (p=< 0,01). O poder do estudo foi calculado em 53%. Para esse poder (erro alfa: 0,05 e Df: 1), o tamanho do efeito foi calculado em 0,15.

Tabela 2.

Frequência genotípica e alélica dos polimorfismos MCP‐1 rs1024611, CCR‐2 rs1799864, ABCA1 rs4149313, IL‐17A rs2275913 em pacientes e análise de regressão logística de fatores preditivos para DHGNA

VariávelDHGNA (n=101) (%)  Sem DHGNA (n=85) (%)  p valora  OR (IC95%) 
MCP‐1  AA  (Sim)  26 (25,7)  25 (29,4)  0,58  0,83 (0,44‐1,59) 
    (Não) (Ref)  75 (74,3)  60 (70,6)     
  AG  (Sim)  36 (35,6)  32 (37,6)  0,78  0,91 (0,50‐1,67) 
    (Não) (Ref)  65 (64,4)  53 (62,4)     
  GG  (Sim)  39 (38,7)  28 (33,0)     
    (Não)  62 (61,3)  57 (77,0)     
    88 (43,5)  82 (48,2)  0,71  0,86 (0,60‐1,24) 
  (Ref)  114 (56,5)  88 (51,8)     
CCR‐2  AA  (Sim)  6 (5,9)  5 (5,9)     
    (Não) (Ref)  95 (94,1)  80 (94,1)     
  AG  (Sim)  6 (5,9)  13 (15,3)  0,06  0,35 (0,13‐0,97) 
    (Não) (Ref)  95 (94,1)  72 (84,7)     
  GG  (Sim)  89 (88,2)  67 (78,8)  0,08  2,05 (0,91‐4,63) 
    (Não) (Ref)  12 (11,8)  18 (21,2)     
  (Ref)  18 (9,0)  23 (13,6)     
    184 (91,0)  147 (86,4)  0,11  1,51 (0,87‐2,64) 
ABCA‐1    AA (Sim)  33 (32,7)  28 (32,9)  0,97  0,83 (0,44‐1,59) 
    (Não) (Ref)  68 (67,3)  57 (67,1)     
    AG (Sim)  39 (38,6)  34 (40,0)  0,85  0,91 (0,50‐1,67) 
    (Não) (Ref)  62 (61,4)  51 (60,0)     
    GG (Sim)  29 (28,7)  23 (27,1)     
    (Não)  72 (71,3)  62 (72,9)     
    105 (51,9)  90 (52,9)  0,97  0,96 (0,67‐1,50) 
  (Ref)  97 (48,1)  80 (47,1)     
IL‐17A  AA  (Sim)  48 (47,5)  26 (30,6)  0,02  2,05 (1,12‐3,77) 
    (Não) (Ref)  53 (52,5)  59 (69,4)     
  AG  (Sim)  37 (36,6)  33 (38,8)  0,98  2,38 (0,55‐1,88) 
    (Não) (Ref)  64 (63,4)  52 (61,2)     
  GG  (Sim)  16 (15,9)  26 (30,6)     
    (Não)  85 (84,1)  59 (69,4)     
    133 (65,8)  85 (50,0)  <0,01  1,78 (1,21‐2,65) 
  (Ref)  69 (33,2)  85 (50,0)     

DHGNA, doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica; IC, intervalo de confiança; OR, odds ratio; Ref, referência.

a

Comparado com o grupo de genótipos de referência, as diferenças nas frequências genotípicas foram analisadas com o teste do qui‐quadrado. P <0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Todos os quatro polimorfismos foram incluídos na análise de regressão logística multivariada ao mesmo tempo.

Modelos: MCP‐1 AA, genótipo AG e alelo A, CCR‐2AG, genótipo GG e alelo G, ABCA‐1 AA, genótipo AG e alelo A, IL‐17A AA, genótipo AG e alelo A; Variável dependente: presença de DHGNA.

Os valores em negrito referem‐se a valores de p <0,05.

A análise de regressão logística univariada mostrou que pacientes com o genótipo IL‐17A rs2275913 AA tinham três vezes (IC 95%: 1,37‐6,58; p ≤ 0,01) mais chance de ter DHGNA do que pacientes com o genótipo GG (tabela 3).

Tabela 3.

Análise de regressão logística univariada de fatores preditivos para DHGNA

Variável  Estimativa de coeficiente  EP  OR (IC95%)  p valor 
IL‐17A rs2275913 AA genótipoa  1,10  0,40  3,00 (1,37‐6,58)  <0,01 
IL‐17A rs2275913 AG genótipo  0,60  0,40  1,82 (0,83‐3,97)  0,13 

DHGNA, doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica; IC, intervalo de confiança; OR, odds ratio.

a

O polimorfismo IL‐17A rs2275913 tem os genótipos AA, AG e GG, enquanto o genótipo GG foi considerado como o grupo de referência.

As características clínicas e bioquímicas dos grupos em relação ao genótipo IL‐17A rs2275913 são mostradas na tabela 4. Houve diferenças significativas nas concentrações de AST e ALT entre os três grupos (p=0,04 e p=0,04, respectivamente). As concentrações séricas de ALT e AST foram maiores no genótipo AA e menores no genótipo GG.

Tabela 4.

Características básicas dos indivíduos nos genótipos de IL‐17A rs2275913

Variável  AA (n=74)  AG (n=70)  GG (n=42)  p valora 
Idade, anos  13,08 ± 2,35  13,02 ± 2,51  13,41 ± 2,25  0,71 
Sexo, feminino, n (%)  34 (45,9)  30 (42,8)  17 (40,4)  0,53 
IMC, kg/m2  29,14 ± 4,20  29,92 ± 4,91  31,59 ± 4,10  0,32 
z escore‐IMC  2,32 ± 0,32  2,36 ± 0,33  2,48 ± 0,30  0,24 
Relação cintura‐quadril  0,93 ± 0,05  0,93 ± 0,04  0,95 ± 0,05  0,12 
Gordura corporal total, %  35,95 ± 5,54  35,73 ± 6,62  35,91 ± 6,48  0,98 
ALT, U/L  49,5 (28,0‐63,5)  41,0 (19,0‐54,0)  34,0 (20,0‐56,5)  0,04 
AST, U/L  34,0 (25,7‐51,0)  29,0 (21,5‐46,0)  26,0 (20,0‐46,0)  0,04 
GGT, U/L  22,0 (15,7‐30,2)  18,0 (14,0‐29,0)  20,0 (14,0‐38,0)  0,32 
Colesterol total, mg/dL  162,0 (146,0‐181,0)  163,0 (150,0‐179,5)  159,0 (133,0‐172,5)  0,06 
Triglicérides, mg/dL  112,0 (84,7‐165,7)  110,0 (86,0‐142,5)  105,0 (87,5‐138,5)  0,81 
HDL‐colesterol, mg/dL  46,0 (37,0‐52,0)  44,0 (38,0‐52,5)  46,0 (36,0‐46,5)  0,10 
LDL‐colesterol, mg/dL  96,5 (77,5‐119,5)  100,0 (81,0‐114,0)  91,0 (81,0‐111,0)  0,10 
HOMA‐IR  4,61 ± 1,78  4,53 ± 1,80  4,65 ± 2,17  0,40 

ALT, alanina aminotransferase; AST, aspartato aminotransferase; GGT, gama glutamiltransferase; HOMA‐IR, avaliação do modelo homeostático para resistência insulínica; IMC, índice de massa corporal.

a

Calculado para as comparações entre os três grupos genotípicos com Anova para variáveis contínuas e o teste do qui‐quadrado para variáveis categóricas.

Os valores são expressos como mediana (percentis 25‐75) ou média ± DP, como apropriado.

Os valores em negrito referem‐se a valores de p <0,05.

Discussão

No presente estudo, avaliamos o efeito de quatro polimorfismos no desenvolvimento de DHGNA em crianças obesas. Encontramos o genótipo AA do gene IL‐17A com maior frequência em crianças obesas com DHGNA do que em crianças obesas sem DHGNA. Entretanto, não houve diferenças significativas nos polimorfismos dos genes MCP‐1 rs1024611, CCR‐2 rs1799864 e ABCA1 rs4149313 em crianças turcas obesas com e sem DHGNA, sugeriu‐se que esses polimorfismos não tiveram papel no desenvolvimento de DHGNA nas crianças obesas.

O equilíbrio entre os mecanismos pró‐inflamatórios e anti‐inflamatórios é de importância crítica para o desenvolvimento e a progressão da DHGNA. O estímulo de macrófagos pró‐inflamatórios por mediadores pró‐inflamatórios, tais como interferon‐γ e lipopolissacarídeos, estimula a secreção de citocinas pró‐inflamatórias, como TNFα, IL‐6, IL‐17 e IL‐23, o que por sua vez causa danos hepáticos e metabólicos.23,24 Em contraste, as células T regulatórias (Treg) impedem a produção de citocinas pró‐inflamatórias, como a IL‐17, ao expressar citocinas anti‐inflamatórias, como a IL‐10, o que controla a inflamação.25 Em estudos experimentais, a ativação da via da IL‐17 demonstrou que ela desempenha um papel significativo no desenvolvimento de DHGNA, na progressão da esteatose e na formação de fibrose.26

Sabe‐se que o polimorfismo IL‐17A rs2275913 é fortemente associado à secreção de IL‐17 pelas células‐T. No estudo in vitro de Espinoza et al., observou‐se um nível mais elevado de secreção de IL‐17 em células‐T estimuladas de indivíduos com o alelo AA de IL‐17A rs2275913 do que nos indivíduos sem o alelo.27 A ligação diferencial das variantes alélicas do polimorfismo IL‐17A rs2275913 ao fator nuclear de células T ativadas (NFAT) tem sido proposta como responsável pelas diferenças na secreção de IL‐17A.27 Várias doenças inflamatórias têm sido associadas clinicamente ao polimorfismo IL‐17A rs2275913. Observou‐se que o homozigoto rs2275913 AA apresenta risco aumentado de suscetibilidade à artrite reumatoide em populações caucasianas e colite ulcerativa em populações japonesas.28,29

No presente estudo, descobrimos que o polimorfismo IL‐17A rs2275913 foi mais frequente em crianças obesas com DHGNA do que naquelas sem DHGNA. Um estudo anterior também relatou uma associação entre a concentração de IL‐17 e a concentração de ALT em pacientes com infecção crônica pelo vírus da hepatite B, refletiu o grau de dano hepático.30 Consistentemente com essas observações, as concentrações séricas de ALT e AST diferiram significativamente entre os grupos de alelos de IL‐17 rs2275913 (AA, AG e GG). As concentrações séricas de ALT e AST foram mais altas no genótipo AA e mais baixas no genótipo GG. Esses achados sugerem que o genótipo AA pode ser um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de DHGNA em pacientes obesos.

Não encontramos diferenças significativas nos polimorfismos dos genes MCP‐1 rs1024611, CCR‐2 rs1799864 e ABCA1 rs4149313 entre crianças obesas com e sem DHGNA, isso indicou que esses polimorfismos não parecem desempenhar um papel no desenvolvimento da doença. No entanto, esses polimorfismos podem estar relacionados ao desenvolvimento de esteato‐hepatite em crianças obesas, uma vez que não pudemos avaliar o grau de fibrose e inflamação hepática em nossos pacientes.

Este estudo tem algumas limitações. Primeiro, a população do estudo era relativamente pequena. Sabe‐se que a frequência dos polimorfismos estudados varia entre as etnias. A estrutura étnica da população poderia afetar a prevalência dos polimorfismos. Portanto, não podemos generalizar nossos resultados para outras populações. Em segundo lugar, a DHGNA foi diagnosticada por ultrassonografia e pelos níveis elevados de transaminases, que são consideradas ferramentas imperfeitas para detectar esteatose. Nenhum dos pacientes em nosso estudo foi submetido a biópsia hepática ou exame com FibroScan®. Portanto, nem a fibrose nem a inflamação do fígado puderam ser avaliadas nos participantes. Consequentemente, a associação entre os polimorfismos e o grau de fibrose e inflamação não pôde ser avaliada. Terceiro, o efeito do polimorfismo IL‐17A rs2275913 na transcrição gênica não foi investigado.

Em conclusão, os resultados deste estudo mostraram que o genótipo AA do gene IL‐17A pode estar associado ao desenvolvimento da DHGNA. Esse polimorfismo pode servir como um preditor para a esteatose hepática e fornecer informações úteis para identificar potenciais alvos terapêuticos para o tratamento de doenças hepáticas em pacientes obesos. Diferentemente do IL‐17A (‐197 G / A) (rs2275913), nenhuma associação foi encontrada entre os polimorfismos MCP‐1 (‐2518 A/G) (rs1024611), CCR‐2 (190 G/A) (rs1799864) e ABCA1 (883 G/A) (rs4149313) e DHGNA em crianças turcas obesas. Outros estudos de grande escala precisam ser feitos sobre a associação entre esses polimorfismos e a DHGNA, bem como a fibrose, em diferentes etnias, a fim de confirmar nossos achados.

Financiamento

Este estudo foi financiado pelo Kanuni Training and Research Hospital.

Conflitos de interesse

Os autores declaram não haver conflitos de interesse.

Aprovação do comitê de ética

A aprovação do comitê de ética do Kanuni Training and Research Hospital foi recebida para este estudo.

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Como citar este artigo: Akbulut UE, Emeksiz HC, Citli S, Cebi AH, Korkmaz HA, Baki G. IL‐17A, MCP‐1, CCR‐2, and ABCA1 polymorphisms in children with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2019;95:350–7.

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