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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In response to our colleague Adauto D&#46;M&#46; Barbosa&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> I would like to thank him for the interest in our article&#44; and I have the following statements about his questions&#58;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">1&#46; In our study&#44; we did not mention the involvement of either the ileocecal valve or the appendix alone&#46; I reviewed the surgical descriptions of the study patients who&#44; in addition to the affected cecal appendix&#44; presented the involvement of the terminal portion of the ileum or cecum together&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concurrently with the study&#44; there was a patient born at term with a perforation of the appendicular base that was considered neonatal appendicitis and not accounted for in our sample&#44; as necrotizing enterocolitis &#40;NEC&#41; was ruled out due to the surgical and anatomopathological findings&#46; I have the record and the medical history&#44; as we intended to publish it as a case report&#46; A 38-week neonate developed abdominal distension&#44; refusal to eat&#44; and vomiting&#46; Imaging tests disclosed ascites and septal collections&#46; Paracentesis showed the presence of Gram-negative bacilli&#44; which together with progressive clinical worsening justified the laparotomy indication&#46; On the 13th postoperative day and after a new surgical procedure to wash the cavity&#44; the child died&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">2&#46; Is it important to describe the status of the cecal appendix in NEC studies&#63; Would acute appendicitis in the newborn be a mere finding or could it be NEC&#63;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the article by Raveenthiran<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> published in 2015&#44; we found it as a question that remains unanswered whether the involvement of the appendix alone could be a manifestation of NEC or just primary appendicitis&#46; There are three theories that could explain &#8220;neonatal appendicitis&#8221;&#58; appendiceal obstruction caused by Hirschsprung&#39;s disease &#40;Martin and Perrin&#39;s theory&#41;&#59; the limited form of NEC with appendix involvement alone &#40;Bax&#39;s theory&#41;&#59; or luminal obstruction by thickened stools in cases of meconium ileus or cystic fibrosis &#40;Wangensteen&#39;s theory&#41;&#46; None of them have ever been scientifically proven&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is known that&#44; in most cases&#44; clinical pictures of &#8220;neonatal appendicitis&#8221; are initially diagnosed as NEC due to the similarity of symptoms and have a mortality rate that can range from 28&#37; to 80&#37; according to current studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Nonspecific symptoms suggestive of NEC initially lead to a conservative treatment&#44; with delayed surgical procedure&#59; appendicular perforation usually occurs earlier in this age range&#44; with infection being prone to a more rapid dissemination &#40;due to the newborn&#39;s immunosuppression and lack of the appendicular perforation blocking by the epiploon&#41;&#46; The presence of pneumoperitoneum in the abdominal radiography leads to an earlier laparotomy&#44; with a chance of a definitive diagnosis&#44; more adequate treatment with appendectomy and the improvement of the chances of survival&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some risk factors for NEC&#44; such as hypoxemia or ischemia&#44; also seem to be associated with &#8220;neonatal appendicitis&#8221;&#44; combined with the fact that 50&#37; of infants with isolated appendicitis are preterm&#46; These factors strongly suggest that this could be a NEC picture restricted to the appendix&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no histological distinction between primary appendicitis and isolated NEC in the appendix&#44; and the anatomopathological examination of the surgical specimen may not be conclusive for either disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> It must also be considered that instead of a case of NEC it could be a single perforation related to the prematurity&#44; affecting only the cecal appendix&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Schwartz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> have suggested an algorithm to investigate cases of abdominal sepsis initially suspected to be NEC&#44; without clinical improvement&#44; due to the rarity of cases of &#8220;neonatal appendicitis&#8221;&#44; which has an incidence of 0&#46;04&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">I think studies could be carried out to better evaluate the etiology of appendiceal disease in newborns&#44; as it is not possible to affirm that these are cases of isolated NEC&#46; I also agree that the involvement of either the ileocecal valve or the appendix alone could be evaluated in large NEC series&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While definitive answers cannot be attained&#44; it is worth remembering the following quote&#58; &#8220;The eye does not see what the mind does not know&#46;&#8221;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Journal Information
Vol. 94. Issue 5.
Pages 567-568 (September - October 2018)
Vol. 94. Issue 5.
Pages 567-568 (September - October 2018)
Letter to the Editor
Open Access
Perforation of the cecal appendix in the neonatal period
Perfuração do apendice cecal no período neonatal
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Letícia Feldensa,
Corresponding author
leticiafeldens@yahoo.com.br

Corresponding author.
, João C.K. de Souzab, José C. Fragaa
a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina – Ciências Cirúrgicas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
b Hospital da Criança Conceição, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
Related content
J Pediatr (Rio J). 2018;94:56610.1016/j.jped.2018.07.001
Adauto D.M. Barbosa
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Dear Editor,

In response to our colleague Adauto D.M. Barbosa,1 I would like to thank him for the interest in our article, and I have the following statements about his questions:

1. In our study, we did not mention the involvement of either the ileocecal valve or the appendix alone. I reviewed the surgical descriptions of the study patients who, in addition to the affected cecal appendix, presented the involvement of the terminal portion of the ileum or cecum together.

Concurrently with the study, there was a patient born at term with a perforation of the appendicular base that was considered neonatal appendicitis and not accounted for in our sample, as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) was ruled out due to the surgical and anatomopathological findings. I have the record and the medical history, as we intended to publish it as a case report. A 38-week neonate developed abdominal distension, refusal to eat, and vomiting. Imaging tests disclosed ascites and septal collections. Paracentesis showed the presence of Gram-negative bacilli, which together with progressive clinical worsening justified the laparotomy indication. On the 13th postoperative day and after a new surgical procedure to wash the cavity, the child died.

2. Is it important to describe the status of the cecal appendix in NEC studies? Would acute appendicitis in the newborn be a mere finding or could it be NEC?

In the article by Raveenthiran2 published in 2015, we found it as a question that remains unanswered whether the involvement of the appendix alone could be a manifestation of NEC or just primary appendicitis. There are three theories that could explain “neonatal appendicitis”: appendiceal obstruction caused by Hirschsprung's disease (Martin and Perrin's theory); the limited form of NEC with appendix involvement alone (Bax's theory); or luminal obstruction by thickened stools in cases of meconium ileus or cystic fibrosis (Wangensteen's theory). None of them have ever been scientifically proven.

It is known that, in most cases, clinical pictures of “neonatal appendicitis” are initially diagnosed as NEC due to the similarity of symptoms and have a mortality rate that can range from 28% to 80% according to current studies.3 Nonspecific symptoms suggestive of NEC initially lead to a conservative treatment, with delayed surgical procedure; appendicular perforation usually occurs earlier in this age range, with infection being prone to a more rapid dissemination (due to the newborn's immunosuppression and lack of the appendicular perforation blocking by the epiploon). The presence of pneumoperitoneum in the abdominal radiography leads to an earlier laparotomy, with a chance of a definitive diagnosis, more adequate treatment with appendectomy and the improvement of the chances of survival.

Some risk factors for NEC, such as hypoxemia or ischemia, also seem to be associated with “neonatal appendicitis”, combined with the fact that 50% of infants with isolated appendicitis are preterm. These factors strongly suggest that this could be a NEC picture restricted to the appendix.4

There is no histological distinction between primary appendicitis and isolated NEC in the appendix, and the anatomopathological examination of the surgical specimen may not be conclusive for either disease.5 It must also be considered that instead of a case of NEC it could be a single perforation related to the prematurity, affecting only the cecal appendix.

Schwartz et al.6 have suggested an algorithm to investigate cases of abdominal sepsis initially suspected to be NEC, without clinical improvement, due to the rarity of cases of “neonatal appendicitis”, which has an incidence of 0.04%.3

I think studies could be carried out to better evaluate the etiology of appendiceal disease in newborns, as it is not possible to affirm that these are cases of isolated NEC. I also agree that the involvement of either the ileocecal valve or the appendix alone could be evaluated in large NEC series.

While definitive answers cannot be attained, it is worth remembering the following quote: “The eye does not see what the mind does not know.”

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References
[1]
A.D. Barbosa.
Necrotizing enterocolitis and appendicitis in preterm infants.
J Pediatr (Rio J), 94 (2018), pp. 566
[2]
V. Raveenthiran.
Neonatal appendicitis (Part 1): a review of 52 cases with abdominal manifestation.
J Neonatal Surg, 4 (2015), pp. 4
[3]
A. Karaman, Y.H. Cavusoglu, I. Karaman, O. Cakmak.
Seven cases of neonatal appendicitis with a review of the English language literature of the last century.
Pediatr Surg Int, 19 (2003), pp. 707-709
[4]
F. Haider, B. Ayoub, M. Al Kooheji, M. Al Juffairi, S. Al-Shaikh.
Perforated acute appendicitis with no peritonitis in a premature baby: a case report.
J Med Case Rep, 11 (2017), pp. 125
[5]
B.O.S. Bengtsson, J.P. van Houten.
Neonatal vermiform appendicopathy.
Am J Perinatol, 32 (2015), pp. 683-688
[6]
K.L. Schwartz, E. Gilad, D. Sigalet, W. Yu, A.L. Wong.
Neonatal acute appendicitis: a proposed algorithm for timely diagnosis.
J Pediatr Surg, 46 (2011), pp. 2060-2064

Please cite this article as: Feldens L, Souza JC, Fraga JC. Perforation of the cecal appendix in the neonatal period. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2018;94:567–8.

Copyright © 2018. Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria
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