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some viral infections are capable of showing similar radiological patterns&#59; for example&#44; a consolidation pattern can be observed in an adenovirus infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> This scenario is a barrier to the etiological diagnosis based solely on the chest X-ray&#46; Virkki et al&#46;&#44; in a study of 215 children with Acquired Pneumonia in the Community &#40;NAC&#41;&#44; of which 62&#37; had bacterial etiology and the rest were exclusively viral&#44; found that the alveolar infiltrates had a sensitivity of 72&#37; and a specificity of 51&#37; to identify a bacterial etiology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> They also reported that the specificity increased up to 85&#37; when the alveolar infiltrates were of the lobar type&#44; mainly in children under 2 years of age&#46; The interstitial infiltrates&#44; on the other hand&#44; failed to adequately differentiate between viral and bacterial pneumonia&#46; The hyperaerial&#44; atelectasis and small pleural effusion also had no significance for this differentiation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast&#44; Moreno et al&#46; found in children with NAC a great correlation of the interpretation of chest radiographs in those read both by a pediatrician and by radiologists&#44; which translated into excellent diagnostic accuracy&#46; The radiological scale they used was the Khamapirad scale&#44; which showed a sensitivity of 100&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 90&#8211;100&#37;&#41;&#44; specificity of 98&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 93&#8211;99&#37;&#41;&#44; a positive predictive value of 96&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 85&#8211;99&#37;&#41;&#44; and a negative predictive value of 100&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 96&#8211;100&#37;&#41; to predict bacterial pneumonia with a simple chest plaque X-ray&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> This study strongly reinforces the usefulness of an X-ray for the etiological diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia as well as its usefulness to rule it out when the result is negative&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to this&#44; Torres et al&#46;&#44; also using the Khamapirad scale&#44; found in their study of children hospitalized by NAC a sensitivity of 100&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 83&#8211;100&#37;&#41;&#44; specificity of 94&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 88&#8211;97&#37;&#41;&#44; a positive predictive value of 77&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 58&#8211;90&#37;&#41;&#44; and a negative predictive value of 100&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 96&#8211;100&#37;&#41; to predict bacterial pneumonia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> This corroborates the findings of all the aforementioned authors and shows us the capacity of bacterial etiological identification through the use of a chest X-ray and an adequate scale&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Ultimately&#44; Guanoluisa and Geovanny obtained a kappa index of 0&#46;87 which represents a very good accordance&#46; In this study&#44; they also used the Khamapirad scale to evaluate chest radiographs of children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the findings of the study by Andrade et al&#46;&#44; and in addition to the reviewed literature&#44; it can be concluded that the use of the Khamapirad scale on a chest radiograph to identify the bacterial etiology of pneumonia is quite accurate&#44; both for the confirmation of the etiology and to dismiss it according to the radiologic score&#46; The use of an evaluation score like that of Khamapirad allows a better sensitivity and specificity of the chest X-ray&#46; In this way&#44; it is recommended that these criteria be introduced to physicians in order to improve the etiological identification and therapeutic management of pediatric patients with a diagnosis of pneumonia&#44; especially in areas where pediatricians are not found&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Funding</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This letter to the editor was funded by the author itself&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author declares no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Vol. 94. Issue 6.
Pages 689-690 (November - December 2018)
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Vol. 94. Issue 6.
Pages 689-690 (November - December 2018)
Letter to the Editor
Open Access
Khamapirad radiologic criteria as a predictor of pneumonia's bacterial etiology
Critérios radiológicos de Khampirad como variável preditora da etiologia da pneumonia bacteriana
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Diego Victor Bustamante Heinsohn
Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
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Dafne C. Andrade, Igor C. Borges, Ana Luísa Vilas-Boas, Maria S.H. Fontoura, César A. Araújo-Neto, Sandra C. Andrade, Rosa V. Brim, Andreas Meinke, Aldina Barral, Olli Ruuskanen, Helena Käyhty, Cristiana M. Nascimento-Carvalho
Dafne C. Andrade, Cristiana Maria Nascimento-Carvalho
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Dear Editor,

As the authors propose in their study, the chest X-ray has a significant role in the differentiation and identification of the bacterial etiology of pneumonia.1 The main findings of chest X-ray suggesting a pathology of bacterial origin are: lobar or segmental consolidation, pneumatocele and the presence of a pulmonary abscess. These findings are significantly associated with a typical bacterial infection.1

Despite this, in most cases typical bacterial pneumonia – mainly in the early stages of the disease – is not accompanied by those classic radiographic patterns.2 On the other hand, some viral infections are capable of showing similar radiological patterns; for example, a consolidation pattern can be observed in an adenovirus infection.2 This scenario is a barrier to the etiological diagnosis based solely on the chest X-ray. Virkki et al., in a study of 215 children with Acquired Pneumonia in the Community (NAC), of which 62% had bacterial etiology and the rest were exclusively viral, found that the alveolar infiltrates had a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 51% to identify a bacterial etiology.3 They also reported that the specificity increased up to 85% when the alveolar infiltrates were of the lobar type, mainly in children under 2 years of age. The interstitial infiltrates, on the other hand, failed to adequately differentiate between viral and bacterial pneumonia. The hyperaerial, atelectasis and small pleural effusion also had no significance for this differentiation.2

In contrast, Moreno et al. found in children with NAC a great correlation of the interpretation of chest radiographs in those read both by a pediatrician and by radiologists, which translated into excellent diagnostic accuracy. The radiological scale they used was the Khamapirad scale, which showed a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 90–100%), specificity of 98% (95% CI: 93–99%), a positive predictive value of 96% (95% CI: 85–99%), and a negative predictive value of 100% (95% CI: 96–100%) to predict bacterial pneumonia with a simple chest plaque X-ray.4 This study strongly reinforces the usefulness of an X-ray for the etiological diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia as well as its usefulness to rule it out when the result is negative.

In addition to this, Torres et al., also using the Khamapirad scale, found in their study of children hospitalized by NAC a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 83–100%), specificity of 94% (95% CI: 88–97%), a positive predictive value of 77% (95% CI: 58–90%), and a negative predictive value of 100% (95% CI: 96–100%) to predict bacterial pneumonia.5 This corroborates the findings of all the aforementioned authors and shows us the capacity of bacterial etiological identification through the use of a chest X-ray and an adequate scale.5 Ultimately, Guanoluisa and Geovanny obtained a kappa index of 0.87 which represents a very good accordance. In this study, they also used the Khamapirad scale to evaluate chest radiographs of children.6

Based on the findings of the study by Andrade et al., and in addition to the reviewed literature, it can be concluded that the use of the Khamapirad scale on a chest radiograph to identify the bacterial etiology of pneumonia is quite accurate, both for the confirmation of the etiology and to dismiss it according to the radiologic score. The use of an evaluation score like that of Khamapirad allows a better sensitivity and specificity of the chest X-ray. In this way, it is recommended that these criteria be introduced to physicians in order to improve the etiological identification and therapeutic management of pediatric patients with a diagnosis of pneumonia, especially in areas where pediatricians are not found.

Funding

This letter to the editor was funded by the author itself.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgement

The author would like to thank Dr. Juan Francisco Sanchez (Lima, Perú) for all the help and advice given during the development of this letter.

References
[1]
D.C. Andrade, I.C. Borges, A.L. Vilas-Boas, M.S. Fontoura, C.A. Araújo-Neto, S.C. Andrade, et al.
Infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with or without radiologically confirmed pneumonia.
J Pediatr (Rio J), 94 (2018), pp. 23-30
[2]
M. Korppi, O. Kiekara, T. Heiskanen-Kosma, S. Soimaakallio.
Comparison of radiological findings and microbial etiology of childhood pneumonia.
Acta Paediatr, 82 (1993), pp. 360-363
[3]
T.J. Virkki, T. Juven, H. Rikalainen, E. Svedström, J. Mertsola, O. Ruuskanen.
Differentiation of bacterial and viral pneumonia in children.
Thorax, 57 (2002), pp. 438-441
[4]
L. Moreno, E. Bujedo, H. Robledo, R. Conci, Inés Marqués, L. Mosca, et al.
Validez de la radiografía de tórax para diferenciar etiología bacteriana de viral en niños hospitalizados con neumonía.
Arch Argent Pediatr, 104 (2006), pp. 109-113
[5]
F. Torres, M.J. Chiolo, N. González, P. Durán, M.F. Ossorio, M.J. Rial, et al.
Capacidad para predecir etiología con la radiografía de tórax en niños hospitalizados con neumonía.
Arch Argent Pediatr, 104 (2006), pp. 106-108
[6]
C. Guanoluisa, K. Geovanny.
Utilidad del score de neumonía bacteriana en el diagnóstico etiológico de los niños de 1 mes-5años con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad hospitalizados en el Hospital Alfredo Noboa Montenegro - período noviembre 2016 – abril 2017 [thesis].
Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes “Uniandes”, (2017),

Please cite this article as: Bustamante DV. Khamapirad radiologic criteria as a predictor of pneumonia's bacterial etiology. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2018;94:689–90.

Copyright © 2018. Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria
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