Journal Information
Vol. 98. Issue 3.
Pages 223-229 (May - June 2022)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Visits
3225
Vol. 98. Issue 3.
Pages 223-229 (May - June 2022)
Review article
Open Access
Enthesitis-related arthritis: monitoring and specific tools
Visits
3225
Hanène Lassoued Ferjania,b,c,
Corresponding author
lassouedferjanihanene@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Kaouther Maatallaha,b,c, Sirine Miria, Wafa Trikia,b,c, Dorra Ben Nessiba,b,c, Dhia Kaffela,b,c, Wafa Hamdia,b,c
a Kassab Orthopedics Institute, Rheumatology Department, Ksar Saïd, Tunisia
b University Tunis el Manar, Faculty of Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia
c Research Unit UR17SP04, 2010, Ksar Said, 2010 Tunis, Tunisia
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Tables (3)
Table 1. Generic and specific instruments used in ERA.
Table 2. Juvenile spondylarthritis disease activity.
Table 3. Therapeutic option in enthesitis related arthritis.
Show moreShow less
Abstract
Objectives

In this article, the authors aimed to review the different tools used in the monitoring of enthesitis-related arthritis.

Sources

The authors performed a literature review on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. The dataset included the original research and the reviews including patients with enthesitis-related arthritis or juvenile spondylarthritis up to October 2020.

Summary of finding

Enthesitis-related arthritis is a category of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. It is characterized by the presence of enthesitis, peripheral arthritis, as well as axial involvement. The only validated tool for disease activity measurement in juvenile idiopathic arthritis is the Disease Activity Score: It has proven its reliability and sensitivity. Nevertheless, due to an absence of validated evaluation tools, the extent of functional impairment, as well as the children and parents’ perception of the disease, could not be objectively perceived. Despite the great progress in the field of imaging modalities, the role they play in the evaluation of disease activity is still controversial. This is partially due to the lack of validated scoring systems.

Conclusions

Further work is still required to standardize the monitoring strategy and validate the outcome measures in enthesitis-related arthritis.

Keywords:
Enthesitis related arthritis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Spondylarthritis
Tools
Monitoring
Full Text
Introduction

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) represents a group of diverse inflammatory disorders affecting children before the age of 16.1 The diagnosis is made after ruling out other categories of arthritis. The International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) recognizes 7 subgroups.2 Enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) is one of the main subgroups.3 ERA represents 20% of all JIA patients. According to ILAR criteria, ERA is defined either by the association of both arthritis and enthesitis, or only one, with at least 2 of the following items: Sacroiliac joint tenderness, inflammatory back pain, HLA-B27 positivity, family history of HLA-B27–associated diseases, uveitis, or onset in a male aged 6 years or older.4

There are similar features between the adult form of spondyloarthritis (SpA) and JIA.5 SpA is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the axial skeleton, entheses, and peripheral joints. While adult-onset is associated with more frequent axial symptoms, juvenile-onset is associated with a higher prevalence of arthritis and enthesitis.6 The ASAS criteria of SpA take into account imaging results, markers of inflammation, and clinical response to NSAIDS treatment.7 Unlike SpA, the ERA criteria are mostly based on clinical history. Several assessment tools have been developed for SpA. Nevertheless, specific recommendations for the monitoring of patients with ERA in clinical practice are still lacking. While previous studies have attempted to extrapolate the adult tools of disease activity, functional assessment, and treatment response to the pediatric population, a specific approach is still lacking. Therefore, it is required to have a specific scoring system for JIA, taking into consideration its specific clinical and radiologic aspects.

In this article, the authors aimed to provide an updated review regarding the existing assessment tools in ERA. The authors also highlighted the importance of considering this pediatric form as a separate entity, with its own specific clinical features and prognosis.

Research strategy

The authors of the present study performed a literature review on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases using the following set of keywords: (i) “enthesitis-related arthritis, "OR “juvenile spondyloarthritis, "OR” juvenile idiopathic arthritis,” and (ii) “tools,” OR “monitoring,” OR “imaging tools,” OR assessment”. The dataset included the original research and the reviews including patients with enthesitis-related arthritis or juvenile spondylarthritis up to October 2020. The authors also carried a cross-referenced research incorporating all studies and collected the resulting articles. Those not in English, French, or with no translation were excluded.

Disease activity assessment

As in other inflammatory diseases, the anamnesis is still considered the best parameter for evaluating the disease activity and monitoring. Certainly, clinical evaluation is relevant in symptom assessment such as back pain, morning stiffness, and nocturnal waking.

Laboratory evaluation through tests of inflammatory activity (ESR and CRP) are also requested throughout the follow-up of each patient.

Thus, to integrate all these measurements into a single number, several composite scores were developed, allowing an additional advantage in disease monitoring. The Table 1 summarized the specific and generic tools used in ERA.

Table 1.

Generic and specific instruments used in ERA.

Ref  Tool  Valid in  Domain  Items  Strength  Limit 
Batthish et al.33  Bath Ankylosing Spondylarthritis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI)  SpA  Disease activity  fatigue, spinal pain, peripheral joints, entheses, intensity, and duration of morning stiffness.  Assess axial and enthesis complaint  Not valid in ERA patient 
Weiss et al.10  Ankylosing Spondylarthritis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS)  SpA  Disease activity  back and peripheral pain swelling, and duration of morning stiffness, patient-global assessment of disease activity, ESR or CRP  An objective evaluation using inflammatory marks  Lack of enthesis evaluation 
Consolaro et al.11  Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS)  JIA  Disease activity  physician's global assessment of disease activity, parent-global assessment of well-being, joint count, and ESR or CRP  Assess joint swelling and the inflammatory marks  Lack of axial and entheseal involvement 
Weiss et al.18  Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesis (MASES)  SpA  Clinical enthesis evaluation  Screening enthesis in 13 sites  Explore the high number of enthesis sites  Enthesis may be clinically misdiagnosed 
Luijten et al.25  The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)  JIA and other chronic diseases in children  Functional evaluation  physical, mental, and social health in both children and parents  reliability for clinical practice, responsiveness, and discrimination  It may overestimate the psychological assessment in ERA patient 
Sontichai et al.28  The childhood health assessment questionnaire (CHAQ)  JIA  Health assessment  dressing, grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and activities  Easy in daily practice  Not specific to ERA group 
Martin et al.31  The juvenile arthritis multidimensional assessment report (JAMAR)  JIA  Functional assessment  functional ability, pain, extra-articular manifestations, side effects of medications, and school attendance  The first tool assessing the medication side effect  Time-consuming 
Batthish et al.33  the Bath AS Functional Index (BASFI)  SpA  Functional assessment  aspects of functional anatomy, and the ability to cope with everyday's life  Excellent inter rate reliability  Not valid in ERA patient 
Sarma PK et al.34  The juvenile arthritis Damage Index(JADI)  JIA  Joint damage  Clinical evaluation of joint deformation and extra-articular damage  Importance in a later stage of the disease  No assessment of enthesis or spine involvement 
Chen et al.37  Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Index(BASRI)  SpA  Imaging assessment  Radiological evaluation of the structural changes in the spine and the hip  Validated tool in SpAEvaluate the treatment response  Time-consumingCommonly used in clinical trailsNo assessment of inflammatory lesion 
F D O'Shea et al.36  modifiedStoke AS Spine Score (mSASSS)  SpA  Imaging assessment  Scoring system of spine lesion(Erosion, sclerosis, squaring, syndesmophyte, bridge)  a sensitive method for radiographic progression,correlated with the disease activity score  Used in clinical trials,Not valid for ERA patientsNo assessment of the hip involvement 
Zanwar et al.13  The juvenile spondylarthritis activity score (JSpADA)  ERA  Disease activity  active arthritis, enthesitis, clinical sacroiliitis, morning stiffness, patient assessment of pain, uveitis, back mobility, and inflammatory markers  Valid tool of ERAreliability, responsiveness  No standardized cutoff of moderate and remission disease 
Otobo et al.50  Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis MRI Score (JAMRIS)  ERA  Imaging assessment  Scoring system of inflammatory and structural changes in sacroiliac joint  A specific juvenile scoring system using MRIAtlas of structural and inflammatory changes in sacroiliac joint 

JIA, juvenile idiopathic arthritis; CRP, C reactive protein; ERA, enthesitis-related arthritis; ESR, erythrocytes sedimentation rate; SpA, spondylarthritis.

The use of BASDAI or ASDAS is recommended by the American college of rheumatology for the adult SpA patients monitoring.8 However, given the silent axial involvement and the predominant peripheral arthritis in ERA patients, BASDAI and ASDAS are not well suited for the pediatric population.9,10

The juvenile arthritis disease activity score (JADAS) has excellent reliability and validity in the polyarticular and oligoarticular forms of JIA.11 However, it is not well studied in the ERA form. Despite having good measurement properties, JADAS does not assess the spinal involvement or the presence of enthesitis.

The Juvenile spondyloarthritis disease activity (JSpADA) stands out for being specifically designed for this patient group.12 It is the first disease activity assessment tool developed and prospectively validated for the pediatric population.13 JSpADA includes the measuring of eight items: active arthritis, enthesitis, clinical sacroiliitis, morning stiffness, patient assessment of pain, uveitis, back mobility, and inflammatory markers (Table 2).

Table 2.

Juvenile spondylarthritis disease activity.

  • Active joint count

 
  • 0 joint = 0

  • 1-2 joint = 0,5

>2 joints = 1 
  • Active enthesitis count

 
  • 0 entheses = 0

  • 1-2 entheses = 0,5

  • >2 entheses = 1

 
  • patient-reported pain over the Past Week, recorded on visual analogue scale (VAS)

 
  • 0 = 0

  • 1- 4 = 0,5

  • 5-10 = 1

 
  • ESR or CRP related to the disease

 
  • Normal = 0

  • 2x normal = 0,5

>2 x normal = 1 
  • Morning stiffness > 15 mn

 
  • Absent = 0

  • Present = 1

 
  • clinical sacroiliitis defined as the presence of 2 or more of the following:

  • A: tenderness on examination /positive Patrick's or Faber test

  • and

  • B: inflammatory back pain

 
  • Absent = 0

  • Present = 1

 
  • Uveitis

 
  • Absent = 0

  • Présent = 1

 
  • Back mobility

 
  • Shober >2 = 0

  • Shober <2 = 1

 
Table 3.

Therapeutic option in enthesitis related arthritis.

Drug class  Drug  Dose  Administration route 
NSAIDs  Indometacin  2–3 mg/kg BID  PO 
  Naproxen  20–30 mg/kg BID  PO 
  Ibuprofen  30–40 mg/kg  PO 
  Diclofenac  3mg/kg BID  PO 
DMARDs  Methotrexate  10–15 mg/m2 qw  PO or Sc 
  Sulfasalazine  50 mg/kg BID  PO 
bDMARDs  Etanercept (Enbrel)  0,8 mg/kg/qw  Sc 
  Adalimumab (Humira)  0.8 mg/kg q2w  Sc 

bDMARDs, biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; BID, twice per day; DMARDs, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; mg, milligram; kg, kilogram; Sc, subcutaneous; qw, once per week; q2w, once per every 2 weeks.

The first item of this tool consists of active arthritis count, as assessed by clinical exam. A maximum of 10 joints is established. However, the score does not specify which joint to examine routinely.

The second item is the evaluation of enthesitis. Enthesitis is defined by the presence of inflammation at sites where the ligaments, tendons, or joint capsules are attached to the bone.14 Tenderness upon direct palpation of the bones entheses insertions defines active enthesitis. Only ten sites were validated in JSpADA score, even though the number of active enthesitis very often exceeds this limit. Furthermore, the entheseal sites of screening weren't defined. Typically, the most affected sites in ERA are: the inferior pole of the patella, the insertions of the quadriceps, and the plantar fascia.15

Different scoring systems were used in clinical trials such as Leeds score, Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesis (MASES), and Major indices.6

The clinical detection of enthesitis may be misdiagnosed in children by the presence of apophysitis, injuries, and fibromyalgia.16 Therefore, ultrasound (US) appears useful for identifying inflammatory and structural lesions. Multiple studies have compared the US to the clinical exam, concluding that with the latter, the sensitivity of detecting enthesitis is low (22%), and the specificity is moderate (80%).14,15,17 Other studies showed that in children with ERA and normal clinical exams, ultrasonography displayed abnormalities in nearly half of the cases.18,19

The third item of JSpADA consisted of the measurement of the patient-reported spinal and peripheral joints level of pain, over the past week. A visual analog numeric rating scale is used for this purpose. However, disease activity seemed to be overestimated by the impact of fatigue and functional impairment, which can significantly influence children's well-being.20 Unlike JADAS, in JSpADA parent and physician evaluations of pain were not considered.

Inflammatory markers were also included in JSpADA, the same as for ASDAS measurement in adult SpA. They procured a more objective evaluation.5

JSpADA also included spinal involvement. In opposition to the adult form, in which inflammatory back pain is an important feature of the disease, in the juvenile form, spinal involvement appears later on. In addition, the definition of inflammatory back pain is not yet validated in the pediatric population; therefore, the JSpADA recommends the use of Calin criteria in evaluating back pain.

Clinical assessment of the sacroiliac joints was also included in JSpADA, but it continues to stir controversy. Only 30% of children with ERA have sacroiliac-joint involvement. Besides, sacroiliitis may be missing in the early stages of the disease. Its clinical assessment is also judged difficult due to the lack of objective symptoms. In a recent study, two-thirds of the children who presented with active sacroiliitis on MRI did not have tenderness upon clinical exam.21 However, in another study, the negative sacroiliac joint test had a significantly negative predictive value for MRI findings, suggesting that clinical evaluation could be sufficient.1

Another particular characteristic of JSpADA is the inclusion of extra-articular manifestations. Given its prognostic value, the evaluation of ocular complications is considered in JSpADA. However, the screening for uveitis is not always achievable upon routine clinical examinations.

JSpADA score also evaluates back mobility in the ERA group. Restriction of the lumbar spine is defined by a Schöber test of less than 2 cm. In a recent Indian study, the evaluation of the Schöber test was limited by the presence of active lower limb arthritis.13

To sum up, the JSpADA index has many strengths such as reliability, responsiveness, as well as significant correlations with other disease activity scores applied in SpA.22 However, despite being a practical score that can often be used in clinical practice, JSpADA has a moderate correlation with the functional index. More data are still required to standardize the index level and its therapeutic impact.

Functional assessment in ERA

There are a wide variety of tools to monitor the functional impact of JIA.20 These tools focus on the parents' and children's perception of the disease outcomes, as well as functional impairment, psychosocial and educational impact.23 The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) is a valid tool, evaluating the different aspects of physical, mental, and social health in both children and parents. The PROMIS item has been proven to be a valid and reliable tool in clinical practice to evaluate children with JIA. It also has a high discriminative potential for disease activity.24,25 The use of PROMIS for the estimation of physical impairment is not specific to JIA and could be applied to other chronic diseases in children. However, its use in ERA may be majored by the presence of depression or discomfort.26–28

The childhood health assessment questionnaire (CHAQ) is widely used in daily practice. CHAQ assesses eight areas of life: dressing, grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and activities. It is well correlated with disease activity in JIA.29 Even though CHAQ can discriminate between healthy subjects and JIA patients, it is not specific to the different subgroups. Furthermore, a higher CHAQ index at disease onset in the ERA group predicts reduced physical function and poor health status upon follow-up.30 Pain may lead to reduced physical activity in JIA patients, this is partially explained by the false perception of exercising playing a role in increasing joint damage and pain.31

The juvenile arthritis multidimensional assessment report (JAMAR) is a validated and reliable tool widely used in JIA.32 Through its 15 items, JAMAR aims to assess functional ability, pain, articular, and extra-articular manifestations, as well as the side effects of medications and school attendance.18

It is not, however, specific to the ERA form. It does not explore the impact of axial involvement and enthesitis. Besides, JAMAR lacks the assessment of the hip joint, which is an important factor influencing joint motion and activities. Therefore, it should have a crucial consideration in functional assessment.

BASFI seems to be the most relevant score in ERA and has shown good reliability in this group.33 It offers insight into pain, morning stiffness, and hip mobility.34 The children's VAS scales could be, however, falsely portrayed.20

These findings emphasize the need for specific functional scores including items from CHAQ, JAMAR, and BASFI.

Damage assessment

Structural joint damage could be assessed through clinical and imaging tools. The juvenile arthritis Damage Index (JADI) assesses articular and extra-articular damage using a short questionnaire and physical examination without the necessity for radiologic evaluation.35 JADI gives an idea about the extent of deformation and destruction of joints, without performing any imaging exams. However, the lack of assessment of enthesitis and spinal involvement limits its use in ERA patients. In addition to that, it has been established that there is a low association between spinal limitation and JADI.

In adult patients with SpA, ASAS recommends repeating radiographs every two years. However, the pace of imaging surveillance the pediatric population with ERA is still not codified.35

To assess the progression of radiographic spinal damage in the pediatric population, the Bath AS Radiological Index (BASRI) and the modified Stoke AS Spine Score (mSASSS) are proposed.36 However, they are both not specific to ERA patients.37,38

Hip involvement in the JIA population is frequent and is considered an important prognostic factor. Therefore, appropriate monitoring of this joint is required. Monitoring is achieved using specific scores that were specially developed for JIA, and therefore can be used with ERA patients.39

Among these scores are the Radiographic Score of the Hip40 and recently, the new radiographic score,41 which details space narrowing, growth abnormalities, erosion, and misalignment.

Currently, the purpose of treatment of all inflammatory disorders, especially those occurring in children, is to prevent joint damage. This justifies the significant need for imaging to assess disease progression. In this perspective, several international groups have been working on the validation of imaging modalities in the diagnosis and monitoring of JIA.42 While some of these studies addressed all available imaging modalities, others focused mainly on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the US.

The US has the advantage of assessing joint and periarticular inflammation, as well as detecting small bone erosions, that are not spotted by standard radiographs. It is considered a useful tool for the monitoring of peripheral arthritis and enthesitis in JIA, especially in ERA.

However, US findings in pediatric patients remain challenging given the frequency of US abnormalities in healthy children. This is partially explained by the physiological changes during growth.43,44

Recently, OMERACT ultrasound Task Force–Pediatric Group has validated the definition of US elementary lesions in JIA.42 However, no uniform grading score of active synovitis or enthesitis, in neither B-mode or Doppler US is available.43,45

Few studies have extrapolated the OMERACT definition to children.46 Synovitis was graded in Gray score, whereas, active enthesitis was described as tendon hypoechogenicity or thickening with increased vascularity.18

Currently, the childhood arthritis and rheumatology research alliance (CARRA) has developed the first US scoring system of the knee joint. Work is still in progress regarding other joints.47

MRI is the modality of choice for the diagnosis of ERA and could be the key tool to monitoring disease activity and guiding therapy decisions.48 Whole-body MRI was proposed as an objective tool for assessing children with ERA. But its high cost and extended examination time have limited its use. Another hitch of this modality is the lack of specificity of bone marrow edema in children. Bone marrow edema can be seen in healthy children due to a residual hematopoietic marrow.49 In 2018, The OMERACT group defined the consensual outcome measures of sacroiliac changes, named JAMRIS set.50 The proposed MRI protocol attempted to extrapolate the adult MRI definition to juvenile patients.22 However, the JAMRIS item did not allow the use of contrast in MRI sequences to detect inflammatory changes. Furthermore, it was required that MRI should systematically assess the hips, in addition to the sacroiliac joints.43

In conclusion, although several imaging tools are studied in children, most of them are conducted in JIA patients without taking into consideration the heterogeneity of the different subgroups, particularly the ERA.

Treatment response (Table 3)

An accurate definition of inactive disease is crucial for monitoring ERA patients. However, remission is still not properly defined in this group. The American College of Rheumatology has, however, defined inactive disease in the polyarticular, oligoarticular, and systematic subgroups of JIA. The remission was defined by the absence of swollen joints and extra-articular signs, normal inflammatory markers, and the best physical assessment.51 These criteria did not include enthesitis and axial disability.

Weiß A and al.52 proposed a definition to remission for ERA patients as the presence of six of the following items: physician's global assessment of disease activity score of 0, no peripheral arthritis, no uveitis or enthesitis, morning stiffness < 15 mn, no inflammatory Bowel diseases and either ESR ≤ 20 mm/h or C reactive protein level ≤ 5 mg/L. In this series, only 23% of the patients were in remission without medication after 4 years of follow-up.

So far, no study has applied the recently proposed JSpADA clinically inactive disease cut-offs. Even though JSpADA identifies patients with high disease activity, patients with moderate, low disease activity and those at remission, need to be identified as well, by proper cut-offs.

Conclusions

Thus far, there is no standardized monitoring strategy for ERA patients. In general, every clinical visit should assess spinal involvement, peripheral joints, entheses as well as extra-articular manifestations. The development of JSpADA presents an important milestone, as it is the first specific tool developed for ERA patients. It represents a further step into considering this disease as an independent form of JIA. The required rhythm of imaging control has not been yet established. Currently, it depends strongly on the disease activity. Ongoing studies nowadays highlight the challenges of the interpretation of abnormal imaging results in children, as well as the need for a validated MRI score system in ERA patients. Finally, a future effort is mandatory to establish standardized and recognized remission criteria. The presence of such criteria might improve the management strategy in ERA patients, as well as the prognosis of the disease.

References
[1]
K Barut, A Androvic, S Sahin, O. Kasapcopur.
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.
Balkan Med J, 34 (2017), pp. 90-101
[2]
RE Petty, TR Southwood, P Manners, J Baum, DN Glass, J Goldenberg, et al.
International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001.
J Rheumatol, 31 (2004), pp. 390-392
[3]
C. Deslandre.
Arthrite juvénile idiopathique : définition et classification.
Arch Pediatr, 23 (2016), pp. 437-441
[4]
PF Weiss, J. Roth.
Juvenile-versus adult-onset spondyloarthritis.
Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 46 (2020), pp. 241-257
[5]
Juvenile Versus Adult-onset Ankylosing Spondylitis — Clinical, Radiographic, and Social Outcomes. A Systematic Review.
J Rheumatol, 40 (2013), pp. 1797-1805
[6]
M Goirand, S Breton, F Chevallier, N-P Duong, F Uettwiller, I Melki, et al.
Clinical features of children with enthesitis-related juvenile idiopathic arthritis/juvenile spondyloarthritis followed in a French tertiary care pediatric rheumatology centre.
Pediatr Rheumatol Online J, 16 (2018), pp. 21
[7]
M Rudwaleit, D van der Heijde, R Landewé, J Listing, N Akkoc, J Brandt, et al.
The development of Assessment of Spondylo Arthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection.
Ann Rheum Dis, 68 (2009), pp. 777-783
[8]
R Landewé, A. van Tubergen.
Clinical tools to assess and monitor spondyloarthritis.
Curr Rheumatol Rep, 17 (2015), pp. 47
[9]
S Gmuca, Weiss PF.Juvenile Spondyloarthritis.
Curr Opin Rheumatol, 27 (2015), pp. 364-372
[10]
PF. Weiss.
Diagnosis and treatment of enthesitis-related arthritis.
Adolesc Health Med Ther, 3 (2012), pp. 67-74
[11]
A Consolaro, G Giancane, B Schiappapietra, S Davì, S Calandra, S Lanni, et al.
Clinical outcome measures in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Pediatr Rheumatol, 14 (2016), pp. 23
[12]
PF Weiss, RA Colbert, R Xiao, C Feudtner, T Beukelman, EM DeWitt, et al.
Development and retrospective validation of the juvenile spondyloarthritis disease activity index.
Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 66 (2014), pp. 1775-1782
[13]
A Zanwar, S Phatak, A. Aggarwal.
Prospective validation of the Juvenile Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity Index in children with enthesitis-related arthritis.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 57 (2018), pp. 2167-2171
[14]
M Micu, D. Fodor.
Concepts in monitoring enthesitis in patients with spondylarthritis - The role of musculoskeletal ultrasound.
Med Ultrason, 18 (2016), pp. 82-89
[15]
P Collado, S Jousse-Joulin, M Alcalde, E Naredo, MA D'Agostino.
Is ultrasound a validated imaging tool for the diagnosis and management of synovitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis? A systematic literature review.
Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 64 (2012), pp. 1011-1019
[16]
RR Mistry, P Patro, V Agarwal, DP. Misra.
Enthesitis-related arthritis: current perspectives.
Open Access Rheumatol, 11 (2019), pp. 19-31
[17]
AM van Tubergen, RB. Landewé.
Tools for monitoring spondyloarthritis in clinical practice.
Nat Rev Rheumatol, 5 (2009), pp. 608-615
[18]
PF Weiss, NA Chauvin, AJ Klink, R Localio, C Feudtner, D Jaramillo, et al.
Detection of enthesitis in children with enthesitis-related arthritis: dolorimetry compared to ultrasonography.
Arthritis Rheumatol, 66 (2014), pp. 218-227
[19]
PF. Weiss.
Evaluation and Treatment of Enthesitis-Related Arthritis.
Curr Med Lit Rheumatol, 32 (2013), pp. 33-341
[20]
LN Moorthy, MG Peterson, MJ Harrison, KB Onel, TJ. Lehman.
Physical function assessment tools in pediatric rheumatology.
Pediatr Rheumatol Online J, 6 (2008), pp. 9
[21]
N Herregods, J Dehoorne, J Jaremko, R Joos, X Baraliakos, K Verstraete, et al.
Diagnostic Value of MRI of the Sacroiliac Joints in Juvenile Spondyloarthritis.
J Belg Soc Radiol, 100 (2016), pp. 95
[22]
A Zanwar, S Phatak, A. Aggarwal.
Prospective validation of the Juvenile Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity Index in children with enthesitis-related arthritis.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 57 (2018), pp. 2167-2171
[23]
DJ Lovell, CB Lindsley, RM Rennebohm, SH Ballinger, SL Bowyer, EH Giannini, et al.
Development of validated disease activity and damage indices for the juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. II. The Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale (CMAS): a quantitative tool for the evaluation of muscle function. The Juvenile Dermatomyositis Disease Activity Collaborative Study Group.
[24]
TG Brandon, BD Becker, KB Bevans, PF. Weiss.
Patient-reported outcomes measurement information system tools for collecting patient-reported outcomes in children with juvenile arthritis.
Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 69 (2017), pp. 393-402
[25]
MA Luijten, CB Terwee, HA van Oers, MM Joosten, JM van den Berg, D Schonenberg-Meinema, et al.
Psychometric properties of the pediatric patient-reported outcomes measurement information system item banks in a dutch clinical sample of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 72 (2020), pp. 1780-1789
[26]
L Hanns, L Cordingley, J Galloway, S Norton, LA Carvalho, D Christie, D Sen, R Carrasco, A Rashid, H Foster, E Baildam, A Chieng, J Davidson, LR Wedderburn, K Hyrich, W Thomson, Y. Ioannou.
Depressive symptoms, pain and disability for adolescent patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results from the Childhood Arthritis Prospective Study.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 57 (2018), pp. 1381-1389
[27]
DG Rumsey, J Guzman, AM Rosenberg, AM Huber, R Scuccimarri, NJ Shiff, et al.
Characteristics and Course of Enthesitis in a Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Inception Cohort.
Arthritis Care Res, 70 (2018), pp. 303-308
[28]
Y-J Shih, Y-H Yang, C-Y Lin, C-L Chang, B-L. Chiang.
Enthesitis-related arthritis is the most common category of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Taiwan and presents persistent active disease.
Pediatr Rheumatol Online J, 17 (2019), pp. 58
[29]
W Sontichai, S. Vilaiyuk.
The correlation between the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire and disease activity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Musculoskeletal Care, 16 (2018), pp. 339-344
[30]
AM E Selvaag, G Lien, D Sørskaar, O Vinje, Ø Førre, B. Flatø.
Early disease course and predictors of disability in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile spondyloarthropathy: a 3 year prospective study.
J Rheumatol, 32 (2005), pp. 1122-1130
[31]
E Limenis, HA Grosbein, BM. Feldman.
The relationship between physical activity levels and pain in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
J Rheumatol, 41 (2014), pp. 345-351
[32]
N Martin, J Davidson, C Anderson, A Consolaro, F Bovis, For the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation (PRINTO), et al.
The British English version of the Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Assessment Report (JAMAR).
Rheumatol Int., 38 (2018), pp. S67-S73
[33]
M Batthish, A Rachlis, B Wong, S Stevens, M Anderson, BM Feldman, et al.
Intra-rater reliability of the bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index (BASDAI) and the bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index (BASFI) in children with spondyloarthritis.
Pediatric Rheumatology, 10 (2012), pp. A45
[34]
A Calin, S Garrett, H Whitelock, LG Kennedy, J O'Hea, P Mallorie, et al.
A new approach to defining functional ability in ankylosing spondylitis: the development of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index.
J Rheumatol, 21 (1994), pp. 2281-2285
[35]
PK Sarma, R Misra, A. Aggarwal.
Outcome in patients with enthesitis related arthritis (ERA): juvenile arthritis damage index (JADI) and functional status.
Pediatr Rheumatol, 6 (2008), pp. 18
[36]
P Mandl, V Navarro-Compán, L Terslev, P Aegerter, D van der Heijde, MA D'Agostino, et al.
EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in the diagnosis and management of spondyloarthritis in clinical practice.
Ann Rheum Dis, 74 (2015), pp. 1327-1339
[37]
FD O'Shea, E Boyle, R Riarh, SM Tse, RM Laxer, RD Inman.
Comparison of clinical and radiographic severity of juvenile-onset versus adult-onset ankylosing spondylitis.
Ann Rheum Dis, 68 (2009), pp. 1407-1412
[38]
H-A Chen, C-H Chen, H-T Liao, Y-J Lin, P-C Chen, W-S Chen, et al.
Clinical, functional, and radiographic differences among juvenile-onset, adult-onset, and late-onset ankylosing spondylitis.
J Rheumatol, 39 (2012), pp. 1013-1018
[39]
M Bertamino, F Rossi, A Pistorio, G Lucigrai, M Valle, S Viola, et al.
Development and initial validation of a radiographic scoring system for the hip in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
J Rheumatol, 37 (2010), pp. 432-439
[40]
M Bertamino, F Rossi, A Pistorio, G Lucigrai, M Valle, S Viola, et al.
Development and initial validation of a radiographic scoring system for the hip in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
J Rheumatol, 37 (2010), pp. 432-439
[41]
SC Shelmerdine, PL Di Paolo, JF Rieter, C Malattia, L Tanturri de Horatio, K. Rosendahl.
A novel radiographic scoring system for growth abnormalities and structural change in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis of the hip.
Pediatr Radiol, 48 (2018), pp. 1086‑95
[42]
CM Nusman, LT de Horatio, R Hemke, EC van Gulik, L-S Ording Müller, C Malattia, et al.
Imaging in juvenile idiopathic arthritis — international initiatives and ongoing work.
Pediatr Radiol, 48 (2018), pp. 828-834
[43]
SC Shelmerdine, PL Di Paolo, L Tanturri de Horatio, C Malattia, S Magni-Manzoni, K Rosendahl.
Imaging of the hip in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Pediatr Radiol, 48 (2018), pp. 811-817
[44]
V Bugni Miotto e Silva, C de Freitas Tavares da Silva, S de Aguiar Vilela Mitraud, R Nely Vilar Furtado, MO Esteves Hilário, J Natour, et al.
Do patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis in remission exhibit active synovitis on joint ultrasound?.
Rheumatol Int, 34 (2014), pp. 937-945
[45]
JC Nguyen, KS Lee, MM Thapa, HG. Rosas.
US Evaluation of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Osteoarticular Infection.
Radiographics, 37 (2017), pp. 1181-1201
[46]
P Collado, E Naredo, C Calvo, ML Gamir, I Calvo, ML Garcia, et al.
Reduced joint assessment vs comprehensive assessment for ultrasound detection of synovitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Rheumatology, 52 (2013), pp. 1477-1484
[47]
TV Ting, P Vega-Fernandez, EJ Oberle, D De Ranieri, H Bukulmez, C Lin, et al.
Novel ultrasound image acquisition protocol and scoring system for the pediatric knee.
Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 71 (2019), pp. 977-985
[48]
K Vendhan, D Sen, C Fisher, Y Ioannou, MA. Hall-Craggs.
Inflammatory Changes of the Lumbar Spine in Children and Adolescents With Enthesitis-Related Arthritis: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings.
Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 66 (2014), pp. 40-46
[49]
MR Aquino, SM Tse, S Gupta, AC Rachlis, J. Stimec.
Whole-body MRI of juvenile spondyloarthritis: protocols and pictorial review of characteristic patterns.
Pediatr Radiol, 45 (2015), pp. 754-762
[50]
TM Otobo, PG Conaghan, WP Maksymowych, D van der Heijde, P Weiss, I Sudol-Szopinska, et al.
Preliminary Definitions for Sacroiliac Joint Pathologies in the OMERACT Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (OMERACT JAMRIS-SIJ).
J Rheumatol, 46 (2019), pp. 1192-1197
[51]
CA Wallace, EH Giannini, B Huang, L Itert, N Ruperto, Childhood Arthritis Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA), et al.
American College of Rheumatology provisional criteria for defining clinical inactive disease in select categories of juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Arthritis Care Res, 63 (2011), pp. 929-936
[52]
A Weiß, K Minden, J Listing, I Foeldvari, J Sieper, M. Rudwaleit.
Course of patients with juvenile spondyloarthritis during 4 years of observation, juvenile part of GESPIC.
Copyright © 2021. Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria
Download PDF
Idiomas
Jornal de Pediatria (English Edition)
Article options
Tools
en pt
Taxa de publicaçao Publication fee
Os artigos submetidos a partir de 1º de setembro de 2018, que forem aceitos para publicação no Jornal de Pediatria, estarão sujeitos a uma taxa para que tenham sua publicação garantida. O artigo aceito somente será publicado após a comprovação do pagamento da taxa de publicação. Ao submeterem o manuscrito a este jornal, os autores concordam com esses termos. A submissão dos manuscritos continua gratuita. Para mais informações, contate assessoria@jped.com.br. Articles submitted as of September 1, 2018, which are accepted for publication in the Jornal de Pediatria, will be subject to a fee to have their publication guaranteed. The accepted article will only be published after proof of the publication fee payment. By submitting the manuscript to this journal, the authors agree to these terms. Manuscript submission remains free of charge. For more information, contact assessoria@jped.com.br.
Cookies policy Política de cookies
To improve our services and products, we use "cookies" (own or third parties authorized) to show advertising related to client preferences through the analyses of navigation customer behavior. Continuing navigation will be considered as acceptance of this use. You can change the settings or obtain more information by clicking here. Utilizamos cookies próprios e de terceiros para melhorar nossos serviços e mostrar publicidade relacionada às suas preferências, analisando seus hábitos de navegação. Se continuar a navegar, consideramos que aceita o seu uso. Você pode alterar a configuração ou obter mais informações aqui.