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Esses s&#227;o dois fen&#243;tipos distintos&#44; com diferentes tempo e dura&#231;&#227;o dos acometimentos s&#250;bitos causais&#44; fatores de risco espec&#237;ficos e distribui&#231;&#245;es variadas em todas as popula&#231;&#245;es e diferentes progn&#243;sticos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">V&#225;rios estudos antropom&#233;tricos com crian&#231;as e adolescentes de ecossistemas de altitude indicam que essa popula&#231;&#227;o&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com os que vivem perto do n&#237;vel do mar&#44; s&#227;o mais baixos e mais leves&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a> Principalmente&#44; nos rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos de Jujuy&#44; o peso ao nascer&#44; bem como os indicadores de comprometimento grave do crescimento intrauterino&#44; que &#233; independentemente associado &#224; altitude geogr&#225;fica&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;12&#8211;15</span></a> Contudo&#44; a maior parte dos estudos do efeito da altitude sobre o crescimento fetal &#233; limitada a rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos a termo&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O objetivo foi usar o padr&#227;o do IG&#8208;21 para avaliar a preval&#234;ncia e os fatores de risco comuns de abaixo do peso&#44; baixa estatura e emacia&#231;&#227;o por idade gestacional &#40;IG&#41; em rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos de Jujuy com rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de alta altitude&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material e m&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este foi um estudo observacional&#44; anal&#237;tico e retrospectivo feito em nascimentos consecutivos registrados pelo Sistema de Inform&#225;tica Perinatal &#40;SIP&#44; Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de da Prov&#237;ncia de Jujuy&#44; Argentina&#41; entre 2009 e 2014&#46; Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram &#40;1&#41; IG &#60; 24<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;0</span> e &#62; 42<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;6</span> semanas&#59; &#40;2&#41; falta de dados sobre peso&#44; estatura&#44; IG&#44; sexo e local de resid&#234;ncia da m&#227;e durante a gravidez&#59; &#40;3&#41; gravidez de g&#234;meos&#46; O crit&#233;rio de Alexander foi aplicado para corrigir as incompatibilidades entre o peso ao nascer e a idade gestacional&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos dados</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os dados foram agrupados de acordo com a altitude geogr&#225;fica do local de resid&#234;ncia da m&#227;e em um grupo de baixa altitude &#40;BA&#41; &#40;&#60; 2&#46;000 m&#46;a&#46;s&#46;l&#46;&#41; e um grupo de alta altitude &#40;AA&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">&#62;</span>2&#46;000 m&#46;a&#46;s&#46;l&#46;&#41;&#46; O estado nutricional dos rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos foi determinado de acordo com o padr&#227;o IG&#8208;21&#44; com os seguintes fen&#243;tipos no nascimento&#58; &#40;a&#41; Baixa estatura &#40;percentil &#60; 3 para comprimento&#47;IG&#41;&#59; &#40;b&#41; Emacia&#231;&#227;o &#40;percentil &#60; 3 para IMC &#91;Kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#93;&#47;IG&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> e &#40;c&#41; um terceiro fen&#243;tipo &#8211; n&#227;o inclu&#237;do no padr&#227;o IG&#8208;21&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">abaixo do peso</span> &#40;percentil PN &#60; 3 para idade e sexo&#41;&#44; indicando um acometimento s&#250;bito grave&#59; isso elimina a chance de inclus&#227;o err&#244;nea de um rec&#233;m&#8208;nascido normal na distribui&#231;&#227;o de menor PN&#46; Como o Projeto IG&#8208;21 n&#227;o fornece uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de IMC abaixo de 33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">0</span> A s de IG&#44; os dados do estudo atual inclu&#237;ram abaixo do peso e baixa estatura entre 24<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;0</span> e 42<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;6</span> semanas e emacia&#231;&#227;o entre 33<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;0</span> e 42<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;6</span> semanas&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram analisadas as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas&#58; &#40;1&#41; biol&#243;gicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas da m&#227;e&#58; idade &#40;&#60; 20&#44; 20&#8208;24&#44; 25&#8208;29&#44; 30&#8208;35 e &#8805; 35 anos&#41;&#44; paridade &#40;0&#44; 1&#44; 2 e &#8805; 3&#41;&#44; IMC &#40;&#60; 18&#44;5 desnutri&#231;&#227;o&#44; 18&#44;5&#8208;24&#44;9 nutri&#231;&#227;o normal&#44; 25&#44;0&#8208;29&#44;9 sobrepeso&#59; 30&#8208;34&#44;9 obesidade tipo I e &#8805;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> obesidade tipo II&#41; e escolaridade &#40;&#60; 8&#59; 8&#8208;11 e &#8805; 12 anos&#41;&#59; &#40;2&#41; diabetes&#44; hipertens&#227;o&#44; pr&#233;&#8208;ecl&#226;mpsia e tuberculose durante a gravidez&#59; e &#40;3&#41; sexo&#44; prematuridade &#40;&#60; 37<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;0</span> semanas&#41; e malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas dos rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos&#46; As vari&#225;veis biol&#243;gicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas das m&#227;es foram categ&#243;ricas&#59; as restantes foram dicot&#244;micas&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A preval&#234;ncia dos diferentes fen&#243;tipos foi estimada pela propor&#231;&#227;o &#40;IC de 95&#37; &#91;intervalo de confian&#231;a&#93;&#41;&#44; ao passo que as diferen&#231;as populacionais foram analisadas com um teste qui&#8208;quadrado e risco univariado&#58; raz&#227;o de chance &#40;RC e IC de 95&#37;&#41;&#46; Foi feita uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para estimar o risco de abaixo do peso&#44; baixa estatura e emacia&#231;&#227;o com rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel de altitude &#40;vari&#225;vel de exposi&#231;&#227;o&#41; e ela foi ajustada para idade&#44; n&#237;vel de escolaridade&#44; IMC&#44; paridade&#44; tuberculose&#44; diabetes&#44; hipertens&#227;o&#44; pr&#233;&#8208;ecl&#226;mpsia&#44; sexo&#44; prematuridade e malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas da m&#227;e&#46; A refer&#234;ncia foi baixa altitude&#46; A qualidade do ajuste foi testada com o teste de Hosmer&#8208;Lemeshow&#46; Foram usados os <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">softwares</span> estat&#237;sticos SPSS &#40;IBM SPSS Estat&#237;stica para Windows&#44; Vers&#227;o 22&#46;0&#46; NY&#44; EUA&#41; e Stata &#40;Stata Software de estat&#237;stica&#58; Vers&#227;o 11&#46; College Station&#44; TX&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; O n&#237;vel estat&#237;stico foi estabelecido em p &#60; 0&#44;05&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Quest&#245;es &#233;ticas</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica de Pesquisa em Sa&#250;de da Prov&#237;ncia de Jujuy&#44; Argentina&#44; aprovou este estudo&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Resultados</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre 2009 e 2014&#44; nasceram 79&#46;504 neonatos vivos na Prov&#237;ncia de Jujuy&#59; 57&#46;471 foram registrados pelo SIP&#46; Ap&#243;s aplicar os crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o&#44; 48&#46;656 &#40;84&#44;6&#37;&#44; IC de 95&#37;&#58; 84&#44;3&#8208;84&#44;9&#41; rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo&#59; desses 16&#44;8&#37; &#40;16&#44;5&#8208;17&#44;2&#41; moravam em AA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0065">material adicional S1&#44; fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A preval&#234;ncia de abaixo do peso&#44; baixa estatura e emacia&#231;&#227;o foi 1&#44;27&#37; &#40;1&#44;18&#8208;1&#44;38&#41;&#44; 3&#44;39&#37; &#40;3&#44;24&#8208;3&#44;36&#41; e 4&#44;68&#37; &#40;4&#44;49&#8208;4&#44;87&#41;&#44; respectivamente&#46; A taxa de baixa estatura mais emacia&#231;&#227;o foi de 0&#44;16&#37; &#40;0&#44;12&#8208;0&#44;20&#41;&#46; A taxa de neonatos abaixo do peso em AA foi 1&#44;13 vez maior &#40;0&#44;80&#8208;1&#44;49&#41; do que a taxa de AA equivalente&#44; ao passo que as taxas de baixa estatura e emacia&#231;&#227;o foram 2&#44;68 &#40;2&#44;10&#8208;3&#44;29&#41; e 5&#44;26 &#40;4&#44;61&#8208;5&#44;95&#41; vezes maiores&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em geral&#44; as m&#227;es de rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos abaixo do peso em AA mostraram idade significativamente mais avan&#231;ada&#44; maior desnutri&#231;&#227;o&#44; hipertens&#227;o&#44; prematuridade e malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas&#44; por&#233;m menor sobrepeso e obesidade tipo I do que as m&#227;es em BA&#46; As gr&#225;vidas no grupo de AA com rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos com baixa estatura foram independentemente associadas a maior desnutri&#231;&#227;o e menos obesidade tipo I&#44; ao passo que os rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos com emacia&#231;&#227;o no grupo de AA mostraram nutri&#231;&#227;o durante a gravidez menos normal&#44; obesidade tipo I e prematuridade&#44; por&#233;m maior nuliparidade e malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas que as m&#227;es em BA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O PN e o desvio&#8208;padr&#227;o &#40;DP&#41; m&#233;dios dos tr&#234;s fen&#243;tipos foi 2&#46;012<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g &#40;567&#41; para abaixo do peso&#44; 2&#46;933<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g &#40;635&#41; para baixa estatura e 2&#46;767<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g &#40;427&#41; para emacia&#231;&#227;o&#44; ao passo que foi de 3&#46;321<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g &#40;531&#41; em crian&#231;as sem d&#233;ficit nutricional&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A IG m&#233;dia &#40;DP&#41; foi de 37&#44;5 &#40;3&#44;9&#41; semanas para abaixo do peso&#44; 38&#44;6 &#40;2&#44;1&#41; semanas para baixa estatura e 39&#44;0 &#40;1&#44;3&#41; semanas para emacia&#231;&#227;o&#46; A taxa geral de prematuridade foi de 9&#44;0&#37; &#40;8&#44;79&#8208;9&#44;30&#41;&#58; 8&#44;01&#37; em AA e 9&#44;25&#37; em BA &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na Prov&#237;ncia de Jujuy em AA&#44; os riscos de abaixo do peso&#44; baixa estatura e emacia&#231;&#227;o come&#231;am a aparecer da 29&#170;&#44; 26&#170; e 33&#170; semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o&#44; respectivamente&#46; A preval&#234;ncia de abaixo do peso e baixa estatura entre as 24<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;0</span> e 36<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> semanas foi maior do que entre as 37<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;0</span> e 42<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;6</span> semanas &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;001&#41; para AA&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com a BA&#46; Por outro lado&#44; a preval&#234;ncia de emacia&#231;&#227;o entre as 37<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;0</span> e 42<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;6</span> semanas foi maior do que entre as 24<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;0</span> e 36<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> semanas na AA&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com a BA &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;001&#44; dados n&#227;o mostrados&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0065">material adicional S2&#44; S3 e S4&#44; figs&#46; 2&#8208;4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A RC bruta &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#41; para abaixo do peso&#44; baixa estatura e emacia&#231;&#227;o associadas a AA foi de 1&#44;92 &#40;1&#44;63&#8208;2&#44;27&#41;&#44; 2&#44;21 &#40;1&#44;99&#8208;2&#44;45&#41; e 2&#44;39 &#40;2&#44;18&#8208;2&#44;62&#41;&#44; respectivamente &#40;p &#60; 0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Ap&#243;s o ajuste&#44; foram encontrados uma leve redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de baixa estatura e um aumento do risco para os outros fen&#243;tipos&#44; todos estatisticamente significativos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0065">material adicional S5&#44; tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46; A qualidade do ajuste do modelo foi adequada&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As tabelas 1 a 3 mostram as caracter&#237;sticas maternas e dos rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos de acordo com a altitude e sua associa&#231;&#227;o &#40;RC ajustada&#44; RCA&#41; aos tr&#234;s fen&#243;tipos&#46; Para abaixo do peso&#44; idade materna superior ou igual a 35 anos&#44; IMC abaixo de 18&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; nuliparidade&#44; hipertens&#227;o gestacional&#44; prematuridade e malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas foram independentemente associados a risco elevado em AA&#46; Sobrepeso e obesidade tipo I foram associados a menor risco em AA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para baixa estatura&#44; IMC materno abaixo de 18&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> e malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas foram independentemente associados a risco mais elevado&#44; ao passo que o IMC de obesidade tipo I mostrou menor risco &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por fim&#44; para emacia&#231;&#227;o&#44; nuliparidade e malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas foram independentemente associadas a risco mais elevado&#44; ao passo que sobrepeso e obesidade classe I e prematuridade foram associados a menor risco &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabela 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No presente estudo&#44; os rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos em AA na Prov&#237;ncia de Jujuy mostraram um risco significativamente maior de abaixo do peso&#44; baixa estatura e emacia&#231;&#227;o e este estudo apresenta uma comprova&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e epidemiol&#243;gica para corroborar o conceito de que se trata de fen&#243;tipos antropom&#233;tricos separados de origem intrauterina&#46; Os fen&#243;tipos diferiram em termos de fatores de risco&#46; Como esperado&#44; poucas doen&#231;as foram associadas com for&#231;a semelhante aos fen&#243;tipos abaixo do peso&#44; baixa estatura e emacia&#231;&#227;o&#59; essas doen&#231;as s&#227;o&#44; em grande parte&#44; reconhecidas como fatores de risco universais&#44; ou seja&#44; IG&#44; desnutri&#231;&#227;o materna&#44; hist&#243;rico obst&#233;trico&#44; malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas&#46; Outros fatores&#44; em especial tuberculose&#44; t&#234;m uma ampla gama de gravidade&#44; apresenta&#231;&#245;es e tempo durante a gravidez n&#227;o espec&#237;fica aos fen&#243;tipos&#46; Por outro lado&#44; sobrepeso e obesidade tipo I mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o do risco entre 30&#37; e 50&#37; para os tr&#234;s fen&#243;tipos &#40;um efeito bem descrito que se deve ao aumento do peso ao nascer e deposi&#231;&#227;o de gordura&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">N&#227;o h&#225; registros locais compar&#225;veis sobre a preval&#234;ncia dos fen&#243;tipos nutricionais em rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos avaliados para IG com o padr&#227;o IG&#8208;21&#44; exceto o fen&#243;tipo abaixo do peso&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Digna de nota&#44; neste estudo&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> a preval&#234;ncia de abaixo do peso calculada a partir das certid&#245;es de nascimento em 2013 no nordeste da Argentina&#44; onde a Prov&#237;ncia de Jujuy est&#225; localizada&#44; foi semelhante &#224; verificada neste estudo em rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos a termo&#46; Os registros argentinos sobre a preval&#234;ncia desses fen&#243;tipos referem&#8208;se &#224;s popula&#231;&#245;es de crian&#231;as com mais de seis meses de idade&#44; calculada com base no padr&#227;o da OMS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> O Inqu&#233;rito Nacional de Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de &#91;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Encuesta Nacional de Nutrici&#243;n y Salud</span>&#93; feito na Argentina em 2004&#8208;2005 estabelece para a popula&#231;&#227;o de Jujuy&#44; independentemente da altitude geogr&#225;fica&#44; uma preval&#234;ncia de 1&#44;8&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37; 0&#44;8&#8208;4&#44;1&#41;&#44; 9&#44;5&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37; 5&#44;3&#8208;16&#44;6&#41; e 0&#44;6&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37; 0&#44;3&#8208;1&#44;4&#41; de abaixo do peso&#44; baixa estatura e emacia&#231;&#227;o&#44; respectivamente&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Um estudo latino&#8208;americano<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> comparou os percentis do IG&#8208;21 com os rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos peruanos nascidos com &#62; 3&#46;400 m&#46;a&#46;s&#46;l&#46; e n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;as significativas com rela&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o IG&#8208;21&#44; por&#233;m a preval&#234;ncia de abaixo do peso&#44; baixa estatura e emacia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi estimada&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As preval&#234;ncias observadas dos fen&#243;tipos dos rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos foram relativamente baixas&#44; principalmente para abaixo do peso e baixa estatura&#44; pois elas tamb&#233;m s&#227;o menores do que os pontos de corte para relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica &#60; 10&#37; e &#60; 20&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#44; sugeridos pela OMS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> A baixa estatura ao nascer parece ter uma preval&#234;ncia relativamente baixa mesmo em configura&#231;&#245;es de baixa renda&#44; por&#233;m aumenta de forma acentuada com a idade gestacional&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Esses resultados s&#227;o de certa forma semelhantes a um estudo anterior<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> de comprometimento do crescimento fetal&#44; que atende aos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade individuais&#44; ao passo que a baixa estatura afetou 3&#44;8&#37; e emacia&#231;&#227;o 3&#44;4&#37; de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos de baixo risco&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em uma an&#225;lise recente dos fatores de riscos de baixa estatura na inf&#226;ncia em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento&#44; o principal fator de risco em todo o mundo foi restri&#231;&#227;o do crescimento fetal &#40;RCF&#41;&#44; definido como nascimento a termo e pequeno para a idade gestacional&#44; que enfatiza a necessidade de indicadores confi&#225;veis do crescimento fetal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Das 12 doen&#231;as estudadas&#44; idade materna avan&#231;ada&#44; IMC abaixo de 18&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; hipertens&#227;o&#44; malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas e prematuridade foram mais fortemente associados ao risco mais elevado ajustado de abaixo do peso do que baixa estatura e emacia&#231;&#227;o em AA&#46; A preval&#234;ncia de tuberculose &#233; tr&#234;s vezes maior em altitude &#40;53 x 10&#46;000 rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos&#41; e ela foi associada somente a emacia&#231;&#227;o&#44; ao passo que a nuliparidade mostrou risco semelhante de abaixo do peso e emacia&#231;&#227;o&#46; N&#227;o foi encontrada comprova&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa de associa&#231;&#227;o independente com quaisquer dos fen&#243;tipos estudados para as outras doen&#231;as&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em AA&#44; as malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas foram associadas &#224; duplica&#231;&#227;o do risco de baixa estatura &#40;RCA&#58; 2&#44;62&#41; e emacia&#231;&#227;o &#40;RCA&#58; 2&#44;52&#41;&#44; por&#233;m o risco foi sete vezes maior para abaixo do peso &#40;RCA&#58; 7&#44;66&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Na Prov&#237;ncia de Jujuy&#44; e com o uso da mesma fonte&#44; Grandi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> demonstraram que a preval&#234;ncia de prematuridade&#44; PIG e restri&#231;&#227;o do crescimento fetal mostram um aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o com a altitude geogr&#225;fica&#44; na qual os dois &#250;ltimos indicadores &#8211; acima de 3&#46;500 m&#46;a&#46;s&#46;l&#46; &#8211; podem significativamente duplicar os valores encontrados no n&#237;vel do mar&#46; No noroeste da Argentina&#44; outros estudos chegaram &#224; mesma conclus&#227;o&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> na qual um aumento na prematuridade devido a um aumento na altitude pode at&#233; mesmo representar uma vantagem adaptativa para os nascimentos prematuros nessas condi&#231;&#245;es&#44; conforme encontrado neste estudo para emacia&#231;&#227;o&#44; com redu&#231;&#227;o do risco ajustado de quase 40&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Outra explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; que h&#225; tr&#234;s poss&#237;veis op&#231;&#245;es para a presen&#231;a de um acometimento s&#250;bito que comprometa o crescimento fetal nessas condi&#231;&#245;es&#58; continuidade da gesta&#231;&#227;o resultando em um rec&#233;m&#8208;nascido com restri&#231;&#227;o do crescimento fetal&#44; interrup&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea da gravidez ou indicada pelo m&#233;dico com nascimento prematuro consequente ou morte fetal&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Esse hist&#243;rico justificaria a hip&#243;tese de que&#44; em regi&#245;es de altitude e por meio de um mecanismo evolucion&#225;rio&#44; podem ocorrer prematuridade e morte fetal devido &#224;s redu&#231;&#245;es evidentes da tens&#227;o de O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> acima de 2&#46;000 m&#46;a&#46;s&#46;l&#46;&#44; sugere um efeito limite al&#233;m do qual as pequenas redu&#231;&#245;es no fornecimento de O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> podem reduzir substancialmente a oxigena&#231;&#227;o fetal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Isso &#233; reafirmado por um relat&#243;rio do Departamento de Estat&#237;sticas e Informa&#231;&#245;es de Sa&#250;de do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de da Argentina &#40;DEIS&#41;&#44; informa que a contribui&#231;&#227;o dos fetos prematuros &#40;&#60; 37<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;0</span> semanas&#41; para a mortalidade fetal em Jujuy foi de 72&#37; em 2013&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A altitude geogr&#225;fica e as complica&#231;&#245;es de hipertens&#227;o na gravidez podem reduzir de maneira independente o peso ao nascer&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> um fen&#244;meno encontrado em rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos na Prov&#237;ncia de Jujuy acima de 2&#46;000 m&#46;a&#46;s&#46;l&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;15</span></a> e no estudo atual &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A baixa estatura constitui um indicador global de bem&#8208;estar infantil&#44; reflete as desigualdades sociais e descreve os resultados espec&#237;ficos frequentes do per&#237;odo neonatal &#40;baixo peso ao nascer&#44; pequeno para a idade gestacional&#44; prematuridade&#44; baixo para a idade gestacional e per&#237;metro cef&#225;lico pequeno&#41;&#46; Por esse motivo&#44; a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o desse indicador em rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos foi recentemente enfatizada do ponto de vista dos primeiros 1&#46;000 dias de vida&#46; A baixa estatura fetal pode estar relacionada a condi&#231;&#245;es org&#226;nicas &#40;por exemplo&#44; malforma&#231;&#245;es&#41; e &#233; amplamente considerada um processo cumulativo de longo prazo an&#225;logo &#224; desnutri&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica em crian&#231;as&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> que precisa de exposi&#231;&#227;o a um ou mais fatores de risco por v&#225;rios meses ou durante toda a gravidez&#46; Por outro lado&#44; a emacia&#231;&#227;o neonatal provavelmente reflete as exposi&#231;&#245;es agudas nas semanas anteriores ao parto&#44; com deposi&#231;&#227;o de gordura mais r&#225;pida&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Outro&#44; contudo&#44; sugere que as diferen&#231;as na gravidade&#44; em vez do tempo e da dura&#231;&#227;o dos acometimentos s&#250;bitos&#44; resultam em fen&#243;tipos distintos de comprometimento do crescimento fetal e a emacia&#231;&#227;o representa os casos mais graves&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> O fato de que a preval&#234;ncia dos fen&#243;tipos difere em termos da apresenta&#231;&#227;o e da preval&#234;ncia da IG entre as gravidezes prematuras e a termo sugere diferentes fatores de risco &#40;como diabetes&#44; hipertens&#227;o ou pr&#233;&#8208;ecl&#226;mpsia em AA&#41; e&#44; consequentemente&#44; aumento da interrup&#231;&#227;o das gravidezes por indica&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica para proteger o bem&#8208;estar materno e fetal&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A maior parte dos fatores maternos considerados neste estudo foi fracamente associada ou constitui um fator de prote&#231;&#227;o com diferen&#231;as de fen&#243;tipo devido &#224; altitude&#44; principalmente baixa estatura&#46; Portanto&#44; essas diferen&#231;as provavelmente podem ser atribu&#237;das ao efeito enfatizado da hip&#243;xia de altitude que interage com outras caracter&#237;sticas desses ecossistemas n&#227;o considerados nesta an&#225;lise &#40;nutricionais&#44; socioecon&#244;micas&#44; gen&#233;ticas&#44; &#233;tnicas&#44; sociodemogr&#225;ficas e geogr&#225;ficas&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11&#44;30</span></a> O padr&#227;o de crescimento pr&#233;&#8208;natal dos rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos na Prov&#237;ncia de Jujuy lembra o padr&#227;o encontrado nos ecossistemas de altitude em outros est&#225;gios ontogen&#233;ticos&#46; De fato&#44; v&#225;rios estudos com crian&#231;as&#44; adolescentes e adultos da Prov&#237;ncia de Jujuy sobre seu crescimento indicam que as crian&#231;as s&#227;o mais baixas e mais leves do que as que moram pr&#243;ximo ao n&#237;vel do mar&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;13</span></a> Contudo&#44; como o comprometimento do crescimento fetal encontrado na popula&#231;&#227;o em AA &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome complexa&#44; s&#227;o necess&#225;rias caracteriza&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o adicionais dos fen&#243;tipos em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os principais pontos fortes do estudo s&#227;o a grande amostra representativa de altitude geogr&#225;fica&#44; a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco de tr&#234;s fen&#243;tipos associados &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o do crescimento fetal&#44; sabidamente associados a baixo peso ao nascer&#44; e a introdu&#231;&#227;o do IG&#8208;21 como uma boa ferramenta epidemiol&#243;gica a ser usada em estudos futuros&#46;</p><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Limita&#231;&#245;es</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A principal limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; a amostra final&#44; 61&#44;2&#37; dos rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos vivos&#44; provavelmente porque foram inclu&#237;dos somente nascimentos registrados em instala&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas&#46; As outras limita&#231;&#245;es foram informa&#231;&#245;es incompletas e a IG estimada pela data da &#250;ltima menstrua&#231;&#227;o&#44; conforme recomendado pelo DEIS&#46; Por outro lado&#44; os modelos explicaram riscos de baixa altitude de acordo com os diferentes fen&#243;tipos&#44; pois os fatores sabidamente associados ao crescimento fetal &#40;tabagismo materno&#44; uso de drogas il&#237;citas&#44; hist&#243;rico de baixo peso ao nascer e prematuridade&#44; condi&#231;&#227;o etc&#46;&#41; n&#227;o foram registrados&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os riscos de abaixo do peso&#44; baixa estatura e emacia&#231;&#227;o foram maiores em altitude mais elevada e foram associados a doen&#231;as maternas e fetais reconhecidas&#46; O uso desses tr&#234;s fen&#243;tipos ajudar&#225; a priorizar as interven&#231;&#245;es preventivas e focar no manejo da desnutri&#231;&#227;o fetal&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflitos de interesse</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesse&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Retardo do crescimento fetal"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess the prevalence and risks of underweight&#44; stunting and wasting by gestational age in newborns of the Jujuy Province&#44; Argentina at different altitude levels&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Live newborns &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>48&#44;656&#41; born from 2009&#8211;2014 in public facilities with a gestational age between 24<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;0</span> to 42<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;6</span> weeks&#46; Phenotypes of underweight &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>weight&#47;age&#41;&#44; stunting &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>length&#47;age&#41; and wasting &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>body mass index&#47;age&#41; were calculated using Intergrowth&#8208;21st standards&#46; Risk factors were maternal age&#44; education&#44; body mass index&#44; parity&#44; diabetes&#44; hypertension&#44; preeclampsia&#44; tuberculosis&#44; prematurity&#44; and congenital malformations&#46; Data were grouped by the geographic altitude&#58; &#8805;2&#46;000 or &#60;2&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#46;a&#46;s&#46;l&#46; Chi&#8208;squared test and a multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to estimate the risk of the phenotypes associated with an altitudinal level &#8805;2&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#46;a&#46;s&#46;l&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of underweight&#44; stunting and wasting were 1&#46;27&#37;&#44; 3&#46;39&#37; and 4&#46;68&#37;&#44; respectively&#44; and significantly higher at &#62;2&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#46;a&#46;s&#46;l&#46; Maternal age&#44; body mass index &#62;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; hypertension&#44; congenital malformations&#44; and prematurity were more strongly associated with underweight rather than stunting or wasting at &#8805;2&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#46;a&#46;s&#46;l&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Underweight&#44; stunting&#44; and wasting risks were higher at a higher altitude&#44; and were associated with recognized maternal and fetal conditions&#46; The use of those three phenotypes will help prioritize preventive interventions and focus the management of fetal undernutrition&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia e os riscos de rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos abaixo do peso&#44; baixa estatura e emacia&#231;&#227;o por idade gestacional da Prov&#237;ncia de Jujuy&#44; Argentina&#44; em diferentes n&#237;veis de altitude&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Rec&#233;m&#8208;nascidos vivos &#40;n &#61; 48&#46;656&#41; nascidos entre 2009 e 2014 em instala&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas entre 24<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;0</span>&#8208;42<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;6</span> semanas de idade gestacional&#46; Os fen&#243;tipos de abaixo do peso &#40;&#60; P3 peso&#47;idade&#41;&#44; baixa estatura &#40;&#60; P3 comprimento&#47;idade&#41; e emacia&#231;&#227;o &#40;&#60; P3 &#237;ndice de massa corporal&#47;idade&#41; foram calculados com os padr&#245;es do INTERGROWTH-21st&#46; Os fatores de risco foram idade materna&#44; escolaridade&#44; &#237;ndice de massa corporal&#44; paridade&#44; diabetes&#44; hipertens&#227;o&#44; pr&#233;&#8208;ecl&#226;mpsia&#44; tuberculose&#44; prematuridade e malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas&#46; Os dados foram agrupados pela altitude geogr&#225;fica&#58; &#8805; 2&#46;000 ou &#60; 2&#46;000 m&#46;a&#46;s&#46;l&#46; O teste qui&#8208;quadrado e a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foram feitos para estimar o risco dos fen&#243;tipos associados ao n&#237;vel de altitude &#8805; 2&#46;000 m&#46;a&#46;s&#46;l&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A preval&#234;ncia de abaixo do peso&#44; baixa estatura e emacia&#231;&#227;o foi de 1&#44;27&#37;&#44; 3&#44;39&#37; e 4&#44;68&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#44; significativamente maiores em &#62; 2&#46;000 m&#46;a&#46;s&#46;l&#46; A idade materna&#44; &#237;ndice de massa corporal &#62; 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; hipertens&#227;o&#44; malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas e prematuridade foram mais fortemente associados a abaixo do peso e n&#227;o a baixa estatura ou emacia&#231;&#227;o em &#8805; 2&#46;000 m&#46;a&#46;s&#46;l&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os riscos de abaixo do peso&#44; baixa estatura e emacia&#231;&#227;o foram maiores em altitude mais elevada e foram associados a condi&#231;&#245;es maternas e fetais reconhecidas&#46; O uso desses tr&#234;s fen&#243;tipos ajudar&#225; a priorizar as interven&#231;&#245;es preventivas e focar no manejo da desnutri&#231;&#227;o fetal&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Vari&#225;vel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;52 <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> &#40;1&#44;69&#8211;3&#44;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;64 <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> &#40;0&#44;48 &#8211;0&#44;84&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab2048114.png"
              ]
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          "notaPie" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0035"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035">RC Ajustada para todas as vari&#225;veis da tabela&#46;</p>"
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0040"
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0040">Valores ausentes&#46;</p>"
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Vol. 95. Núm. 3.
Páginas 366-373 (maio - junho 2019)
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Vol. 95. Núm. 3.
Páginas 366-373 (maio - junho 2019)
Artigo Original
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Geographic altitude and prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting in newborns with the INTERGROWTH‐21st standard
Altitude geográfica e prevalência de recém‐nascidos abaixo do peso, com baixa estatura e emaciação de acordo com o padrão INTERGROWTH-21st
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Jorge Ivan Martíneza,b,
Autor para correspondência
jorjom@gmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
, Estela M. Romána,b, Emma L. Alfaroa,b, Carlos Grandic, José E. Dipierria,b
a Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Conicet), Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (Inecoa), Jujuy, Argentina
b Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Instituto de Biología de la Altura, Jujuy, Argentina
c Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Estatísticas
Tabelas (3)
Tabela 1. Prevalência das características maternas e dos recém‐nascidos e risco ajustado de abaixo do peso de acordo com a altitude geográfica (Jujuy, Argentina, 2009‐2014)
Tabela 2. Prevalência das características maternas e dos recém‐nascidos e risco ajustado de baixa estatura de acordo com a altitude geográfica (Jujuy, Argentina, 2009‐2014)
Tabela 3. Prevalência das características maternas e dos recém‐nascidos e risco ajustado de emaciação de acordo com a altitude geográfica (Jujuy, Argentina, 2009‐2014)
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Material adicional (1)
Abstract
Objective

To assess the prevalence and risks of underweight, stunting and wasting by gestational age in newborns of the Jujuy Province, Argentina at different altitude levels.

Methods

Live newborns (n=48,656) born from 2009–2014 in public facilities with a gestational age between 24+0 to 42+6 weeks. Phenotypes of underweight (weight/age), stunting (length/age) and wasting (body mass index/age) were calculated using Intergrowth‐21st standards. Risk factors were maternal age, education, body mass index, parity, diabetes, hypertension, preeclampsia, tuberculosis, prematurity, and congenital malformations. Data were grouped by the geographic altitude: ≥2.000 or <2.000m.a.s.l. Chi‐squared test and a multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to estimate the risk of the phenotypes associated with an altitudinal level ≥2.000m.a.s.l.

Results

The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting were 1.27%, 3.39% and 4.68%, respectively, and significantly higher at >2.000m.a.s.l. Maternal age, body mass index >35kg/m2, hypertension, congenital malformations, and prematurity were more strongly associated with underweight rather than stunting or wasting at ≥2.000m.a.s.l.

Conclusions

Underweight, stunting, and wasting risks were higher at a higher altitude, and were associated with recognized maternal and fetal conditions. The use of those three phenotypes will help prioritize preventive interventions and focus the management of fetal undernutrition.

Keywords:
Fetal growth retardation
Newborn
Birth weight
Prematurity
Malformations
Resumo
Objetivo

Avaliar a prevalência e os riscos de recém‐nascidos abaixo do peso, baixa estatura e emaciação por idade gestacional da Província de Jujuy, Argentina, em diferentes níveis de altitude.

Métodos

Recém‐nascidos vivos (n = 48.656) nascidos entre 2009 e 2014 em instalações públicas entre 24+0‐42+6 semanas de idade gestacional. Os fenótipos de abaixo do peso (< P3 peso/idade), baixa estatura (< P3 comprimento/idade) e emaciação (< P3 índice de massa corporal/idade) foram calculados com os padrões do INTERGROWTH-21st. Os fatores de risco foram idade materna, escolaridade, índice de massa corporal, paridade, diabetes, hipertensão, pré‐eclâmpsia, tuberculose, prematuridade e malformações congênitas. Os dados foram agrupados pela altitude geográfica: ≥ 2.000 ou < 2.000 m.a.s.l. O teste qui‐quadrado e a análise de regressão logística multivariada foram feitos para estimar o risco dos fenótipos associados ao nível de altitude ≥ 2.000 m.a.s.l.

Resultados

A prevalência de abaixo do peso, baixa estatura e emaciação foi de 1,27%, 3,39% e 4,68%, respectivamente, significativamente maiores em > 2.000 m.a.s.l. A idade materna, índice de massa corporal > 35kg/m2, hipertensão, malformações congênitas e prematuridade foram mais fortemente associados a abaixo do peso e não a baixa estatura ou emaciação em ≥ 2.000 m.a.s.l.

Conclusões

Os riscos de abaixo do peso, baixa estatura e emaciação foram maiores em altitude mais elevada e foram associados a condições maternas e fetais reconhecidas. O uso desses três fenótipos ajudará a priorizar as intervenções preventivas e focar no manejo da desnutrição fetal.

Palavras‐chave:
Retardo do crescimento fetal
Recém‐nascido
Peso ao nascer
Prematuridade
Malformações
Texto Completo
Introdução

Várias medidas antropométricas são amplamente usadas pelos neonatologistas para avaliar a nutrição dos recém‐nascidos, como baixo peso ao nascer (< 2.500g), pequeno para a idade gestacional (PIG, peso ao nascer [PN] abaixo do percentil 10 para a idade gestacional [IG]), Índice Ponderal1 (IP, peso/comprimento3, proporcionalidade (estimada pela transformação z do IP)2 e insuficiência placentária.3 Contudo, nenhuma é sinônimo de restrição de crescimento intrauterino.4

A antropometria neonatal é caracterizada por não ser exata e pela falta de validação e consenso de seus índices disponíveis.5 Além disso, não há correspondência e harmonização entre os diferentes critérios para avaliar o estado nutricional pré e pós‐natal para o monitoramento constante e contínuo nos diferentes estágios da ontogênese.6

O Projeto Consórcio Internacional de Crescimento Fetal e Neonatal para o Século XXI (Projeto Intergrowth‐21st [IG‐21]) publicou recentemente os padrões de peso, comprimento e circunferência da cabeça dos recém‐nascidos.7 Trata‐se de um estudo transversal multicêntrico sobre o tamanho dos bebês no nascimento por sexo e IG, feito com a mesma abordagem prescritiva e modelo metodológico usados no estabelecimento dos padrões da OMS.8 O IG‐21 sugere que baixo peso em determinada IG pode resultar de baixa estatura (pequeno para a idade, refletindo a restrição de crescimento linear), emaciação (leve para a idade, ou baixo índice de massa corporal [IMC] para a idade, normalmente refletindo perda de peso recente) ou os dois fenótipos. Esses são dois fenótipos distintos, com diferentes tempo e duração dos acometimentos súbitos causais, fatores de risco específicos e distribuições variadas em todas as populações e diferentes prognósticos.9

Vários estudos antropométricos com crianças e adolescentes de ecossistemas de altitude indicam que essa população, em comparação com os que vivem perto do nível do mar, são mais baixos e mais leves.10,11 Principalmente, nos recém‐nascidos de Jujuy, o peso ao nascer, bem como os indicadores de comprometimento grave do crescimento intrauterino, que é independentemente associado à altitude geográfica.2,12–15 Contudo, a maior parte dos estudos do efeito da altitude sobre o crescimento fetal é limitada a recém‐nascidos a termo.

O objetivo foi usar o padrão do IG‐21 para avaliar a prevalência e os fatores de risco comuns de abaixo do peso, baixa estatura e emaciação por idade gestacional (IG) em recém‐nascidos de Jujuy com relação aos níveis de alta altitude.

Material e métodosPopulação estudada

Este foi um estudo observacional, analítico e retrospectivo feito em nascimentos consecutivos registrados pelo Sistema de Informática Perinatal (SIP, Ministério da Saúde da Província de Jujuy, Argentina) entre 2009 e 2014. Os critérios de exclusão foram (1) IG < 24+0 e > 42+6 semanas; (2) falta de dados sobre peso, estatura, IG, sexo e local de residência da mãe durante a gravidez; (3) gravidez de gêmeos. O critério de Alexander foi aplicado para corrigir as incompatibilidades entre o peso ao nascer e a idade gestacional.16

Avaliação dos dados

Os dados foram agrupados de acordo com a altitude geográfica do local de residência da mãe em um grupo de baixa altitude (BA) (< 2.000 m.a.s.l.) e um grupo de alta altitude (AA) (>2.000 m.a.s.l.). O estado nutricional dos recém‐nascidos foi determinado de acordo com o padrão IG‐21, com os seguintes fenótipos no nascimento: (a) Baixa estatura (percentil < 3 para comprimento/IG); (b) Emaciação (percentil < 3 para IMC [Kg/m2]/IG)9 e (c) um terceiro fenótipo – não incluído no padrão IG‐21, abaixo do peso (percentil PN < 3 para idade e sexo), indicando um acometimento súbito grave; isso elimina a chance de inclusão errônea de um recém‐nascido normal na distribuição de menor PN. Como o Projeto IG‐21 não fornece uma avaliação de IMC abaixo de 33+0 A s de IG, os dados do estudo atual incluíram abaixo do peso e baixa estatura entre 24+0 e 42+6 semanas e emaciação entre 33+0 e 42+6 semanas.

Foram analisadas as seguintes características: (1) biológicas e sociodemográficas da mãe: idade (< 20, 20‐24, 25‐29, 30‐35 e ≥ 35 anos), paridade (0, 1, 2 e ≥ 3), IMC (< 18,5 desnutrição, 18,5‐24,9 nutrição normal, 25,0‐29,9 sobrepeso; 30‐34,9 obesidade tipo I e ≥35kg/m2 obesidade tipo II) e escolaridade (< 8; 8‐11 e ≥ 12 anos); (2) diabetes, hipertensão, pré‐eclâmpsia e tuberculose durante a gravidez; e (3) sexo, prematuridade (< 37+0 semanas) e malformações congênitas dos recém‐nascidos. As variáveis biológicas e sociodemográficas das mães foram categóricas; as restantes foram dicotômicas.

Análise estatística

A prevalência dos diferentes fenótipos foi estimada pela proporção (IC de 95% [intervalo de confiança]), ao passo que as diferenças populacionais foram analisadas com um teste qui‐quadrado e risco univariado: razão de chance (RC e IC de 95%). Foi feita uma análise de regressão logística multivariada para estimar o risco de abaixo do peso, baixa estatura e emaciação com relação ao nível de altitude (variável de exposição) e ela foi ajustada para idade, nível de escolaridade, IMC, paridade, tuberculose, diabetes, hipertensão, pré‐eclâmpsia, sexo, prematuridade e malformações congênitas da mãe. A referência foi baixa altitude. A qualidade do ajuste foi testada com o teste de Hosmer‐Lemeshow. Foram usados os softwares estatísticos SPSS (IBM SPSS Estatística para Windows, Versão 22.0. NY, EUA) e Stata (Stata Software de estatística: Versão 11. College Station, TX, EUA). O nível estatístico foi estabelecido em p < 0,05.

Questões éticas

O Comitê de Ética de Pesquisa em Saúde da Província de Jujuy, Argentina, aprovou este estudo.

Resultados

Entre 2009 e 2014, nasceram 79.504 neonatos vivos na Província de Jujuy; 57.471 foram registrados pelo SIP. Após aplicar os critérios de seleção, 48.656 (84,6%, IC de 95%: 84,3‐84,9) recém‐nascidos foram incluídos no estudo; desses 16,8% (16,5‐17,2) moravam em AA (material adicional S1, fig. 1).

A prevalência de abaixo do peso, baixa estatura e emaciação foi 1,27% (1,18‐1,38), 3,39% (3,24‐3,36) e 4,68% (4,49‐4,87), respectivamente. A taxa de baixa estatura mais emaciação foi de 0,16% (0,12‐0,20). A taxa de neonatos abaixo do peso em AA foi 1,13 vez maior (0,80‐1,49) do que a taxa de AA equivalente, ao passo que as taxas de baixa estatura e emaciação foram 2,68 (2,10‐3,29) e 5,26 (4,61‐5,95) vezes maiores, respectivamente.

Em geral, as mães de recém‐nascidos abaixo do peso em AA mostraram idade significativamente mais avançada, maior desnutrição, hipertensão, prematuridade e malformações congênitas, porém menor sobrepeso e obesidade tipo I do que as mães em BA. As grávidas no grupo de AA com recém‐nascidos com baixa estatura foram independentemente associadas a maior desnutrição e menos obesidade tipo I, ao passo que os recém‐nascidos com emaciação no grupo de AA mostraram nutrição durante a gravidez menos normal, obesidade tipo I e prematuridade, porém maior nuliparidade e malformações congênitas que as mães em BA (tabela 1).

Tabela 1.

Prevalência das características maternas e dos recém‐nascidos e risco ajustado de abaixo do peso de acordo com a altitude geográfica (Jujuy, Argentina, 2009‐2014)

Variável    AA (n = 40442)BA (n = 8214)RCA (IC DE 95%)a 
    Totalb  Totalb   
Nível de escolaridade materna(anos)< 8  1744  30  1,7  305  10  3,3  1,61 (0,97 – 2,67) 
8‐11  1022  16  1,5  466  10  2,1  1,19 (0,64 – 2,23) 
≥ 12  37172  458  1,2  7443  175  2,4  1 (Referência) 
IMC materno(Kg/m2)< 18,5  1831  23  1,2  276  12  4,3  1,53 c (1,02 – 2,30) 
18,5‐24,9  19327  241  1,2  3747  82  2,2  1 (Referência) 
25‐29,9  7608  77  1,0  1242  30  2,4  0,69 c (0,50 – 0,94) 
30‐34,9  2549  23  0,9  286  1,7  0,51 c (0,29 – 0,92) 
≥ 35  8623  140  1,6  2663  66  2,5  1,16 (0,62 – 2,18) 
Idade materna (anos)< 20  9006  129  1,4  1981  54  2,7  0,91 (0,61 – 1,34) 
20‐24  11974  128  1,1  2411  63  2,6  1,04 (0,73 – 1,47) 
25‐29  8896  96  1,1  1812  26  1,4  1 (Referência) 
30‐34  6176  79  1,3  1163  34  2,9  1,31 (0,86 – 1,98) 
≥ 35  3859  72  1,8  844  18  2,1  1,78 c (1,13 – 2,81) 
Paridade13616  216  1,6  2851  89  3,1  1,72 c (1,15 – 2,56) 
10451  98  0,9  2039  40  2,0  0,98 (0,65 – 1,46) 
6586  65  1,0  1267  19  1,5  0,88 (0,57 – 1,36) 
≥ 3  9285  125  1,3  2057  47  2,3  1 (Referência) 
TuberculoseNão  39240  485  1,2  8046  193  2,4  1 (Referência) 
Sim  209  1,4  12  0,0  0,70 (0,17 – 9,64) 
DiabetesNão  39207  478  1,2  8062  192  2,4  1 (Referência) 
Sim  128  2,3  14  1,29 (0,95 – 5,21) 
HipertensãoNão  38839  472  1,2  8066  192  2,4  1 (Referência) 
Sim  574  15  2,6  31  3,2  2,54 c (1,14 – 5,68) 
Pré‐eclâmpsiaNão  38974  476  1,2  8037  189  2,4  1 (Referência) 
Sim  385  2,3  45  4,4  1,10 (0,33 – 3,66) 
Masculino  Não  19591  224  1,2  4024  88  2,1  1 (Referência) 
  Sim  20347  260  1,3  3995  107  2,6  1,05 (0,84 ‐ 1,32) 
Malformações congênitasNão  29213  261  0,8  6434  124  1,9  1 (Referência) 
Sim  366  27  7,3  35  17,4  7,66 c (4,83 – 12,14) 
PrematuridadeNão  37953  404  0,2  7640  171  0,6  1 (Referência) 
Sim  2489  100  16,1  574  24  25,6  1,54 c (1,07 – 2,22) 

Qui‐quadrado de Hosmer‐Lemeshow = 4, p = 0,979.

AA, nível de alta altitude; BA, nível de baixa altitude.

a

RCA: RC ajustada para todas as variáveis da tabela.

b

Valores ausentes.

c

p < 0,001.

O PN e o desvio‐padrão (DP) médios dos três fenótipos foi 2.012g (567) para abaixo do peso, 2.933g (635) para baixa estatura e 2.767g (427) para emaciação, ao passo que foi de 3.321g (531) em crianças sem déficit nutricional.

A IG média (DP) foi de 37,5 (3,9) semanas para abaixo do peso, 38,6 (2,1) semanas para baixa estatura e 39,0 (1,3) semanas para emaciação. A taxa geral de prematuridade foi de 9,0% (8,79‐9,30): 8,01% em AA e 9,25% em BA (p < 0,001).

Na Província de Jujuy em AA, os riscos de abaixo do peso, baixa estatura e emaciação começam a aparecer da 29ª, 26ª e 33ª semanas de gestação, respectivamente. A prevalência de abaixo do peso e baixa estatura entre as 24+0 e 36+6 semanas foi maior do que entre as 37+0 e 42+6 semanas (p < 0,001) para AA, em comparação com a BA. Por outro lado, a prevalência de emaciação entre as 37+0 e 42+6 semanas foi maior do que entre as 24+0 e 36+6 semanas na AA, em comparação com a BA (p < 0,001, dados não mostrados) (material adicional S2, S3 e S4, figs. 2‐4).

A RC bruta (IC de 95%) para abaixo do peso, baixa estatura e emaciação associadas a AA foi de 1,92 (1,63‐2,27), 2,21 (1,99‐2,45) e 2,39 (2,18‐2,62), respectivamente (p < 0,001). Após o ajuste, foram encontrados uma leve redução do risco de baixa estatura e um aumento do risco para os outros fenótipos, todos estatisticamente significativos (material adicional S5, tabela 1). A qualidade do ajuste do modelo foi adequada.

As tabelas 1 a 3 mostram as características maternas e dos recém‐nascidos de acordo com a altitude e sua associação (RC ajustada, RCA) aos três fenótipos. Para abaixo do peso, idade materna superior ou igual a 35 anos, IMC abaixo de 18,5kg/m2, nuliparidade, hipertensão gestacional, prematuridade e malformações congênitas foram independentemente associados a risco elevado em AA. Sobrepeso e obesidade tipo I foram associados a menor risco em AA (tabela 1).

Para baixa estatura, IMC materno abaixo de 18,5kg/m2 e malformações congênitas foram independentemente associados a risco mais elevado, ao passo que o IMC de obesidade tipo I mostrou menor risco (tabela 2).

Tabela 2.

Prevalência das características maternas e dos recém‐nascidos e risco ajustado de baixa estatura de acordo com a altitude geográfica (Jujuy, Argentina, 2009‐2014)

Variável    BA (n = 40442)AA (n = 8214)RCA (IC de 95%)a 
    Totalb  Totalb   
Nível de escolaridade materna(anos)< 8  1691  40  2,4  289  22  7,6  1,02 (0,71 – 1,48) 
8‐11  995  24  2,4  452  20  4,4  1,15 (0,78 – 1,69) 
≥ 12  36468  789  2,2  7202  413  5,7  1 (Referência) 
IMC materno(kg/m2)< 18,5  1803  54  3,0  270  21  7,8  1,31 c (1,01– 1,70) 
18,5‐24,9  19008  436  2,3  3628  194  5,3  1 (Referência) 
25‐29,9  7425  130  1,8  1203  57  4,7  0,84 (0,71 – 1,00) 
30‐34,9  2493  47  1,9  278  2,5  0,71 c (0,52– 0,97) 
≥ 35  8425  186  2,2  2564  176  6,9  1,03 (0,68 – 1,56) 
Idade materna (anos)< 20  8859  205  2,3  1910  137  7,2  1,02 (0,82 – 1,28) 
20‐24  11750  266  2,3  2339  128  5,5  1 (Referência) 
25‐29  8726  187  2,1  1762  93  5,3  0,93 (0,76 – 1,13) 
30‐34  6041  110  1,8  1113  54  4,9  0,85 (0,66 – 1,08) 
≥ 35  3754  84  2,2  816  42  5,1  0,95 (0,72 – 1,27) 
Paridade13387  327  2,4  2749  169  6,1  1 (Referência) 
10238  211  2,1  1983  109  5,5  1,13 (0,89 – 1,14) 
6466  147  2,3  1234  68  5,5  0,99 (0,78 – 1,25) 
≥ 3  9063  168  1,9  1977  109  5,5  1,15 (0,91 – 1,46) 
TuberculoseNão  38008  820  2,2  7786  447  5,7  1 (Referência) 
Sim  204  2,5  12  0,0  1,21 (0,44 – 3,32) 
DiabetesNão  38375  1212  3,3  7896  536  7,3  1 (Referência) 
Sim  121    15  0,50 (0,07 – 3,69) 
HipertensãoNão  37636  809  2,1  7808  445  5,7  1 (Referência) 
Sim  545  18  3,3  29  0,0  1,21 (0,65 – 2,27) 
Pré‐eclâmpsiaNão  37770  808  2,1  7778  440  5,7  1 (Referência) 
Sim  362  15  4,1  45  6,7  1,30 (0,65 – 2,59) 
MasculinoNão  18801  624  3,2  3736  295  7,3  1 (Referência) 
Sim  19500  642  3,2  3752  253  6,3  0,87 (0,76 – 1,00) 
Malformações congênitasNão  28954  820  2,8  6365  352  5,5  1 (Referência) 
Sim  355  29  8,1  33  18,2  2,60 c (1,67– 4,06) 
PrematuridadeNão  37397  981  2,6  7519  445  5,9  1 (Referência) 
Sim  2170  285  13,3  517  103  19,9  1,23 (0,97 – 1,58) 

Qui‐quadrado de Hosmer‐Lemeshow = 4,25, p = 0,833.

AA, nível de alta altitude; BA, nível de baixa altitude.

a

RC ajustada para todas as variáveis da tabela.

b

Valores ausentes.

c

p < 0,001.

Por fim, para emaciação, nuliparidade e malformações congênitas foram independentemente associadas a risco mais elevado, ao passo que sobrepeso e obesidade classe I e prematuridade foram associados a menor risco (tabela 3).

Tabela 3.

Prevalência das características maternas e dos recém‐nascidos e risco ajustado de emaciação de acordo com a altitude geográfica (Jujuy, Argentina, 2009‐2014)

Variável    BA (n = 40442)AA (n = 8214)RCA (IC DE 95%)a 
    Totalb  Totalb   
Nível de escolaridade maternal (anos)< 8  1677  82  4,9  289  11  3,8  1,03 (0,75– 1,41) 
8‐11  989  40  4,0  447  49  11,0  1,16 (0,85– 1,59) 
≥ 12  36165  1493  4,1  7194  687  9,5  1 (Referência) 
IMC materno(kg/m2)< 18,5  1781  94  5,3  269  34  12,6  1,23(0,99– 1,53) 
18,5‐24,9  18907  847  4,5  3636  365  10,0  1 (Referência) 
25‐29,9  7398  247  3,3  1209  89  7,4  0,71 c (0,61–,83) 
30‐34,9  2480  83  3,3  273  24  8,8  0,76 c (0,59–0,98) 
≥35  8265  344  4,2  2543  235  9,2  0,68 (0,44– 1,03) 
Idade (anos)<20  8741  447  5,1  1903  196  10,3  0,91 (0,75– 1,09) 
20‐24  11669  475  4,1  2342  233  9,9  0,99 (0,84– 1,17) 
25‐29  8703  330  3,8  1754  139  7,9  1 (Referência) 
30‐34  5994  226  3,8  1123  102  9,1  1,02 (0,83– 1,25) 
≥35  3698  137  3,7  805  77  9,6  1,16 (0,91– 1,48) 
Paridade13268  728  5,5  2747  320  11,6  1,64 c (1,35–2,01) 
10146  383  3,8  1972  176  8,9  1,24 (0,97– 1,44) 
6415  211  3,3  1239  84  6,8  0,18 (0,79– 1,17) 
≥ 3  9002  293  3,3  1972  167  8,5  0,89 (0,72– 1,11) 
TuberculoseNão  37685  1564  4,2  7774  739  9,5  1 (Referência) 
Sim  204  12  5,9  12  8,3  1,74 (0,90– 3,32) 
DiabetesNão  37332  1557  4,2  7797  742  9,5  1 (Referência) 
Sim  526  20  3,8  27  3,7  0,97 (0,50– 1,85) 
HipertensãoNão  37455  1561  4,2  7767  736  9,5  1 (Referência) 
Sim  354  11  3,1  44  11,4  0,95 (0,46–1,96) 
Pré‐eclâmpsiaNão  18305  791  4,1  3607  378  9,5  1 (Referência) 
Sim  18911  824  4,2  3576  369  9,4  0,95 (0,46–1,96) 
MasculinoNão  18305  791  4,1  3607  378  9,5  1 (Referência) 
Sim  18911  824  4,2  3576  369  9,4  0,92 (0,83 –1,03) 
Malformações congênitasNão  28610  11457  4,0  6310  654  10,3  1 (Referência) 
Sim  335  29  8,7  32  25  2,52 c (1,69–3,75) 
PrematuridadeNão  37335  1234  3,3  7505  601  8,1  1 (Referência) 
Sim  1496  381  25,4  425  146  34,3  0,64 c (0,48 –0,84) 

Qui‐quadrado de Hosmer‐Lemeshow = 1,92, p = 0,983.

AA, nível de alta altitude; BA, nível de baixa altitude.

a

RC Ajustada para todas as variáveis da tabela.

b

Valores ausentes.

c

p < 0,01.

Discussão

No presente estudo, os recém‐nascidos em AA na Província de Jujuy mostraram um risco significativamente maior de abaixo do peso, baixa estatura e emaciação e este estudo apresenta uma comprovação clínica e epidemiológica para corroborar o conceito de que se trata de fenótipos antropométricos separados de origem intrauterina. Os fenótipos diferiram em termos de fatores de risco. Como esperado, poucas doenças foram associadas com força semelhante aos fenótipos abaixo do peso, baixa estatura e emaciação; essas doenças são, em grande parte, reconhecidas como fatores de risco universais, ou seja, IG, desnutrição materna, histórico obstétrico, malformações congênitas. Outros fatores, em especial tuberculose, têm uma ampla gama de gravidade, apresentações e tempo durante a gravidez não específica aos fenótipos. Por outro lado, sobrepeso e obesidade tipo I mostraram redução do risco entre 30% e 50% para os três fenótipos (um efeito bem descrito que se deve ao aumento do peso ao nascer e deposição de gordura).

Não há registros locais comparáveis sobre a prevalência dos fenótipos nutricionais em recém‐nascidos avaliados para IG com o padrão IG‐21, exceto o fenótipo abaixo do peso.17 Digna de nota, neste estudo,17 a prevalência de abaixo do peso calculada a partir das certidões de nascimento em 2013 no nordeste da Argentina, onde a Província de Jujuy está localizada, foi semelhante à verificada neste estudo em recém‐nascidos a termo. Os registros argentinos sobre a prevalência desses fenótipos referem‐se às populações de crianças com mais de seis meses de idade, calculada com base no padrão da OMS.18 O Inquérito Nacional de Nutrição e Saúde [Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud] feito na Argentina em 2004‐2005 estabelece para a população de Jujuy, independentemente da altitude geográfica, uma prevalência de 1,8% (IC de 95% 0,8‐4,1), 9,5% (IC de 95% 5,3‐16,6) e 0,6% (IC de 95% 0,3‐1,4) de abaixo do peso, baixa estatura e emaciação, respectivamente.18 Um estudo latino‐americano19 comparou os percentis do IG‐21 com os recém‐nascidos peruanos nascidos com > 3.400 m.a.s.l. e não encontrou diferenças significativas com relação ao padrão IG‐21, porém a prevalência de abaixo do peso, baixa estatura e emaciação não foi estimada.

As prevalências observadas dos fenótipos dos recém‐nascidos foram relativamente baixas, principalmente para abaixo do peso e baixa estatura, pois elas também são menores do que os pontos de corte para relevância clínica < 10% e < 20%, respectivamente, sugeridos pela OMS.20 A baixa estatura ao nascer parece ter uma prevalência relativamente baixa mesmo em configurações de baixa renda, porém aumenta de forma acentuada com a idade gestacional.21 Esses resultados são de certa forma semelhantes a um estudo anterior9 de comprometimento do crescimento fetal, que atende aos critérios de elegibilidade individuais, ao passo que a baixa estatura afetou 3,8% e emaciação 3,4% de uma população de recém‐nascidos de baixo risco.

Em uma análise recente dos fatores de riscos de baixa estatura na infância em países em desenvolvimento, o principal fator de risco em todo o mundo foi restrição do crescimento fetal (RCF), definido como nascimento a termo e pequeno para a idade gestacional, que enfatiza a necessidade de indicadores confiáveis do crescimento fetal.22 Das 12 doenças estudadas, idade materna avançada, IMC abaixo de 18,5kg/m2, hipertensão, malformações congênitas e prematuridade foram mais fortemente associados ao risco mais elevado ajustado de abaixo do peso do que baixa estatura e emaciação em AA. A prevalência de tuberculose é três vezes maior em altitude (53 x 10.000 recém‐nascidos) e ela foi associada somente a emaciação, ao passo que a nuliparidade mostrou risco semelhante de abaixo do peso e emaciação. Não foi encontrada comprovação estatisticamente significativa de associação independente com quaisquer dos fenótipos estudados para as outras doenças.

Em AA, as malformações congênitas foram associadas à duplicação do risco de baixa estatura (RCA: 2,62) e emaciação (RCA: 2,52), porém o risco foi sete vezes maior para abaixo do peso (RCA: 7,66).

Na Província de Jujuy, e com o uso da mesma fonte, Grandi et al.23 demonstraram que a prevalência de prematuridade, PIG e restrição do crescimento fetal mostram um aumento da relação com a altitude geográfica, na qual os dois últimos indicadores – acima de 3.500 m.a.s.l. – podem significativamente duplicar os valores encontrados no nível do mar. No noroeste da Argentina, outros estudos chegaram à mesma conclusão,24 na qual um aumento na prematuridade devido a um aumento na altitude pode até mesmo representar uma vantagem adaptativa para os nascimentos prematuros nessas condições, conforme encontrado neste estudo para emaciação, com redução do risco ajustado de quase 40%.

Outra explicação é que há três possíveis opções para a presença de um acometimento súbito que comprometa o crescimento fetal nessas condições: continuidade da gestação resultando em um recém‐nascido com restrição do crescimento fetal, interrupção espontânea da gravidez ou indicada pelo médico com nascimento prematuro consequente ou morte fetal.

Esse histórico justificaria a hipótese de que, em regiões de altitude e por meio de um mecanismo evolucionário, podem ocorrer prematuridade e morte fetal devido às reduções evidentes da tensão de O2 acima de 2.000 m.a.s.l., sugere um efeito limite além do qual as pequenas reduções no fornecimento de O2 podem reduzir substancialmente a oxigenação fetal.25 Isso é reafirmado por um relatório do Departamento de Estatísticas e Informações de Saúde do Ministério da Saúde da Argentina (DEIS), informa que a contribuição dos fetos prematuros (< 37+0 semanas) para a mortalidade fetal em Jujuy foi de 72% em 2013.

A altitude geográfica e as complicações de hipertensão na gravidez podem reduzir de maneira independente o peso ao nascer,26 um fenômeno encontrado em recém‐nascidos na Província de Jujuy acima de 2.000 m.a.s.l.12,15 e no estudo atual (tabela 1).

A baixa estatura constitui um indicador global de bem‐estar infantil, reflete as desigualdades sociais e descreve os resultados específicos frequentes do período neonatal (baixo peso ao nascer, pequeno para a idade gestacional, prematuridade, baixo para a idade gestacional e perímetro cefálico pequeno). Por esse motivo, a importância da avaliação desse indicador em recém‐nascidos foi recentemente enfatizada do ponto de vista dos primeiros 1.000 dias de vida. A baixa estatura fetal pode estar relacionada a condições orgânicas (por exemplo, malformações) e é amplamente considerada um processo cumulativo de longo prazo análogo à desnutrição crônica em crianças,27 que precisa de exposição a um ou mais fatores de risco por vários meses ou durante toda a gravidez. Por outro lado, a emaciação neonatal provavelmente reflete as exposições agudas nas semanas anteriores ao parto, com deposição de gordura mais rápida.28 Outro, contudo, sugere que as diferenças na gravidade, em vez do tempo e da duração dos acometimentos súbitos, resultam em fenótipos distintos de comprometimento do crescimento fetal e a emaciação representa os casos mais graves.29 O fato de que a prevalência dos fenótipos difere em termos da apresentação e da prevalência da IG entre as gravidezes prematuras e a termo sugere diferentes fatores de risco (como diabetes, hipertensão ou pré‐eclâmpsia em AA) e, consequentemente, aumento da interrupção das gravidezes por indicação médica para proteger o bem‐estar materno e fetal.

A maior parte dos fatores maternos considerados neste estudo foi fracamente associada ou constitui um fator de proteção com diferenças de fenótipo devido à altitude, principalmente baixa estatura. Portanto, essas diferenças provavelmente podem ser atribuídas ao efeito enfatizado da hipóxia de altitude que interage com outras características desses ecossistemas não considerados nesta análise (nutricionais, socioeconômicas, genéticas, étnicas, sociodemográficas e geográficas).10,11,30 O padrão de crescimento pré‐natal dos recém‐nascidos na Província de Jujuy lembra o padrão encontrado nos ecossistemas de altitude em outros estágios ontogenéticos. De fato, vários estudos com crianças, adolescentes e adultos da Província de Jujuy sobre seu crescimento indicam que as crianças são mais baixas e mais leves do que as que moram próximo ao nível do mar.10,13 Contudo, como o comprometimento do crescimento fetal encontrado na população em AA é uma síndrome complexa, são necessárias caracterização e validação adicionais dos fenótipos em diferentes populações.

Os principais pontos fortes do estudo são a grande amostra representativa de altitude geográfica, a identificação dos fatores de risco de três fenótipos associados à restrição do crescimento fetal, sabidamente associados a baixo peso ao nascer, e a introdução do IG‐21 como uma boa ferramenta epidemiológica a ser usada em estudos futuros.

Limitações

A principal limitação é a amostra final, 61,2% dos recém‐nascidos vivos, provavelmente porque foram incluídos somente nascimentos registrados em instalações públicas. As outras limitações foram informações incompletas e a IG estimada pela data da última menstruação, conforme recomendado pelo DEIS. Por outro lado, os modelos explicaram riscos de baixa altitude de acordo com os diferentes fenótipos, pois os fatores sabidamente associados ao crescimento fetal (tabagismo materno, uso de drogas ilícitas, histórico de baixo peso ao nascer e prematuridade, condição etc.) não foram registrados.

Conclusão

Os riscos de abaixo do peso, baixa estatura e emaciação foram maiores em altitude mais elevada e foram associados a doenças maternas e fetais reconhecidas. O uso desses três fenótipos ajudará a priorizar as intervenções preventivas e focar no manejo da desnutrição fetal.

Conflitos de interesse

Os autores declaram não haver conflitos de interesse.

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Como citar este artigo: Martínez JI, Román EM, Alfaro EL, Grandi C, Dipierri JE. Geographic altitude and prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting in newborns with the INTERGROWTH-21st standard. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2019;95:366–73.

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