The impact of the environment on neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood

array:24 ["pii" => "S0021755721001625" "issn" => "00217557" "doi" => "10.1016/j.jped.2021.11.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-03-01" "aid" => "1044" "copyright" => "Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria" "copyrightAnyo" => "2021" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "rev" "cita" => "J Pediatr (Rio J). 2022;98 Supl 1:S66-S72" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0021755721001637" "issn" => "00217557" "doi" => "10.1016/j.jped.2021.11.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-03-01" "aid" => "1045" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "rev" "cita" => "J Pediatr (Rio J). 2022;98 Supl 1:S73-S85" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Review article" "titulo" => "New insights on the effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on children" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "S73" "paginaFinal" => "S85" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0002" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2564 "Ancho" => 2917 "Tamanyo" => 353365 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "PRISMA flow diagram. (From: Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000097. For more information, visit www.prisma-statement.org)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Barbara Predieri, Crésio A.D. Alves, Lorenzo Iughetti" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Barbara" "apellidos" => "Predieri" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Crésio A.D." "apellidos" => "Alves" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Lorenzo" "apellidos" => "Iughetti" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0021755721001637?idApp=UINPBA000049" "url" => "/00217557/00000098000000S1/v1_202203240549/S0021755721001637/v1_202203240549/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0021755721001649" "issn" => "00217557" "doi" => "10.1016/j.jped.2021.11.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-03-01" "aid" => "1047" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "rev" "cita" => "J Pediatr (Rio J). 2022;98 Supl 1:S55-S65" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Review article" "titulo" => "Social inequalities and their impact on children's health: a current and global perspective" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "S55" "paginaFinal" => "S65" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0001" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3519 "Ancho" => 2917 "Tamanyo" => 714262 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0001" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Model of social determinants of child health (Adapted from Mosley & Chen, 1984 and Solar & Irwin, 2010).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">15</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016">16</a>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Poliana Rebouças, Ila R. Falcão, Mauricio L. Barreto" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Poliana" "apellidos" => "Rebouças" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ila R." "apellidos" => "Falcão" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mauricio L." "apellidos" => "Barreto" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0021755721001649?idApp=UINPBA000049" "url" => "/00217557/00000098000000S1/v1_202203240549/S0021755721001649/v1_202203240549/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Review article" "titulo" => "The impact of the environment on neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "S66" "paginaFinal" => "S72" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Mônica Ayres de Araújo Scattolin, Rosa Miranda Resegue, Maria Conceição do Rosário" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Mônica Ayres de Araújo" "apellidos" => "Scattolin" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "maascattolin@pucsp.br" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0001" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Rosa Miranda" "apellidos" => "Resegue" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Maria Conceição do" "apellidos" => "Rosário" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0003" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Reprodução Humana e Infância, São Paulo, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Disciplina de Pediatria Geral e Comunitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Psiquiatria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0003" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0001" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0001" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1523 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 119395 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0001" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Simplified version of Bronfenbrenner's person‐process‐context‐time model." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO) there is no health without mental health. Mental health is an essential component of general health and wellbeing. On the other hand, psychopathology emerges at different developmental stages and as the outcome of the complex interactions between nature and nurture and may impact each person in different ways throughout childhood and determine adult outcomes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">1</a>A meta-analysis of 41 studies conducted between 1985 and 2012 estimated that the worldwide prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents was 13.4% and that the most frequent disorders were: anxiety disorders (affecting 6.5%); disruptive behavior disorders (5.7%); attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (3.4%); and depressive disorder (2.6%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002">2</a> These numbers are even higher when the authors consider the prevalence of children who do not meet the full diagnostic criteria for a disorder but who present clinical symptoms, with an estimated prevalence of 26% of children.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003">3</a>Psychiatric disorders have also been described as mental, behavior and/or neurodevelopmental disorders (MBDDs) and many studies have reported that they are very frequent. Most of them start early in life. For example, a nationally representative study in the USA reported that 17.4% of children aged 2–8 years had a psychiatric diagnosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004">4</a> The largest metanalysis on the age of onset of psychiatric disorders found that the onset of a first mental disorder occurs before age 14 in one-third of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) emerging in infancy, while ADHD emerges in preschool years. In contrast, anxiety disorders emerge in childhood and peak in early adolescence, with separation anxiety emerging before generalized anxiety.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">5</a>In Brazil, a recent study assessed a representative sample of 4 to 5-year-old children in Embu das Artes, São Paulo, and found that at least 25% of the preschool children presented psychiatric symptoms. Additionally, children with mental, behavioral and/or neurodevelopmental disorders (MBDD) in this sample faced higher parental stress, parental psychopathology (i.e. anxiety and/or depression), and lower social capital, when compared to children without these disorders.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006">6</a>Many studies have also reported that the prevalence rates varied according to the social and environmental conditions in which children lived. For instance, estimates of mental, behavior and/or neurodevelopmental disorders ranged from 13.9% among children in the highest income levels to 22.1% among those in the lowest income levels. Other factors that increased the prevalence rates were: having a parent with a psychiatric disorder; parents with financial and/or employment problems; lack of access to health services; lack of family/and/or neighborhood support; and living in a neighborhood with limited social resources (such as sidewalks, parks, community centers, or libraries.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004">4</a>Decades of epidemiological, clinical, developmental, and basic research studies have demonstrated that the environment has a strong impact on the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development as well as on the mental health of all individuals throughout their lifetime. Advances in understanding the environmental risk and protective factors for mental health have caused a significant paradigm shift transposing the old nature-nurture question to a nonlinear, multisystemic, dialectic model, where nature and nurture mutually contribute to one another.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007">7</a>The main objective of this article was to review and describe the main findings of the literature about the environmental impact on the neurodevelopmental disorders during childhoodThe bioecological modelAccording to the WHO over 200 million children under five years are not fulfilling their developmental potential due to the exposure to multiple risk factors, including poverty, malnutrition and unsafe home environments.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008">8</a>In the bioecological model proposed by Bronfenbrenner, the environment where a child lives are dynamic and composed of systems classified according to the proximity with the child, one influencing and being influenced by the others. In this “ecological environment” children have an active role in their own developmental process and some characteristics will influence their development.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009">9</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Figure 1</a> presents a simplified version of Bronfenbrenner's model that exemplifies the importance of the different contexts in the child's development. For instance, the child lives in a family that functions in a society and it is essential that the families are supported by the community to provide effective nurturing care. Also, individual attributes (i.e., temperament, intelligence, problem-solving skills, emotional regulation, verbal communication, social skills, empathy, self-confidence, positive ethnic identity, religiosity and educational commitment) are interconnected with environmental factors such as social and economic status.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0001"></elsevierMultimedia>Very early life exposure to environmental factorsThe prenatal environment may trigger modifications on the epigenome of the differentiating cell, leading to changes in the structure and function of the organs. For instance, poor fetal growth is an important marker of an adverse intrauterine environment and has been associated with increased risks for developmental delays and/or psychiatric disorders. Maternal factors such as the mother´s age, socio-economic status, maternal physical and mental health, and substance abuse can affect fetal growth.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">10</a>Prematurity is an adverse event that contributes to poor socioemotional development. The premature brain may present with dysmaturational disturbances such as changes in synaptic efficacy, loss of volume, enlarged ventricles, and alterations in myelination.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0011">11</a> The effects of prematurity are seen in all gestational age subgroups but a meta-analysis demonstrated that extremely low birth weight children have a more robust association with inattention, hyperactivity, and internalizing problems in childhood and adolescence and higher rates of social problems, depression, and anxiety in adulthood.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012">12</a> Additionally, premature children have higher rates of emotional and behavioral problems at school entry and even preschoolers with a history of prematurity showed a twice higher chance to be above international cutoffs in a social-emotional screening instrument (the Ages and Stages Questionnaire–Social Emotional) in an epidemiological sample of an urban setting in Brazil.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013">13</a>Intrauterine exposition to substance abuse, smoking, maternal psychological stress, and/or parental psychiatric disorders during pregnancy may have a strong negative impact not only during pregnancy but throughout a lifetime. For instance, intrauterine substance abuse or exposure to tobacco can affect gene expression of selected fetal brain regulatory genes responsible for brain growth, myelination, and neuronal migration, altering brain structure and function. Prenatal smoking has been associated with a greater risk for bipolar disorder, ADHD, depression, and addiction in later life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">14</a>Prenatal maternal anxiety increases fetal exposure to maternal cortisol. This exposure affects offspring neurodevelopment involving the amygdala, pre-frontal cortex, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis which can increase the risk for behavioral and mental health problems later in life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">15</a>The exposure to high rates of air pollution during pregnancy has been associated with changes in both global and locus-specific DNA methylation and with telomere length shortening. Also, low-dose exposure to chemicals during pregnancy and/or early childhood has a greater impact on health than high-dose exposures to the same chemicals during adulthood. Examples of chemicals qualified as toxic include organophosphate pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, phenols (including bisphenol A), phthalates and certain metals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016">16</a>The first face-to-face interactions between the child and his/her main caregiversTo reach their full potential, children need to experience the five inter-related and indivisible components of nurturing care: good health, adequate nutrition, safety and security, responsive caregiving, and opportunities for learning. Nurturing care may reduce the detrimental effects of social disadvantage on brain structure and function which, in turn, improves children's health and development.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017">17</a>Nurturing care and support from adult caregivers are essential for human infants’ survival. Since Bowlby's studies, it has been well established that infants develop bonds or attachments that play a key role in normal development and that a secure attachments with caretakers improves the capacity of emotional connectivity, the ability to build safe and secure relationships, and the development of positive self-esteem later in life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018">18</a> On the contrary, a meta-analysis involving more than 5,000 individuals found a significant association between insecure attachment and externalizing problems (i.e. hyperactivity and/or aggression), with larger effects on boys.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019">19</a>The English and Romanian Adoptees’ studies followed children adopted by families in the United Kingdom after living in Romanian orphanages during the Ceausescu regime. Initial reports documented a pervasive effect of deprivation on cognitive and social development for most children that were recovered up to the age of 6 years. However, children who spent more than six months in Romanian institutions subsequently displayed a severe and highly impairing combination of higher symptom rates of neurodevelopmental disorders, including ADHD, ASD, and a pattern of indiscriminate friendliness towards strangers and lack of selectivity in attachment-related behaviors which persisted until young adulthood.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">20</a>More recently, the research on attachment has linked the consequences of an insecure attachment with other mediating factors, such as self-regulation skills. Self-regulation can be defined as the ability to adjust personal behaviors by controlling thoughts, feelings, impulses, and performance in order to achieve specific goals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0021">21</a> The development of self-regulation abilities is heavily dependent on parent-child interactions and on attachment style. Insecure attachment reduces the child's effort to self-regulate in a coherent and flexible manner. Furthermore, self-regulation difficulties have been associated with teenage pregnancy, drug addiction, educational failure, domestic violence, depression, anxiety, and stress.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0021">21</a>Additionally, the child's wellbeing is closely linked to his/her caregivers’ mental health. Parental mental health acts as a buffer or protective factor from adversities and promotes early childhood development. On the contrary, having a parent with a psychiatric disorder, such as depression, is a strong risk factor for disruptive and/or depressive disorders in their offspring.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0022">22</a> A recent population-based cross-sectional study of 3,566 children aged 0−66 months conducted in Ceará, Brazil, found a 8.4% prevalence of mother's psychiatric disorder and an association of these diagnoses with lower child development scores.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023">23</a>Chang at al. (2007) accompanied for ten years a cohort and observed that the adverse effects of maternal depression on their children were also affected by other variables such as the child's age, sex and race/ethnicity; the maternal educational level and age at childbirth; the number of children; poverty status; urban residence; and father's residential status.The above studies reinforce the need to study individual trajectories over time and the relevance of implementing preventing interventions from improving the quality of the caregiver-child interaction.In this context, the American Academy of Pediatrics highlights the importance of assessing the mental health and adjustment to parenting. For instance, perinatal depression is a depressive disorder with an episode occurring during pregnancy or within the first year after the child´s birth. Overall prevalence is 12% but these rates are higher for women with low income (25% prevalence), and for low-income adolescent mothers (40%-60%). Therefore, recommendations include screening for perinatal depression during the well-infant visits at 1, 2, 4, and 6 months of all new parents, regardless of gender or marital status, and making appropriate referrals for needed care.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0024">24</a>The family environment has a major impact on children's development since parents are the most enduring influence in children's lives and child-rearing methods can significantly affect the incidence of children's externalizing (e.g., hyperactivity, rule-breaking behaviors, and/or aggression) and internalizing (e.g., anxiety, withdrawal, and/or depression) symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">25</a> Child-rearing methods are also called “parenting styles” and can be defined as a constellation of parental attitudes and behaviors towards children or as the context that moderates the influence of specific parenting practices on the child.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026">26</a> Parental styles can be classified as:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="celist0001"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0001">•Authoritarian: characterized by high demandingness and low responsiveness, firmly enforced rules, and strong control over children's autonomy.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0002">•Permissive: has low demands and high responsiveness, lack of monitoring, control, and discipline, yet it is warm and nurturing.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0003">•Neglective: low in both responsiveness and demandingness.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0004">•Overprotective: low demandingness and interference on the gradual development of independence and self-sufficiency.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0005">•Authoritative: parents are demanding and responsive allowing children to develop autonomy by providing not only support and warmth, but also clearly defined rules and consistent discipline.</li></ul>Although the authoritative parental style has been demonstrated to be the optimal parenting style and related to positive child outcomes such as self-reliance and adjustment, parents can shift from one parenting style to another in different situations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026">26</a> For instance, the ways parents interact with their children are strongly influenced by stressors. Parental stress is a multidimensional concept that is cumulative, highly influenced by the environment, and can be classified according to three domains: parental, child, and contextual domains.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0027">27</a> Parents of premature children or with a history of adverse events in the neonatal period or with chronic diseases have a higher incidence of stress.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012">12</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0027">27</a>Low income can also affect children by limiting material resources or by increasing familial interpersonal distress. Parents facing economic problems are at an increased risk for emotional distress (e.g., depression, anxiety, anger) and consequently increased conflict between caretakers, which, in turn, disrupts supportive parenting. These disruptions in the relationships can lead to a higher frequency of parenting behaviors marked by hostility, irritability, rejection, coercion, or inconsistent and explosive discipline behaviors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028">28</a>All the above studies reinforce the need for developing and implementing interventions that empower the parents as promoters of the integral development of their children, that reduce their stress and psychopathological symptom scores. It is important to encourage the participation of pediatricians and other health and education professionals in the screening of these potential risk factors and also on activities to provide support for the parents and to identify children's difficulties and potentialities.Impact of the mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystemChildren are exposed not only to the parental influence but also to the experiences provided by other family members, friends, teachers, peers, community members and social institutions.The exposure to the student-teacher and student-peer relationships has been associated with long-term academic and behavioral functioning. Negative experiences with peers (such as rejection, neglect and lack of friends during elementary school have been associated with higher levels of loneliness, negative self-esteem, depression, anxiety, school avoidance and antisocial behaviors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">29</a>The exposure to some factors defined as Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) has been associated with deleterious effects on child development. This term was initially used in a study that investigated the impact of childhood abuse and neglect and household challenges on later health and wellbeing outcomes. The original study investigated personal (i.e., physical abuse, verbal abuse, sexual abuse, physical and emotional neglect) and familial (i.e., an alcoholic parent, domestic violence, a family member in jail or diagnosed with a mental illness, and the absence of a parent due to divorce, death, or abandonment) traumatic types.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">30</a>Study findings described not only that childhood trauma was very common but showed that as the number of ACEs increases so does the risk for negative health and wellbeing outcomes in adulthood. There was a direct link between childhood trauma and adult onset of depression, suicide, being violent, and/or being a victim of violence.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">30</a> It is important to mention that approximately one-third of all mental disorders worldwide are attributable to exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031">31</a>A more recent approach investigated the impact of early life adversities. They are defined as experiences that require significant adaptation by the developing child in terms of psychological, social and neurodevelopmental systems and which are outside of the expected normal environment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0032">32</a>Early life adversities have been linked to a dysregulation of the neuroendocrine-immune circuitry, which results in alterations of the brain and/or other organ systems during sensitive periods of development.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0033">33</a> Examples of adversities that are associated with low-socioeconomical status comprise of material deprivation (varying from the lack of opportunities to have a cognitively enriched environment in the form of toys and books to the quality and quantity of early educational opportunities); a less complex language environment; psychosocial stress (that can be associated with interpersonal violence, crowding or neighborhood violence) and more frequent exposure to toxic chemicals such as tobacco smoke.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0034">34</a>The adverse effect of poverty is better understood using a multidimensional approach such as the Child Well-Being Index created by UNICEF that uses factors related to child income poverty/monetary deprivation, health and safety, educational, peer and family relationships, housing and environment. Pickett et al. compared rates of childhood wellbeing in wealthy countries and showed that wellbeing was lower where child poverty rates were higher. However, child poverty rates were highly correlated with the degree of income inequality, concluding that a child's well-being is highly dependent on the reductions in inequality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">35</a>In Brazil, a UNICEF publication showed that, despite important changes over the last decades, 27 million children and adolescents still experience multiple deprivations and that 10,2 million children experience extreme deprivations. Of these, 18 and 10,2 million, respectively, are black.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0036">36</a> These data probably are worse after the COVID-19 pandemic since many families had a significant decrease in their family income during the pandemic period.Neuroscience of the environmental impact on child's developmentNeurodevelopment begins at the embryonic stage and continues through adulthood. The brain is the primary organ of stress and adaptation, responsible for interpreting and regulating behavioral, neuroendocrine, autonomic, and immunological responses to the events (adverse or protective), changing structurally and functionally in response to significant adversity or to positive experiences. The interconnection between these experiences and the individual responses to them during the first years of life will be the foundation for all the future developmental processes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0037">37</a>The early childhood brain is extremely plastic, but this enhanced plasticity also provides an enhanced vulnerability to all types of experiences. The nature and timing of these experiences influence the course of the developing brain in many ways, especially if they occur during the “sensitive or critical periods”. Sensitive periods may be defined as restricted windows of development when experiences have strong influences on the neural circuit formation. The critical periods represent a short and sharply defined window of opportunity during which the exposure to environmental input causes irreversible changes in brain function and structure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0037">37</a>During early childhood, there are cascades of these sensitive periods for specific complex developmental domains.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0038">38</a> Identifying these periods is key to understanding how the timing of environmental events may increase the risk for aberrant development.Research with rodents and nonhuman primates has demonstrated that the effects of adverse experiences target brain structures that are intimately involved in physiological stress and behavior, such as the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0039">39</a>To better understand how the type and the timing of environmental experiences influence the brain is essential to understand the two different contexts in which neuroplasticity occurs:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="celist0002"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0006">•Experience-expectant: the brain has developed through evolution to “expect” some early stimulating experiences and uses them to shape neuronal responses. For instance, healthy infants need visual input to develop the visual system, and infants who fail to receive such an input develop permanent blindness (i.e., infants with congenital cataracts)</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0007">•Experience-dependent: this definition of neuroplasticity states that exposure to different experiences can yield different developmental outcomes. For instance, studies have shown that infants whose mothers suffer from post-partum depression have more difficulty in recognizing emotional expressions than infants whose mothers are not depressed, probably because depressed mothers express a smaller number of different facial expressions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">40</a></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="celist0003"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0008">In a series of studies with non-human primates, infants were separated from their mothers at an early age and reared in isolation or with peers. These separated animals exhibited symptoms of depression and motor stereotypies, tended to be anxious, impulsive, and displayed abnormal stress responses when adults. However, animals reared with peers appeared to reverse many of the negative effects of the early maternal separation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0039">39</a></li></ul>Below the authors present a summary of three different ways in which the powerful and complex interplay between genes and the environment may happen.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">15</a>- Gene-environment correlations: in this case, genes that influence a trait also influence the exposure to environmental risk. For instance, a mother with high anxiety levels will also display anxious behaviors at home, which will ultimately influence the child- Genotype–environment interactions: occur when the person's genotype has an effect on the response to environmental factors. Therefore, individuals with a “sensitive” gene polymorphism will be at a higher risk if exposed to a predisposing environment than individuals with an “insensitive” gene polymorphism. For example, individuals with at least one copy of the short allele of the promoter region of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene polymorphism (in contrast with people with too long alleles) were more likely to be diagnosed with depression. Furthermore, when children (with 52 months) had short 5-HTT allele and their mothers had a low responsive care, they were less competent in academic skills, school engagement and social functioning with peers than children whose mothers had a more responsive care.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0041">41</a> Interestingly, good maternal responsiveness had no effect on children with two long alleles.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0041">41</a>- Epigenetic gene-regulatory processes: early life experiences can modify the chromatin function affecting gene expression. One way for this to happen is through DNA methylation that functions as a molecular memory of each individual environment. As an example, maternal smoking during pregnancy influences differences in DNA methylation at birth with effects that can persist during the whole life and can also have potential transgenerational effects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">14</a>A balanced approach to understanding how genes and environmental conditions interact, focus on the study of resilience and risk factors considering that genetic differences, environmental exposure, and developmental timing act synergistically and contingently. In this context, good health is a result of the interactions between key protective and risk influences during critical or sensitive developmental stages.When there is a balance between protective and risk factors there is a healthy neurodevelopmental pathway. On the contrary, when there are delays or deviations on these neurodevelopmental pathways the person has a much higher chance of having a neurodevelopmental disorder, which may start presenting the symptoms in the first childhood years or much later in life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0034">34</a>The co-occurrence of risk and protective factors entangle the identification of the specific elements responsible for the onset and continuity of mental health problems. Distal factors (i.e., non-specific factors that affect the likelihood of subsequent risks) work together with proximal causes through a probabilistic model that is conditioned by issues such as intensity, context, and timing.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">1</a> Therefore, no developmental influence, whether biological or environmental, should be regarded as rigidly deterministic.There is a series of evidence-based interventions focused on nurturing care that was tailored for high-risk children because of low socioeconomic status and limited stimulation at home or children with neurodevelopmental disorders or preterm birth. These interventions are based on the power of parental support programs that promote nurturing care, particularly those employing several behavioral change techniques.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0042">42</a>A metanalysis that assessed the effectiveness of behavioral and cognitive-behavioral group-based parenting programs for improving child conduct problems, parental mental health and parenting skills found significant improvements in parental mental health and positive parenting skills. Parent training also produced a statistically significant reduction in negative or harsh parenting practices.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0043">43</a>Neurodevelopmental disorders with early onsets tend to be more severe, particularly if not identified and treated early. Therefore, screening tools and early interventions may allow more effective healthcare, education and social pathways by taking action before health problems worsen or by preventing their onset and reducing developmental inequities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0044">44</a> Also, it is important that interventions in early childhood also include strategies to reduce social inequality. These programs can lead to higher levels of human capital and social mobility and they have economic advantages since the return for investment in early childhood is much greater than the investment at later ages.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">35</a>ConclusionsA robust body of evidence confirms the significance of the quality of childhood experiences on lifelong health. These experiences occur in multiple systems that are strongly influenced by risk and protective factors, such as cultural, social and economic factors, ethnic identity, parental and social support.All parents are capable of promoting their children's integral development since they have the adequate social conditions to thrive. It is important to recognize that continued support for the promotion of a protective environment that comprises effective parent-child interaction is key to minimizing the effects of neurodevelopmental disorders over early childhood." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1683790" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0001" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0002" "titulo" => "Sources of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0003" "titulo" => "Summary of findings" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0004" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1493454" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0001" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0002" "titulo" => "The bioecological model" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0003" "titulo" => "Very early life exposure to environmental factors" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0004" "titulo" => "The first face-to-face interactions between the child and his/her main caregivers" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Impact of the mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystem" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0006" "titulo" => "Neuroscience of the environmental impact on child's development" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0007" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2021-10-14" "fechaAceptado" => "2021-11-04" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1493454" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Child development" 1 => "Psychiatric disorders" 2 => "Mental health" 3 => "Neurodevelopmental disorders" 4 => "Environment" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectivesTo review the literature about the environmental impact on children's mental, behavior, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Sources of dataA nonsystematic review of papers published on MEDLINE-PubMed was carried out using the terms environment and mental health or psychiatric disorders or neurodevelopmental disorders. Summary of findingsPsychopathology emerges at different developmental times as the outcome of complex interactions between nature and nurture and may impact each person in different ways throughout childhood and determine adult outcomes. Mental health is intertwined with physical health and is strongly influenced by cultural, social and economic factors. The worldwide prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents is 13.4%, and the most frequent are anxiety, disruptive behavior disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and depression. Neurodevelopment begins at the embryonic stage and continues through adulthood with genetic differences, environmental exposure, and developmental timing acting synergistically and contingently. Early life experiences have been linked to a dysregulation of the neuroendocrine-immune circuitry which results in alterations of the brain during sensitive periods. Also, the environment may trigger modifications on the epigenome of the differentiating cell, leading to changes in the structure and function of the organs. Over 200 million children under 5 years are not fulfilling their developmental potential due to the exposure to multiple risk factors, including poverty, malnutrition and unsafe home environments. ConclusionsContinued support for the promotion of a protective environment that comprises effective parent-child interactions is key in minimizing the effects of neurodevelopmental disorders throughout the lifetime." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0001" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0002" "titulo" => "Sources of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0003" "titulo" => "Summary of findings" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0004" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0001" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1523 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 119395 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0001" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Simplified version of Bronfenbrenner's person‐process‐context‐time model." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cebibsec1" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:44 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0001" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: evidence for action" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "C Kieling" 1 => "H Baker-Henningham" 2 => "M Belfer" 3 => "G Conti" 4 => "I Ertem" 5 => "O Omigbodun" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60827-1" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "378" "paginaInicial" => "1515" "paginaFinal" => "1525" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22008427" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0002" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Annual research review: a meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "GV Polanczyk" 1 => "GA Salum" 2 => "LS Sugaya" 3 => "A Caye" 4 => "LA. Rohde" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Child Psychol Psychiatry" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "56" "paginaInicial" => "345" "paginaFinal" => "365" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0003" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Committee on psychosocial aspects of child and family health, mental health leadership work group. Mental health competencies for pediatric practice" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "JM Foy" 1 => "CM Green" 2 => "MF Earls" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "144" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0004" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Health care, family, and community factors associated with mental, behavioral, and developmental disorders and poverty among children aged 2-8 years - United States, 2016" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "RA Cree" 1 => "RH Bitsko" 2 => "LR Robinson" 3 => "JR Holbrook" 4 => "ML Danielson" 5 => "C Smith" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.15585/mmwr.mm6750a1" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "67" "paginaInicial" => "1377" "paginaFinal" => "1383" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30571671" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M Solmi" 1 => "J Radua" 2 => "M Olivola" 3 => "E Croce" 4 => "L Soardo" 5 => "G Salazar de Pablo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/s41380-021-01161-7" "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mol Psychiatry" "fecha" => "2021" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0006" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "An epidemiological study of childhood development in an urban setting in Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "SC Caetano" 1 => "MV Ribeiro" 2 => "MS Askari" 3 => "ZM Sanchez" 4 => "MC do Rosário" 5 => "J Perissinoto" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0934" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Braz J Psychiatry" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "43" "paginaInicial" => "43" "paginaFinal" => "54" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32813777" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0007" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A unified theory of development: a dialectic integration of nature and nurture" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A. Sameroff" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01378.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Child Dev" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "81" "paginaInicial" => "6" "paginaFinal" => "22" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20331651" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0008" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "International child development steering group. developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S Grantham-McGregor" 1 => "YB Cheung" 2 => "S Cueto" 3 => "P Glewwe" 4 => "L Richter" 5 => "B Strupp" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "369" "paginaInicial" => "60" "paginaFinal" => "70" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17208643" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0009" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The bioecological model of human development" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "U Bronfenbrenner" 1 => "PA. Morris" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:6 [ "editores" => "WDamon, RMLerner" "titulo" => "Handbook of Child Psychology: Theoretical Models of Human Development. Vol. 1" "paginaInicial" => "793" "paginaFinal" => "828" "edicion" => "6th ed." "serieFecha" => "2006" ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Early environmental influences on the development of children's brain structure and function" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "PM Miguel" 1 => "LO Pereira" 2 => "PP Silveira" 3 => "MJ. Meaney" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/dmcn.14182" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Dev Med Child Neurol" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "61" "paginaInicial" => "1127" "paginaFinal" => "1133" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30740660" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0011" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Dysmaturation of premature brain: importance, cellular mechanisms, and potential interventions" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "JJ. Volpe" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.02.016" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Neurol" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "95" "paginaInicial" => "42" "paginaFinal" => "66" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30975474" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0012" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Very preterm birth influences parental mental health and family outcomes seven years after birth" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "K Treyvaud" 1 => "KJ Lee" 2 => "LW Doyle" 3 => "PJ. Anderson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.11.001" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Pediatr" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "164" "paginaInicial" => "515" "paginaFinal" => "521" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24359937" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0013" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Comparação do Desenvolvimento Socioemocional de Pré-Escolares Nascidos Pré-Termo e/ou Baixo Peso Com Crianças Nascidas a Termo [Dissertation]" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "MA. Scattolin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2018" "editorial" => "Universidade Federal de São Paulo" "editorialLocalizacion" => "São Paulo" ] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ "link" => "https://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/52640" ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0014" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Epigenetic alterations of maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy: a narrative review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A Nakamura" 1 => "O François" 2 => "J. Lepeule" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3390/ijerph18105083" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Environ Res Public Health" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "18" "paginaInicial" => "5083" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34064931" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Genes, environments, and time: the biology of adversity and resilience" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "WT Boyce" 1 => "P Levitt" 2 => "FD Martinez" 3 => "BS McEwen" 4 => "JP Shonkoff" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1542/peds.2020-027268" "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics." "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "147" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33033178" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0016" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Exposure to ambient air pollution in the first 1000 days of life and alterations in the DNA methylome and telomere length in children: a systematic review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "E Isaevska" 1 => "C Moccia" 2 => "F Asta" 3 => "F Cibella" 4 => "L Gagliardi" 5 => "L Ronfani" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Environ Res" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "193" ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0017" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nurturing care: promoting early childhood development" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "PR Britto" 1 => "SJ Lye" 2 => "K Proulx" 3 => "AK Yousafzai" 4 => "SG Matthews" 5 => "T Vaivada" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "389" "paginaInicial" => "91" "paginaFinal" => "102" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0018" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Early parenting intervention effects on brain responses to maternal cues among high-risk children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "EA Valadez" 1 => "N Tottenham" 2 => "AR Tabachnick" 3 => "M. Dozier" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Psychiatry" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "177" "paginaInicial" => "818" "paginaFinal" => "826" ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0019" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: a meta-analytic study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "RP Fearon" 1 => "MJ Bakermans-Kranenburg" 2 => "MH van Ijzendoorn" 3 => "AM Lapsley" 4 => "GI. Roisman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Child Dev" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "81" "paginaInicial" => "435" "paginaFinal" => "456" ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Psychiatric outcomes following severe deprivation in early childhood: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial at age 16" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "KL Humphreys" 1 => "KL Guyon-Harris" 2 => "F Tibu" 3 => "M Wade" 4 => "CA Nelson" 5 => "NA Fox" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1037/ccp0000613" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Consult Clin Psychol" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "88" "paginaInicial" => "1079" "paginaFinal" => "1090" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33370132" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0021" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Close relationship processes and health: implications of attachment theory for health and disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "PR Pietromonaco" 1 => "B Uchino" 2 => "CD. Schetter" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Heal Psychol" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "32" "paginaInicial" => "499" "paginaFinal" => "513" ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0022" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Addressing adverse childhood experiences through the affordable care act: promising advances and missed opportunities" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A Srivastav" 1 => "G Fairbrother" 2 => "LA. Simpson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.acap.2017.04.007" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Acad Pediatr" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "17" "paginaInicial" => "S136" "paginaFinal" => "S143" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28865646" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0023" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Adverse childhood experiences and child development outcomes in Ceará, Brazil: a population-based study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "HA Rocha" 1 => "CR Sudfeld" 2 => "ÁJ Leite" 3 => "SG Rocha" 4 => "MM Machado" 5 => "JS Campos" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.amepre.2020.08.012" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Prev Med" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "60" "paginaInicial" => "579" "paginaFinal" => "586" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33160797" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0024" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A call to action: screening fathers for perinatal depression" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "TB Walsh" 1 => "RN Davis" 2 => "C. Garfield" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "145" ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Role of parenting style in children's behavioral problems through the transition from preschool to elementary school according to gender in Japan" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R Hosokawa" 1 => "T. Katsura" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Environ Res Public Health" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "16" "paginaInicial" => "21" ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0026" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Types of Parenting Styles and Effects On Children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "T Sanvictores" 1 => "MD. Mendez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2021" "editorial" => "StatPearls Publishing" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Treasure Island (FL)" ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0027" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Attachment style in children with chronic diseases: a comprehensive review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "VM Coutinho" 1 => "BAM de Queiroga" 2 => "RC de Souza" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Paul Pediatr" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "38" ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0028" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effects of economic hardship: testing the family stress model over time" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "TK Neppl" 1 => "JM Senia" 2 => "MB. Donnellan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1037/fam0000168" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Fam Psychol" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "30" "paginaInicial" => "12" "paginaFinal" => "21" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26551658" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0029" "etiqueta" => "29" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The combined effects of teacher-child and peer relationships on children's social-emotional adjustment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "C Wang" 1 => "M Hatzigianni" 2 => "A Shahaeian" 3 => "E Murray" 4 => "LJ Harrison" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jsp.2016.09.003" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Sch Psychol" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "59" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "11" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27923438" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "30" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "VJ Felitti" 1 => "RF Anda" 2 => "D Nordenberg" 3 => "DF Williamson" 4 => "AM Spitz" 5 => "V Edwards" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Prev Med" "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "245" "paginaFinal" => "258" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9635069" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0031" "etiqueta" => "31" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Childhood adversity and neural development: a systematic review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "KA McLaughlin" 1 => "D Weissman" 2 => "D. Bitrán" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Annu Rev Dev Psychol" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "277" "paginaFinal" => "312" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32455344" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0032" "etiqueta" => "32" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Practitioner review: twenty years of research with adverse childhood experience scores - advantages, disadvantages and applications to practice" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "RE Lacey" 1 => "H. Minnis" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/jcpp.13135" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Child Psychol Psychiatry" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "61" "paginaInicial" => "116" "paginaFinal" => "130" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31609471" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0033" "etiqueta" => "33" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Systematic review of pediatric health outcomes associated with childhood adversity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "DL Oh" 1 => "P Jerman" 2 => "S Silvério Marques" 3 => "K Koita" 4 => "SK Purewal Boparai" 5 => "N Burke Harris" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/s12887-018-1037-7" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "BMC Pediatr" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "18" "paginaInicial" => "83" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29475430" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0034" "etiqueta" => "34" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Family environment, neurodevelopmental risk, and the environmental influences on child health outcomes (ECHO) initiative: looking back and moving forward" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "NR Bush" 1 => "LS Wakschlag" 2 => "KZ LeWinn" 3 => "I Hertz-Picciotto" 4 => "SS Nozadi" 5 => "S Pieper" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00547" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Front Psychiatry" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "547" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32636769" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 34 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "35" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The ethical and policy implications of research on income inequality and child well-being" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "KE Pickett" 1 => "RG. Wilkinson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1542/peds.2014-3549E" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "135" "paginaInicial" => "S39" "paginaFinal" => "S47" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25733724" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 35 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0036" "etiqueta" => "36" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Well-Being and Multiple Deprivations in Childhood and Adolescence in Brazil [Internet]. Brasília" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2018" ] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ "link" => "https://www.unicef.org/brazil/media/4541/file/Well-being-and-multiple-deprivations-in-childhood-and-adolescence-in-brazil.pdf.pdf" ] ] ] ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0037" "etiqueta" => "37" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The Foundations of Lifelong Health Are Built in Early Childhood [Internet]" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "Center on the Developing Child" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2010" "editorial" => "Harvard University" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Cambridge, MA" ] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ "link" => "http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu" ] ] ] ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0038" "etiqueta" => "38" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A neurodevelopmental perspective on the research domain criteria (RDoC) framework" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "BJ Casey" 1 => "ME Oliveri" 2 => "T. Insel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.006" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biol Psychiatry" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "76" "paginaInicial" => "350" "paginaFinal" => "353" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25103538" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0039" "etiqueta" => "39" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "How early experience shapes human development: the case of psychosocial deprivation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "CA Nelson 3rd" 1 => "CH Zeanah" 2 => "NA Fox" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neural Plast" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "2019" ] ] ] ] ] ] 39 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "40" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Plasticity may change inputs as well as processes, structures, and responses" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "LM. Oakes" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.cogdev.2017.02.012" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cogn Dev" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "42" "paginaInicial" => "4" "paginaFinal" => "14" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28993717" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 40 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0041" "etiqueta" => "41" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Children's genotypes interact with maternal responsive care in predicting children's competence: diathesis-stress or differential susceptibility?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "G Kochanska" 1 => "S Kim" 2 => "RA Barry" 3 => "RA. Philibert" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1017/S0954579411000071" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Dev Psychopathol" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "23" "paginaInicial" => "605" "paginaFinal" => "616" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23786699" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 41 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0042" "etiqueta" => "42" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Promoting developmental potential in early childhood: a global framework for health and education" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "V Schiariti" 1 => "RJ Simeonsson" 2 => "K. Hall" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3390/ijerph18042007" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Environ Res Public Health" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "18" "paginaInicial" => "2007" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33669588" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 42 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0043" "etiqueta" => "43" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cochrane review: behavioural and cognitive-behavioural group-based parenting programmes for early-onset conduct problems in children aged 3 to 12 years (Review)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M Furlong" 1 => "S McGilloway" 2 => "T Bywater" 3 => "J Hutchings" 4 => "SM Smith" 5 => "M. Donnelly" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/ebch.1905" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Evid Based Child Health" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "318" "paginaFinal" => "692" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23877886" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 43 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0044" "etiqueta" => "44" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "T Paus" 1 => "M Keshavan" 2 => "JN. Giedd" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/nrn2513" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nat Rev Neurosci" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "947" "paginaFinal" => "957" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19002191" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/00217557/00000098000000S1/v1_202203240549/S0021755721001625/v1_202203240549/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "10176" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Review articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/00217557/00000098000000S1/v1_202203240549/S0021755721001625/v1_202203240549/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000049&text.app=https://jped.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0021755721001625?idApp=UINPBA000049"]

Statistics

Review article

Mônica Ayres de Araújo Scattolina,

Corresponding author

maascattolin@pucsp.br

Corresponding author.

, Rosa Miranda Resegueb, Maria Conceição do Rosárioc

a Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Reprodução Humana e Infância, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

b Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Disciplina de Pediatria Geral e Comunitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

c Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Psiquiatria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Read

3420

Times
was read the article

1323

Total PDF

2097

Total HTML

Share statistics

 array:24 [
  "pii" => "S0021755721001625"
  "issn" => "00217557"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.jped.2021.11.002"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-03-01"
  "aid" => "1044"
  "copyright" => "Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2021"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 1
  "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
  "subdocumento" => "rev"
  "cita" => "J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;. 2022;98 Supl 1:S66-S72"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:1 [
    "total" => 0
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S0021755721001637"
    "issn" => "00217557"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.jped.2021.11.003"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-03-01"
    "aid" => "1045"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "rev"
    "cita" => "J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;. 2022;98 Supl 1:S73-S85"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:12 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review article</span>"
      "titulo" => "New insights on the effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on children"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "S73"
          "paginaFinal" => "S85"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:8 [
          "identificador" => "fig0002"
          "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 2564
              "Ancho" => 2917
              "Tamanyo" => 353365
            ]
          ]
          "detalles" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "alt0005"
              "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
              "rol" => "short"
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spara002" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PRISMA flow diagram&#46; &#40;From&#58; Moher D&#44; Liberati A&#44; Tetzlaff J&#44; Altman DG&#59; The PRISMA Group&#46; Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses&#58; the PRISMA statement&#46; PLoS Med&#46; 2009&#59;6&#58;e1000097&#46; For more information&#44; visit <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="interref0001" href="http://www.prisma-statement.org">www&#46;prisma-statement&#46;org</span>&#41;&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Barbara Predieri, Cr&#233;sio A&#46;D&#46; Alves, Lorenzo Iughetti"
          "autores" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Barbara"
              "apellidos" => "Predieri"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Cr&#233;sio A&#46;D&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Alves"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Lorenzo"
              "apellidos" => "Iughetti"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0021755721001637?idApp=UINPBA000049"
    "url" => "/00217557/00000098000000S1/v1_202203240549/S0021755721001637/v1_202203240549/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S0021755721001649"
    "issn" => "00217557"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.jped.2021.11.004"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-03-01"
    "aid" => "1047"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "rev"
    "cita" => "J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;. 2022;98 Supl 1:S55-S65"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:12 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review article</span>"
      "titulo" => "Social inequalities and their impact on children&#39;s health&#58; a current and global perspective"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "S55"
          "paginaFinal" => "S65"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:8 [
          "identificador" => "fig0001"
          "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 3519
              "Ancho" => 2917
              "Tamanyo" => 714262
            ]
          ]
          "detalles" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "alt0001"
              "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
              "rol" => "short"
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Model of social determinants of child health &#40;Adapted from Mosley &#38; Chen&#44; 1984 and Solar &#38; Irwin&#44; 2010&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Poliana Rebou&#231;as, Ila R&#46; Falc&#227;o, Mauricio L&#46; Barreto"
          "autores" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Poliana"
              "apellidos" => "Rebou&#231;as"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Ila R&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Falc&#227;o"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mauricio L&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Barreto"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0021755721001649?idApp=UINPBA000049"
    "url" => "/00217557/00000098000000S1/v1_202203240549/S0021755721001649/v1_202203240549/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:18 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Review article</span></span>"
    "titulo" => "The impact of the environment on neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "S66"
        "paginaFinal" => "S72"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "M&#244;nica Ayres de Ara&#250;jo Scattolin, Rosa Miranda Resegue, Maria Concei&#231;&#227;o do Ros&#225;rio"
        "autores" => array:3 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "M&#244;nica Ayres de Ara&#250;jo"
            "apellidos" => "Scattolin"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "maascattolin@pucsp.br"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0001"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0001"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Rosa Miranda"
            "apellidos" => "Resegue"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0002"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Maria Concei&#231;&#227;o do"
            "apellidos" => "Ros&#225;rio"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0003"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:3 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de S&#227;o Paulo &#40;PUC-SP&#41;&#44; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de&#44; Departamento de Reprodu&#231;&#227;o Humana e Inf&#226;ncia&#44; S&#227;o Paulo&#44; SP&#44; Brazil"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0001"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#40;UNIFESP&#41;&#44; Disciplina de Pediatria Geral e Comunit&#225;ria&#44; S&#227;o Paulo&#44; SP&#44; Brazil"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0002"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#40;UNIFESP&#41;&#44; Escola Paulista de Medicina&#44; Departamento de Psiquiatria&#44; S&#227;o Paulo&#44; SP&#44; Brazil"
            "etiqueta" => "c"
            "identificador" => "aff0003"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0001"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0001"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1523
            "Ancho" => 1500
            "Tamanyo" => 119395
          ]
        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0001"
            "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Simplified version of Bronfenbrenner&#39;s person&#8208;process&#8208;context&#8208;time model&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0007">Introduction</span><p id="para0008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41; there is no health without mental health&#46; Mental health is an essential component of general health and wellbeing&#46; On the other hand&#44; psychopathology emerges at different developmental stages and as the outcome of the complex interactions between nature and nurture and may impact each person in different ways throughout childhood and determine adult outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="para0009" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A meta-analysis of 41 studies conducted between 1985 and 2012 estimated that the worldwide prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents was 13&#46;4&#37; and that the most frequent disorders were&#58; anxiety disorders &#40;affecting 6&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#59; disruptive behavior disorders &#40;5&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#59; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder &#40;ADHD&#41; &#40;3&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#59; and depressive disorder &#40;2&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> These numbers are even higher when the authors consider the prevalence of children who do not meet the full diagnostic criteria for a disorder but who present clinical symptoms&#44; with an estimated prevalence of 26&#37; of children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Psychiatric disorders have also been described as mental&#44; behavior and&#47;or neurodevelopmental disorders &#40;MBDDs&#41; and many studies have reported that they are very frequent&#46; Most of them start early in life&#46; For example&#44; a nationally representative study in the USA reported that 17&#46;4&#37; of children aged 2&#8211;8 years had a psychiatric diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The largest metanalysis on the age of onset of psychiatric disorders found that the onset of a first mental disorder occurs before age 14 in one-third of individuals with autism spectrum disorder &#40;ASD&#41; emerging in infancy&#44; while ADHD emerges in preschool years&#46; In contrast&#44; anxiety disorders emerge in childhood and peak in early adolescence&#44; with separation anxiety emerging before generalized anxiety&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Brazil&#44; a recent study assessed a representative sample of 4 to 5-year-old children in Embu das Artes&#44; S&#227;o Paulo&#44; and found that at least 25&#37; of the preschool children presented psychiatric symptoms&#46; Additionally&#44; children with mental&#44; behavioral and&#47;or neurodevelopmental disorders &#40;MBDD&#41; in this sample faced higher parental stress&#44; parental psychopathology &#40;i&#46;e&#46; anxiety and&#47;or depression&#41;&#44; and lower social capital&#44; when compared to children without these disorders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="para0012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Many studies have also reported that the prevalence rates varied according to the social and environmental conditions in which children lived&#46; For instance&#44; estimates of mental&#44; behavior and&#47;or neurodevelopmental disorders ranged from 13&#46;9&#37; among children in the highest income levels to 22&#46;1&#37; among those in the lowest income levels&#46; Other factors that increased the prevalence rates were&#58; having a parent with a psychiatric disorder&#59; parents with financial and&#47;or employment problems&#59; lack of access to health services&#59; lack of family&#47;and&#47;or neighborhood support&#59; and living in a neighborhood with limited social resources &#40;such as sidewalks&#44; parks&#44; community centers&#44; or libraries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="para0013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Decades of epidemiological&#44; clinical&#44; developmental&#44; and basic research studies have demonstrated that the environment has a strong impact on the physical&#44; cognitive&#44; social&#44; and emotional development as well as on the mental health of all individuals throughout their lifetime&#46; Advances in understanding the environmental risk and protective factors for mental health have caused a significant paradigm shift transposing the old nature-nurture question to a nonlinear&#44; multisystemic&#44; dialectic model&#44; where nature and nurture mutually contribute to one another&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="para0014" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main objective of this article was to review and describe the main findings of the literature about the environmental impact on the neurodevelopmental disorders during childhood</p></span><span id="sec0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0008">The bioecological model</span><p id="para0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the WHO over 200 million children under five years are not fulfilling their developmental potential due to the exposure to multiple risk factors&#44; including poverty&#44; malnutrition and unsafe home environments&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="para0016" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the bioecological model proposed by Bronfenbrenner&#44; the environment where a child lives are dynamic and composed of systems classified according to the proximity with the child&#44; one influencing and being influenced by the others&#46; In this &#8220;ecological environment&#8221; children have an active role in their own developmental process and some characteristics will influence their development&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Figure 1</a> presents a simplified version of Bronfenbrenner&#39;s model that exemplifies the importance of the different contexts in the child&#39;s development&#46; For instance&#44; the child lives in a family that functions in a society and it is essential that the families are supported by the community to provide effective nurturing care&#46; Also&#44; individual attributes &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; temperament&#44; intelligence&#44; problem-solving skills&#44; emotional regulation&#44; verbal communication&#44; social skills&#44; empathy&#44; self-confidence&#44; positive ethnic identity&#44; religiosity and educational commitment&#41; are interconnected with environmental factors such as social and economic status&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0001"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0009">Very early life exposure to environmental factors</span><p id="para0017" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prenatal environment may trigger modifications on the epigenome of the differentiating cell&#44; leading to changes in the structure and function of the organs&#46; For instance&#44; poor fetal growth is an important marker of an adverse intrauterine environment and has been associated with increased risks for developmental delays and&#47;or psychiatric disorders&#46; Maternal factors such as the mother&#180;s age&#44; socio-economic status&#44; maternal physical and mental health&#44; and substance abuse can affect fetal growth&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="para0018" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prematurity is an adverse event that contributes to poor socioemotional development&#46; The premature brain may present with dysmaturational disturbances such as changes in synaptic efficacy&#44; loss of volume&#44; enlarged ventricles&#44; and alterations in myelination&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0011"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> The effects of prematurity are seen in all gestational age subgroups but a meta-analysis demonstrated that extremely low birth weight children have a more robust association with inattention&#44; hyperactivity&#44; and internalizing problems in childhood and adolescence and higher rates of social problems&#44; depression&#44; and anxiety in adulthood&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Additionally&#44; premature children have higher rates of emotional and behavioral problems at school entry and even preschoolers with a history of prematurity showed a twice higher chance to be above international cutoffs in a social-emotional screening instrument &#40;the Ages and Stages Questionnaire&#8211;Social Emotional&#41; in an epidemiological sample of an urban setting in Brazil&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="para0019" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intrauterine exposition to substance abuse&#44; smoking&#44; maternal psychological stress&#44; and&#47;or parental psychiatric disorders during pregnancy may have a strong negative impact not only during pregnancy but throughout a lifetime&#46; For instance&#44; intrauterine substance abuse or exposure to tobacco can affect gene expression of selected fetal brain regulatory genes responsible for brain growth&#44; myelination&#44; and neuronal migration&#44; altering brain structure and function&#46; Prenatal smoking has been associated with a greater risk for bipolar disorder&#44; ADHD&#44; depression&#44; and addiction in later life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="para0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prenatal maternal anxiety increases fetal exposure to maternal cortisol&#46; This exposure affects offspring neurodevelopment involving the amygdala&#44; pre-frontal cortex&#44; and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis which can increase the risk for behavioral and mental health problems later in life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="para0021" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exposure to high rates of air pollution during pregnancy has been associated with changes in both global and locus-specific DNA methylation and with telomere length shortening&#46; Also&#44; low-dose exposure to chemicals during pregnancy and&#47;or early childhood has a greater impact on health than high-dose exposures to the same chemicals during adulthood&#46; Examples of chemicals qualified as toxic include organophosphate pesticides&#44; polychlorinated biphenyls&#44; phenols &#40;including bisphenol A&#41;&#44; phthalates and certain metals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0010">The first face-to-face interactions between the child and his&#47;her main caregivers</span><p id="para0022" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To reach their full potential&#44; children need to experience the five inter-related and indivisible components of nurturing care&#58; good health&#44; adequate nutrition&#44; safety and security&#44; responsive caregiving&#44; and opportunities for learning&#46; Nurturing care may reduce the detrimental effects of social disadvantage on brain structure and function which&#44; in turn&#44; improves children&#39;s health and development&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="para0023" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nurturing care and support from adult caregivers are essential for human infants&#8217; survival&#46; Since Bowlby&#39;s studies&#44; it has been well established that infants develop bonds or attachments that play a key role in normal development and that a secure attachments with caretakers improves the capacity of emotional connectivity&#44; the ability to build safe and secure relationships&#44; and the development of positive self-esteem later in life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> On the contrary&#44; a meta-analysis involving more than 5&#44;000 individuals found a significant association between insecure attachment and externalizing problems &#40;i&#46;e&#46; hyperactivity and&#47;or aggression&#41;&#44; with larger effects on boys&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="para0024" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The English and Romanian Adoptees&#8217; studies followed children adopted by families in the United Kingdom after living in Romanian orphanages during the Ceausescu regime&#46; Initial reports documented a pervasive effect of deprivation on cognitive and social development for most children that were recovered up to the age of 6 years&#46; However&#44; children who spent more than six months in Romanian institutions subsequently displayed a severe and highly impairing combination of higher symptom rates of neurodevelopmental disorders&#44; including ADHD&#44; ASD&#44; and a pattern of indiscriminate friendliness towards strangers and lack of selectivity in attachment-related behaviors which persisted until young adulthood&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="para0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">More recently&#44; the research on attachment has linked the consequences of an insecure attachment with other mediating factors&#44; such as self-regulation skills&#46; Self-regulation can be defined as the ability to adjust personal behaviors by controlling thoughts&#44; feelings&#44; impulses&#44; and performance in order to achieve specific goals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0021"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> The development of self-regulation abilities is heavily dependent on parent-child interactions and on attachment style&#46; Insecure attachment reduces the child&#39;s effort to self-regulate in a coherent and flexible manner&#46; Furthermore&#44; self-regulation difficulties have been associated with teenage pregnancy&#44; drug addiction&#44; educational failure&#44; domestic violence&#44; depression&#44; anxiety&#44; and stress&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0021"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="para0026" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Additionally&#44; the child&#39;s wellbeing is closely linked to his&#47;her caregivers&#8217; mental health&#46; Parental mental health acts as a buffer or protective factor from adversities and promotes early childhood development&#46; On the contrary&#44; having a parent with a psychiatric disorder&#44; such as depression&#44; is a strong risk factor for disruptive and&#47;or depressive disorders in their offspring&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0022"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> A recent population-based cross-sectional study of 3&#44;566 children aged 0&#8722;66 months conducted in Cear&#225;&#44; Brazil&#44; found a 8&#46;4&#37; prevalence of mother&#39;s psychiatric disorder and an association of these diagnoses with lower child development scores&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="para0027" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chang at al&#46; &#40;2007&#41; accompanied for ten years a cohort and observed that the adverse effects of maternal depression on their children were also affected by other variables such as the child&#39;s age&#44; sex and race&#47;ethnicity&#59; the maternal educational level and age at childbirth&#59; the number of children&#59; poverty status&#59; urban residence&#59; and father&#39;s residential status&#46;</p><p id="para0028" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The above studies reinforce the need to study individual trajectories over time and the relevance of implementing preventing interventions from improving the quality of the caregiver-child interaction&#46;</p><p id="para0029" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this context&#44; the American Academy of Pediatrics highlights the importance of assessing the mental health and adjustment to parenting&#46; For instance&#44; perinatal depression is a depressive disorder with an episode occurring during pregnancy or within the first year after the child&#180;s birth&#46; Overall prevalence is 12&#37; but these rates are higher for women with low income &#40;25&#37; prevalence&#41;&#44; and for low-income adolescent mothers &#40;40&#37;-60&#37;&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; recommendations include screening for perinatal depression during the well-infant visits at 1&#44; 2&#44; 4&#44; and 6 months of all new parents&#44; regardless of gender or marital status&#44; and making appropriate referrals for needed care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0024"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="para0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The family environment has a major impact on children&#39;s development since parents are the most enduring influence in children&#39;s lives and child-rearing methods can significantly affect the incidence of children&#39;s externalizing &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; hyperactivity&#44; rule-breaking behaviors&#44; and&#47;or aggression&#41; and internalizing &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; anxiety&#44; withdrawal&#44; and&#47;or depression&#41; symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Child-rearing methods are also called &#8220;parenting styles&#8221; and can be defined as a constellation of parental attitudes and behaviors towards children or as the context that moderates the influence of specific parenting practices on the child&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Parental styles can be classified as&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="celist0001"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0001"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0031" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authoritarian&#58; characterized by high demandingness and low responsiveness&#44; firmly enforced rules&#44; and strong control over children&#39;s autonomy&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0002"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0032" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Permissive&#58; has low demands and high responsiveness&#44; lack of monitoring&#44; control&#44; and discipline&#44; yet it is warm and nurturing&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0003"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0033" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neglective&#58; low in both responsiveness and demandingness&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0004"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0034" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overprotective&#58; low demandingness and interference on the gradual development of independence and self-sufficiency&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authoritative&#58; parents are demanding and responsive allowing children to develop autonomy by providing not only support and warmth&#44; but also clearly defined rules and consistent discipline&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="para0036" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the authoritative parental style has been demonstrated to be the optimal parenting style and related to positive child outcomes such as self-reliance and adjustment&#44; parents can shift from one parenting style to another in different situations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> For instance&#44; the ways parents interact with their children are strongly influenced by stressors&#46; Parental stress is a multidimensional concept that is cumulative&#44; highly influenced by the environment&#44; and can be classified according to three domains&#58; parental&#44; child&#44; and contextual domains&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0027"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Parents of premature children or with a history of adverse events in the neonatal period or with chronic diseases have a higher incidence of stress&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0027"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="para0037" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Low income can also affect children by limiting material resources or by increasing familial interpersonal distress&#46; Parents facing economic problems are at an increased risk for emotional distress &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; depression&#44; anxiety&#44; anger&#41; and consequently increased conflict between caretakers&#44; which&#44; in turn&#44; disrupts supportive parenting&#46; These disruptions in the relationships can lead to a higher frequency of parenting behaviors marked by hostility&#44; irritability&#44; rejection&#44; coercion&#44; or inconsistent and explosive discipline behaviors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="para0038" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the above studies reinforce the need for developing and implementing interventions that empower the parents as promoters of the integral development of their children&#44; that reduce their stress and psychopathological symptom scores&#46; It is important to encourage the participation of pediatricians and other health and education professionals in the screening of these potential risk factors and also on activities to provide support for the parents and to identify children&#39;s difficulties and potentialities&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0011">Impact of the mesosystem&#44; exosystem and macrosystem</span><p id="para0039" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Children are exposed not only to the parental influence but also to the experiences provided by other family members&#44; friends&#44; teachers&#44; peers&#44; community members and social institutions&#46;</p><p id="para0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exposure to the student-teacher and student-peer relationships has been associated with long-term academic and behavioral functioning&#46; Negative experiences with peers &#40;such as rejection&#44; neglect and lack of friends during elementary school have been associated with higher levels of loneliness&#44; negative self-esteem&#44; depression&#44; anxiety&#44; school avoidance and antisocial behaviors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="para0041" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exposure to some factors defined as Adverse Childhood Experiences &#40;ACEs&#41; has been associated with deleterious effects on child development&#46; This term was initially used in a study that investigated the impact of childhood abuse and neglect and household challenges on later health and wellbeing outcomes&#46; The original study investigated personal &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; physical abuse&#44; verbal abuse&#44; sexual abuse&#44; physical and emotional neglect&#41; and familial &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; an alcoholic parent&#44; domestic violence&#44; a family member in jail or diagnosed with a mental illness&#44; and the absence of a parent due to divorce&#44; death&#44; or abandonment&#41; traumatic types&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="para0042" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study findings described not only that childhood trauma was very common but showed that as the number of ACEs increases so does the risk for negative health and wellbeing outcomes in adulthood&#46; There was a direct link between childhood trauma and adult onset of depression&#44; suicide&#44; being violent&#44; and&#47;or being a victim of violence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> It is important to mention that approximately one-third of all mental disorders worldwide are attributable to exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="para0043" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A more recent approach investigated the impact of early life adversities&#46; They are defined as experiences that require significant adaptation by the developing child in terms of psychological&#44; social and neurodevelopmental systems and which are outside of the expected normal environment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0032"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p><p id="para0044" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early life adversities have been linked to a dysregulation of the neuroendocrine-immune circuitry&#44; which results in alterations of the brain and&#47;or other organ systems during sensitive periods of development&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0033"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Examples of adversities that are associated with low-socioeconomical status comprise of material deprivation &#40;varying from the lack of opportunities to have a cognitively enriched environment in the form of toys and books to the quality and quantity of early educational opportunities&#41;&#59; a less complex language environment&#59; psychosocial stress &#40;that can be associated with interpersonal violence&#44; crowding or neighborhood violence&#41; and more frequent exposure to toxic chemicals such as tobacco smoke&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0034"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a></p><p id="para0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The adverse effect of poverty is better understood using a multidimensional approach such as the Child Well-Being Index created by UNICEF that uses factors related to child income poverty&#47;monetary deprivation&#44; health and safety&#44; educational&#44; peer and family relationships&#44; housing and environment&#46; Pickett et&#160;al&#46; compared rates of childhood wellbeing in wealthy countries and showed that wellbeing was lower where child poverty rates were higher&#46; However&#44; child poverty rates were highly correlated with the degree of income inequality&#44; concluding that a child&#39;s well-being is highly dependent on the reductions in inequality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a></p><p id="para0046" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Brazil&#44; a UNICEF publication showed that&#44; despite important changes over the last decades&#44; 27 million children and adolescents still experience multiple deprivations and that 10&#44;2 million children experience extreme deprivations&#46; Of these&#44; 18 and 10&#44;2 million&#44; respectively&#44; are black&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0036"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> These data probably are worse after the COVID-19 pandemic since many families had a significant decrease in their family income during the pandemic period&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0006" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0012">Neuroscience of the environmental impact on child&#39;s development</span><p id="para0047" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neurodevelopment begins at the embryonic stage and continues through adulthood&#46; The brain is the primary organ of stress and adaptation&#44; responsible for interpreting and regulating behavioral&#44; neuroendocrine&#44; autonomic&#44; and immunological responses to the events &#40;adverse or protective&#41;&#44; changing structurally and functionally in response to significant adversity or to positive experiences&#46; The interconnection between these experiences and the individual responses to them during the first years of life will be the foundation for all the future developmental processes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0037"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a></p><p id="para0048" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The early childhood brain is extremely plastic&#44; but this enhanced plasticity also provides an enhanced vulnerability to all types of experiences&#46; The nature and timing of these experiences influence the course of the developing brain in many ways&#44; especially if they occur during the &#8220;sensitive or critical periods&#8221;&#46; Sensitive periods may be defined as restricted windows of development when experiences have strong influences on the neural circuit formation&#46; The critical periods represent a short and sharply defined window of opportunity during which the exposure to environmental input causes irreversible changes in brain function and structure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0037"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a></p><p id="para0049" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During early childhood&#44; there are cascades of these sensitive periods for specific complex developmental domains&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0038"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> Identifying these periods is key to understanding how the timing of environmental events may increase the risk for aberrant development&#46;</p><p id="para0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Research with rodents and nonhuman primates has demonstrated that the effects of adverse experiences target brain structures that are intimately involved in physiological stress and behavior&#44; such as the amygdala&#44; prefrontal cortex&#44; and hippocampus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0039"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a></p><p id="para0051" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To better understand how the type and the timing of environmental experiences influence the brain is essential to understand the two different contexts in which neuroplasticity occurs&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="celist0002"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0006"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0052" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Experience-expectant&#58; the brain has developed through evolution to &#8220;expect&#8221; some early stimulating experiences and uses them to shape neuronal responses&#46; For instance&#44; healthy infants need visual input to develop the visual system&#44; and infants who fail to receive such an input develop permanent blindness &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; infants with congenital cataracts&#41;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0007"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0053" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Experience-dependent&#58; this definition of neuroplasticity states that exposure to different experiences can yield different developmental outcomes&#46; For instance&#44; studies have shown that infants whose mothers suffer from post-partum depression have more difficulty in recognizing emotional expressions than infants whose mothers are not depressed&#44; probably because depressed mothers express a smaller number of different facial expressions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a></p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="celist0003"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0008"><p id="para0054" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a series of studies with non-human primates&#44; infants were separated from their mothers at an early age and reared in isolation or with peers&#46; These separated animals exhibited symptoms of depression and motor stereotypies&#44; tended to be anxious&#44; impulsive&#44; and displayed abnormal stress responses when adults&#46; However&#44; animals reared with peers appeared to reverse many of the negative effects of the early maternal separation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0039"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a></p></li></ul></p><p id="para0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Below the authors present a summary of three different ways in which the powerful and complex interplay between genes and the environment may happen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="para0056" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">- Gene-environment correlations&#58; in this case&#44; genes that influence a trait also influence the exposure to environmental risk&#46; For instance&#44; a mother with high anxiety levels will also display anxious behaviors at home&#44; which will ultimately influence the child</p><p id="para0057" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">- Genotype&#8211;environment interactions&#58; occur when the person&#39;s genotype has an effect on the response to environmental factors&#46; Therefore&#44; individuals with a &#8220;sensitive&#8221; gene polymorphism will be at a higher risk if exposed to a predisposing environment than individuals with an &#8220;insensitive&#8221; gene polymorphism&#46; For example&#44; individuals with at least one copy of the short allele of the promoter region of the serotonin transporter &#40;5-HTT&#41; gene polymorphism &#40;in contrast with people with too long alleles&#41; were more likely to be diagnosed with depression&#46; Furthermore&#44; when children &#40;with 52 months&#41; had short 5-HTT allele and their mothers had a low responsive care&#44; they were less competent in academic skills&#44; school engagement and social functioning with peers than children whose mothers had a more responsive care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0041"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> Interestingly&#44; good maternal responsiveness had no effect on children with two long alleles&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0041"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a></p><p id="para0058" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">- Epigenetic gene-regulatory processes&#58; early life experiences can modify the chromatin function affecting gene expression&#46; One way for this to happen is through DNA methylation that functions as a molecular memory of each individual environment&#46; As an example&#44; maternal smoking during pregnancy influences differences in DNA methylation at birth with effects that can persist during the whole life and can also have potential transgenerational effects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="para0059" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A balanced approach to understanding how genes and environmental conditions interact&#44; focus on the study of resilience and risk factors considering that genetic differences&#44; environmental exposure&#44; and developmental timing act synergistically and contingently&#46; In this context&#44; good health is a result of the interactions between key protective and risk influences during critical or sensitive developmental stages&#46;</p><p id="para0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When there is a balance between protective and risk factors there is a healthy neurodevelopmental pathway&#46; On the contrary&#44; when there are delays or deviations on these neurodevelopmental pathways the person has a much higher chance of having a neurodevelopmental disorder&#44; which may start presenting the symptoms in the first childhood years or much later in life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0034"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a></p><p id="para0061" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The co-occurrence of risk and protective factors entangle the identification of the specific elements responsible for the onset and continuity of mental health problems&#46; Distal factors &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; non-specific factors that affect the likelihood of subsequent risks&#41; work together with proximal causes through a probabilistic model that is conditioned by issues such as intensity&#44; context&#44; and timing&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Therefore&#44; no developmental influence&#44; whether biological or environmental&#44; should be regarded as rigidly deterministic&#46;</p><p id="para0062" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is a series of evidence-based interventions focused on nurturing care that was tailored for high-risk children because of low socioeconomic status and limited stimulation at home or children with neurodevelopmental disorders or preterm birth&#46; These interventions are based on the power of parental support programs that promote nurturing care&#44; particularly those employing several behavioral change techniques&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0042"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a></p><p id="para0063" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A metanalysis that assessed the effectiveness of behavioral and cognitive-behavioral group-based parenting programs for improving child conduct problems&#44; parental mental health and parenting skills found significant improvements in parental mental health and positive parenting skills&#46; Parent training also produced a statistically significant reduction in negative or harsh parenting practices&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0043"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a></p><p id="para0064" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neurodevelopmental disorders with early onsets tend to be more severe&#44; particularly if not identified and treated early&#46; Therefore&#44; screening tools and early interventions may allow more effective healthcare&#44; education and social pathways by taking action before health problems worsen or by preventing their onset and reducing developmental inequities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0044"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> Also&#44; it is important that interventions in early childhood also include strategies to reduce social inequality&#46; These programs can lead to higher levels of human capital and social mobility and they have economic advantages since the return for investment in early childhood is much greater than the investment at later ages&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0007" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0013">Conclusions</span><p id="para0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A robust body of evidence confirms the significance of the quality of childhood experiences on lifelong health&#46; These experiences occur in multiple systems that are strongly influenced by risk and protective factors&#44; such as cultural&#44; social and economic factors&#44; ethnic identity&#44; parental and social support&#46;</p><p id="para0066" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All parents are capable of promoting their children&#39;s integral development since they have the adequate social conditions to thrive&#46; It is important to recognize that continued support for the promotion of a protective environment that comprises effective parent-child interaction is key to minimizing the effects of neurodevelopmental disorders over early childhood&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:10 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1683790"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abss0001"
              "titulo" => "Objectives"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abss0002"
              "titulo" => "Sources of data"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abss0003"
              "titulo" => "Summary of findings"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abss0004"
              "titulo" => "Conclusions"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1493454"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0001"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0002"
          "titulo" => "The bioecological model"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0003"
          "titulo" => "Very early life exposure to environmental factors"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0004"
          "titulo" => "The first face-to-face interactions between the child and his&#47;her main caregivers"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Impact of the mesosystem&#44; exosystem and macrosystem"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0006"
          "titulo" => "Neuroscience of the environmental impact on child&#39;s development"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0007"
          "titulo" => "Conclusions"
        ]
        9 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2021-10-14"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2021-11-04"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1493454"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Child development"
            1 => "Psychiatric disorders"
            2 => "Mental health"
            3 => "Neurodevelopmental disorders"
            4 => "Environment"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abss0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0002">Objectives</span><p id="spara002" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To review the literature about the environmental impact on children&#39;s mental&#44; behavior&#44; and neurodevelopmental disorders&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0003">Sources of data</span><p id="spara003" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A nonsystematic review of papers published on MEDLINE-PubMed was carried out using the terms environment and mental health or psychiatric disorders or neurodevelopmental disorders&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0004">Summary of findings</span><p id="spara004" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Psychopathology emerges at different developmental times as the outcome of complex interactions between nature and nurture and may impact each person in different ways throughout childhood and determine adult outcomes&#46; Mental health is intertwined with physical health and is strongly influenced by cultural&#44; social and economic factors&#46; The worldwide prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents is 13&#46;4&#37;&#44; and the most frequent are anxiety&#44; disruptive behavior disorders&#44; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and depression&#46; Neurodevelopment begins at the embryonic stage and continues through adulthood with genetic differences&#44; environmental exposure&#44; and developmental timing acting synergistically and contingently&#46; Early life experiences have been linked to a dysregulation of the neuroendocrine-immune circuitry which results in alterations of the brain during sensitive periods&#46; Also&#44; the environment may trigger modifications on the epigenome of the differentiating cell&#44; leading to changes in the structure and function of the organs&#46; Over 200 million children under 5 years are not fulfilling their developmental potential due to the exposure to multiple risk factors&#44; including poverty&#44; malnutrition and unsafe home environments&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0005">Conclusions</span><p id="spara005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Continued support for the promotion of a protective environment that comprises effective parent-child interactions is key in minimizing the effects of neurodevelopmental disorders throughout the lifetime&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abss0001"
            "titulo" => "Objectives"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abss0002"
            "titulo" => "Sources of data"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abss0003"
            "titulo" => "Summary of findings"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abss0004"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:1 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0001"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1523
            "Ancho" => 1500
            "Tamanyo" => 119395
          ]
        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "alt0001"
            "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Simplified version of Bronfenbrenner&#39;s person&#8208;process&#8208;context&#8208;time model&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cebibsec1"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:44 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0001"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Child and adolescent mental health worldwide&#58; evidence for action"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C Kieling"
                            1 => "H Baker-Henningham"
                            2 => "M Belfer"
                            3 => "G Conti"
                            4 => "I Ertem"
                            5 => "O Omigbodun"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60827-1"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "378"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1515"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1525"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22008427"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0002"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Annual research review&#58; a meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "GV Polanczyk"
                            1 => "GA Salum"
                            2 => "LS Sugaya"
                            3 => "A Caye"
                            4 => "LA&#46; Rohde"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Child Psychol Psychiatry"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "56"
                        "paginaInicial" => "345"
                        "paginaFinal" => "365"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0003"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Committee on psychosocial aspects of child and family health&#44; mental health leadership work group&#46; Mental health competencies for pediatric practice"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "JM Foy"
                            1 => "CM Green"
                            2 => "MF Earls"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "144"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0004"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Health care&#44; family&#44; and community factors associated with mental&#44; behavioral&#44; and developmental disorders and poverty among children aged 2-8 years - United States&#44; 2016"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "RA Cree"
                            1 => "RH Bitsko"
                            2 => "LR Robinson"
                            3 => "JR Holbrook"
                            4 => "ML Danielson"
                            5 => "C Smith"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.15585/mmwr.mm6750a1"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "67"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1377"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1383"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30571671"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide&#58; large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M Solmi"
                            1 => "J Radua"
                            2 => "M Olivola"
                            3 => "E Croce"
                            4 => "L Soardo"
                            5 => "G Salazar de Pablo"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1038/s41380-021-01161-7"
                      "Revista" => array:2 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Mol Psychiatry"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0006"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "An epidemiological study of childhood development in an urban setting in Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "SC Caetano"
                            1 => "MV Ribeiro"
                            2 => "MS Askari"
                            3 => "ZM Sanchez"
                            4 => "MC do Ros&#225;rio"
                            5 => "J Perissinoto"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0934"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Braz J Psychiatry"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "43"
                        "paginaInicial" => "43"
                        "paginaFinal" => "54"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32813777"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0007"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A unified theory of development&#58; a dialectic integration of nature and nurture"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Sameroff"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01378.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Child Dev"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "81"
                        "paginaInicial" => "6"
                        "paginaFinal" => "22"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20331651"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0008"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "International child development steering group&#46; developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S Grantham-McGregor"
                            1 => "YB Cheung"
                            2 => "S Cueto"
                            3 => "P Glewwe"
                            4 => "L Richter"
                            5 => "B Strupp"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "369"
                        "paginaInicial" => "60"
                        "paginaFinal" => "70"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17208643"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0009"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The bioecological model of human development"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "U Bronfenbrenner"
                            1 => "PA&#46; Morris"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:6 [
                        "editores" => "WDamon, RMLerner"
                        "titulo" => "Handbook of Child Psychology&#58; Theoretical Models of Human Development&#46; Vol&#46; 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "793"
                        "paginaFinal" => "828"
                        "edicion" => "6th ed&#46;"
                        "serieFecha" => "2006"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Early environmental influences on the development of children&#39;s brain structure and function"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "PM Miguel"
                            1 => "LO Pereira"
                            2 => "PP Silveira"
                            3 => "MJ&#46; Meaney"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/dmcn.14182"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Dev Med Child Neurol"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "61"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1127"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1133"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30740660"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0011"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dysmaturation of premature brain&#58; importance&#44; cellular mechanisms&#44; and potential interventions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "JJ&#46; Volpe"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.02.016"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Neurol"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "95"
                        "paginaInicial" => "42"
                        "paginaFinal" => "66"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30975474"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0012"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Very preterm birth influences parental mental health and family outcomes seven years after birth"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "K Treyvaud"
                            1 => "KJ Lee"
                            2 => "LW Doyle"
                            3 => "PJ&#46; Anderson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.11.001"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Pediatr"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "164"
                        "paginaInicial" => "515"
                        "paginaFinal" => "521"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24359937"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0013"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Compara&#231;&#227;o do Desenvolvimento Socioemocional de Pr&#233;-Escolares Nascidos Pr&#233;-Termo e&#47;ou Baixo Peso Com Crian&#231;as Nascidas a Termo &#91;Dissertation&#93;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "MA&#46; Scattolin"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "editorial" => "Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "S&#227;o Paulo"
                      ]
                    ]
                    1 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:1 [
                        "link" => "https&#58;&#47;&#47;repositorio&#46;unifesp&#46;br&#47;handle&#47;11600&#47;52640"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0014"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Epigenetic alterations of maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy&#58; a narrative review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A Nakamura"
                            1 => "O Fran&#231;ois"
                            2 => "J&#46; Lepeule"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3390/ijerph18105083"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Environ Res Public Health"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "18"
                        "paginaInicial" => "5083"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34064931"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Genes&#44; environments&#44; and time&#58; the biology of adversity and resilience"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "WT Boyce"
                            1 => "P Levitt"
                            2 => "FD Martinez"
                            3 => "BS McEwen"
                            4 => "JP Shonkoff"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1542/peds.2020-027268"
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "147"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33033178"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0016"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Exposure to ambient air pollution in the first 1000 days of life and alterations in the DNA methylome and telomere length in children&#58; a systematic review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "E Isaevska"
                            1 => "C Moccia"
                            2 => "F Asta"
                            3 => "F Cibella"
                            4 => "L Gagliardi"
                            5 => "L Ronfani"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Environ Res"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "193"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0017"
              "etiqueta" => "17"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Nurturing care&#58; promoting early childhood development"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "PR Britto"
                            1 => "SJ Lye"
                            2 => "K Proulx"
                            3 => "AK Yousafzai"
                            4 => "SG Matthews"
                            5 => "T Vaivada"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "389"
                        "paginaInicial" => "91"
                        "paginaFinal" => "102"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0018"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Early parenting intervention effects on brain responses to maternal cues among high-risk children"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "EA Valadez"
                            1 => "N Tottenham"
                            2 => "AR Tabachnick"
                            3 => "M&#46; Dozier"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Psychiatry"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "177"
                        "paginaInicial" => "818"
                        "paginaFinal" => "826"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0019"
              "etiqueta" => "19"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children&#39;s externalizing behavior&#58; a meta-analytic study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "RP Fearon"
                            1 => "MJ Bakermans-Kranenburg"
                            2 => "MH van Ijzendoorn"
                            3 => "AM Lapsley"
                            4 => "GI&#46; Roisman"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Child Dev"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "81"
                        "paginaInicial" => "435"
                        "paginaFinal" => "456"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "20"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychiatric outcomes following severe deprivation in early childhood&#58; follow-up of a randomized controlled trial at age 16"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "KL Humphreys"
                            1 => "KL Guyon-Harris"
                            2 => "F Tibu"
                            3 => "M Wade"
                            4 => "CA Nelson"
                            5 => "NA Fox"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1037/ccp0000613"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Consult Clin Psychol"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "88"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1079"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1090"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33370132"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0021"
              "etiqueta" => "21"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Close relationship processes and health&#58; implications of attachment theory for health and disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "PR Pietromonaco"
                            1 => "B Uchino"
                            2 => "CD&#46; Schetter"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Heal Psychol"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "32"
                        "paginaInicial" => "499"
                        "paginaFinal" => "513"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0022"
              "etiqueta" => "22"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Addressing adverse childhood experiences through the affordable care act&#58; promising advances and missed opportunities"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A Srivastav"
                            1 => "G Fairbrother"
                            2 => "LA&#46; Simpson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.acap.2017.04.007"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acad Pediatr"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "S136"
                        "paginaFinal" => "S143"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28865646"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0023"
              "etiqueta" => "23"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Adverse childhood experiences and child development outcomes in Cear&#225;&#44; Brazil&#58; a population-based study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "HA Rocha"
                            1 => "CR Sudfeld"
                            2 => "&#193;J Leite"
                            3 => "SG Rocha"
                            4 => "MM Machado"
                            5 => "JS Campos"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.amepre.2020.08.012"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Prev Med"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "60"
                        "paginaInicial" => "579"
                        "paginaFinal" => "586"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33160797"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0024"
              "etiqueta" => "24"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A call to action&#58; screening fathers for perinatal depression"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "TB Walsh"
                            1 => "RN Davis"
                            2 => "C&#46; Garfield"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "145"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "25"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Role of parenting style in children&#39;s behavioral problems through the transition from preschool to elementary school according to gender in Japan"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "R Hosokawa"
                            1 => "T&#46; Katsura"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Environ Res Public Health"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "21"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0026"
              "etiqueta" => "26"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Types of Parenting Styles and Effects On Children"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "T Sanvictores"
                            1 => "MD&#46; Mendez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "editorial" => "StatPearls Publishing"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Treasure Island &#40;FL&#41;"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0027"
              "etiqueta" => "27"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Attachment style in children with chronic diseases&#58; a comprehensive review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "VM Coutinho"
                            1 => "BAM de Queiroga"
                            2 => "RC de Souza"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Paul Pediatr"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "38"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0028"
              "etiqueta" => "28"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effects of economic hardship&#58; testing the family stress model over time"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "TK Neppl"
                            1 => "JM Senia"
                            2 => "MB&#46; Donnellan"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1037/fam0000168"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Fam Psychol"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "30"
                        "paginaInicial" => "12"
                        "paginaFinal" => "21"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26551658"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0029"
              "etiqueta" => "29"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The combined effects of teacher-child and peer relationships on children&#39;s social-emotional adjustment"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "C Wang"
                            1 => "M Hatzigianni"
                            2 => "A Shahaeian"
                            3 => "E Murray"
                            4 => "LJ Harrison"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jsp.2016.09.003"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Sch Psychol"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "59"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "11"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27923438"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "30"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults&#46; The adverse childhood experiences &#40;ACE&#41; study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "VJ Felitti"
                            1 => "RF Anda"
                            2 => "D Nordenberg"
                            3 => "DF Williamson"
                            4 => "AM Spitz"
                            5 => "V Edwards"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Prev Med"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "245"
                        "paginaFinal" => "258"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9635069"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0031"
              "etiqueta" => "31"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Childhood adversity and neural development&#58; a systematic review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "KA McLaughlin"
                            1 => "D Weissman"
                            2 => "D&#46; Bitr&#225;n"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Annu Rev Dev Psychol"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "277"
                        "paginaFinal" => "312"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32455344"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0032"
              "etiqueta" => "32"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Practitioner review&#58; twenty years of research with adverse childhood experience scores - advantages&#44; disadvantages and applications to practice"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "RE Lacey"
                            1 => "H&#46; Minnis"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/jcpp.13135"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Child Psychol Psychiatry"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "61"
                        "paginaInicial" => "116"
                        "paginaFinal" => "130"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31609471"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0033"
              "etiqueta" => "33"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Systematic review of pediatric health outcomes associated with childhood adversity"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "DL Oh"
                            1 => "P Jerman"
                            2 => "S Silv&#233;rio Marques"
                            3 => "K Koita"
                            4 => "SK Purewal Boparai"
                            5 => "N Burke Harris"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/s12887-018-1037-7"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMC Pediatr"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "18"
                        "paginaInicial" => "83"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29475430"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            33 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0034"
              "etiqueta" => "34"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Family environment&#44; neurodevelopmental risk&#44; and the environmental influences on child health outcomes &#40;ECHO&#41; initiative&#58; looking back and moving forward"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "NR Bush"
                            1 => "LS Wakschlag"
                            2 => "KZ LeWinn"
                            3 => "I Hertz-Picciotto"
                            4 => "SS Nozadi"
                            5 => "S Pieper"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00547"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Front Psychiatry"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "547"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32636769"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            34 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "35"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The ethical and policy implications of research on income inequality and child well-being"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "KE Pickett"
                            1 => "RG&#46; Wilkinson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1542/peds.2014-3549E"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "135"
                        "paginaInicial" => "S39"
                        "paginaFinal" => "S47"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25733724"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            35 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0036"
              "etiqueta" => "36"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Well-Being and Multiple Deprivations in Childhood and Adolescence in Brazil &#91;Internet&#93;&#46; Bras&#237;lia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "United Nations Children&#39;s Fund &#40;UNICEF&#41;"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                      ]
                    ]
                    1 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:1 [
                        "link" => "https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;unicef&#46;org&#47;brazil&#47;media&#47;4541&#47;file&#47;Well-being-and-multiple-deprivations-in-childhood-and-adolescence-in-brazil&#46;pdf&#46;pdf"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            36 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0037"
              "etiqueta" => "37"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The Foundations of Lifelong Health Are Built in Early Childhood &#91;Internet&#93;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Center on the Developing Child"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "editorial" => "Harvard University"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Cambridge&#44; MA"
                      ]
                    ]
                    1 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:1 [
                        "link" => "http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;developingchild&#46;harvard&#46;edu"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            37 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0038"
              "etiqueta" => "38"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A neurodevelopmental perspective on the research domain criteria &#40;RDoC&#41; framework"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "BJ Casey"
                            1 => "ME Oliveri"
                            2 => "T&#46; Insel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.006"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Biol Psychiatry"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "76"
                        "paginaInicial" => "350"
                        "paginaFinal" => "353"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25103538"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            38 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0039"
              "etiqueta" => "39"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "How early experience shapes human development&#58; the case of psychosocial deprivation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "CA Nelson 3rd"
                            1 => "CH Zeanah"
                            2 => "NA Fox"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Neural Plast"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "2019"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            39 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "40"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Plasticity may change inputs as well as processes&#44; structures&#44; and responses"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "LM&#46; Oakes"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.cogdev.2017.02.012"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Cogn Dev"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "paginaInicial" => "4"
                        "paginaFinal" => "14"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28993717"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            40 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0041"
              "etiqueta" => "41"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Children&#39;s genotypes interact with maternal responsive care in predicting children&#39;s competence&#58; diathesis-stress or differential susceptibility&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "G Kochanska"
                            1 => "S Kim"
                            2 => "RA Barry"
                            3 => "RA&#46; Philibert"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1017/S0954579411000071"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Dev Psychopathol"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "23"
                        "paginaInicial" => "605"
                        "paginaFinal" => "616"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23786699"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            41 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0042"
              "etiqueta" => "42"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Promoting developmental potential in early childhood&#58; a global framework for health and education"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "V Schiariti"
                            1 => "RJ Simeonsson"
                            2 => "K&#46; Hall"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3390/ijerph18042007"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Environ Res Public Health"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "18"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2007"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33669588"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            42 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0043"
              "etiqueta" => "43"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cochrane review&#58; behavioural and cognitive-behavioural group-based parenting programmes for early-onset conduct problems in children aged 3 to 12 years &#40;Review&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M Furlong"
                            1 => "S McGilloway"
                            2 => "T Bywater"
                            3 => "J Hutchings"
                            4 => "SM Smith"
                            5 => "M&#46; Donnelly"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/ebch.1905"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Evid Based Child Health"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "318"
                        "paginaFinal" => "692"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23877886"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            43 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0044"
              "etiqueta" => "44"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "T Paus"
                            1 => "M Keshavan"
                            2 => "JN&#46; Giedd"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1038/nrn2513"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Nat Rev Neurosci"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "9"
                        "paginaInicial" => "947"
                        "paginaFinal" => "957"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19002191"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/00217557/00000098000000S1/v1_202203240549/S0021755721001625/v1_202203240549/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "10176"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Review articles"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/00217557/00000098000000S1/v1_202203240549/S0021755721001625/v1_202203240549/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000049&text.app=https://jped.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0021755721001625?idApp=UINPBA000049"
]

Article information

ISSN: 00217557
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.jped.2021.11.002

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	11	3	14
2024 October	54	28	82
2024 September	63	34	97
2024 August	66	51	117
2024 July	58	78	136
2024 June	71	47	118
2024 May	53	26	79
2024 April	47	29	76
2024 March	47	30	77
2024 February	44	23	67
2024 January	45	28	73
2023 December	27	37	64
2023 November	63	54	117
2023 October	83	46	129
2023 September	62	50	112
2023 August	45	13	58
2023 July	76	31	107
2023 June	84	23	107
2023 May	63	34	97
2023 April	39	16	55
2023 March	85	37	122
2023 February	65	23	88
2023 January	64	34	98
2022 December	70	44	114
2022 November	60	36	96
2022 October	66	42	108
2022 September	43	52	95
2022 August	37	45	82
2022 July	75	54	129
2022 June	34	36	70
2022 May	54	29	83
2022 April	192	94	286
2022 March	62	50	112
2022 February	30	19	49
2022 January	44	34	78
2021 December	15	13	28

Show all

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Subscribe to our newsletter