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as does difficulty in running&#44; climbing stairs&#44; jumping&#44; walking on tiptoe&#44; and later&#44; as frequent falls &#40;stage 2&#41;&#46; Early on&#44; the myopathic rise &#40;Gowers&#8217; sign&#41;&#44; calf hypertrophy&#44; and digitigrade gait with pelvic tilt are observed&#46; As the disease progresses&#44; other muscle groups are gradually involved&#44; with increased motor limitations &#40;stage 3&#8211;5&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An early diagnosis is essential to institute measures that can attenuate the natural course of the disease and prevent new cases through genetic counseling&#46; Early diagnosis is only possible through symptom recognition&#44; screening test request &#40;serum creatine phosphokinase measurement&#44; commonly above 10&#44;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L&#41;&#44; and referral to specialists for definitive diagnosis through molecular analysis and&#47;or muscle biopsy with immunohistochemistry&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Motor measurements have been used to follow the same individual over time&#44; obtaining objective evolution parameters&#44; aiding in the perception of progression or stability of their disorders&#44; helping to reassess clinical conducts and being used as outcome measures in clinical trials&#46; Standardized measures of time while performing motor functions are recommended in the follow-up of these patients in the national and international consensus&#58; the 6-minute walk test &#40;6MWT&#41;&#44; time to walk&#47;run 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters &#40;10MWT and 10MRT&#41;&#44; time to rise &#40;TR&#41; from the floor&#44; stand up from a chair test&#44; and time to climb 4-steps test&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;11</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Few studies have evaluated the TR separately&#44; but its role as a predictor of disease progression has gained prominence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The 10MWT test is easily performed&#44; as it requires less distance to be covered and has less environmental influence when compared to the 6MWT&#46; Moreover&#44; it can be performed both in more advanced neuromuscular disease&#44; closer to gait loss&#44; and in the earlier stages of disease&#44; with less motor impairment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> However&#44; there are few data by age group for the 10MWT test&#59; sometimes&#44; only follow-up data from longitudinal studies for 36 months<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> up to 48 months&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> or individual measures by age&#44; are available&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The 10MRT evaluates the maximum motor capacity of the timed tests and may be used as an auxiliary tool&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors aimed to verify the motor performance of children with DMD&#44; stratified by age&#44; based on the values of the standard motor tests of typical Brazilian children &#40;TR&#44; 10MWT&#44; and 10MRT&#44; previously published<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#41;&#46; This study also defined the sensitivity and specificity of these tests&#44; evaluating them as eventual tools for DMD diagnostic screening&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An analytical&#44; observational&#44; retrospective &#40;data collected between 1998 and 2015&#41; and prospective study &#40;April 2015&#8211;2018&#41; was conducted of the motor function of children with DMD treated at the Child Neurology Service of Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martag&#227;o Gesteira &#40;IPPMG&#41; of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#40;UFRJ&#41;&#46; The motor function was compared to that of typical children &#40;without neuromuscular disease&#41;&#44; stratified by age&#44; from 2 to 12 years of age&#46; The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee &#40;CEP&#41; of IPPMG&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The database of patients with DMD included 137 patients who were followed or were being followed at the service until the beginning of the prospective study&#46; There were 19 new patients with confirmed diagnosis included&#44; totaling a sample of 156 patients&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to emphasize that the routine of the neuropediatric service includes the performance of the standardized motor tests in the evaluation of patients with neuromuscular disease&#44; which is carried out during the consultations by a trained and skilled team&#46; All patients are advised to follow the current recommendations for DMD &#40;corticotherapy and physical therapy&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When information was discordant&#44; the medical records were reviewed for ratification&#46; A prospective study with a serial definition of time of follow-up was not performed&#46; The aim was to obtain motor data during outpatient visits &#40;which follow the annual or semi-annual scheduling&#41;&#46; In case of extra consultations due to complications or other demands&#44; the motor data were also included&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample consisted of 345 children treated at the IPPMG general pediatric outpatient clinic&#44; aged between 2 and 12 years&#44; collected from July 2011 to 2012&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The initial age of 2 years was chosen for the evaluation&#44; which is reasonable and early enough for the diagnosis of possible neuromuscular disease and a few months after the development of this important motor milestone&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> An age limit of 12 years was established&#44; which is the maximum age for being treated in the IPPMG service&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inclusion criteria for the group with DMD were children who were followed and had been diagnosed with DMD &#40;molecular test or muscle biopsy and&#47;or positive family history&#41;&#46; The group of typical children included those who were seen at the general pediatrics consultation from July 2011 to 2012&#44; aged 2&#8211;12 years&#44; and with normal gait development &#40;beginning at up to 15 months&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exclusion criteria in the DMD group included diagnosis of other neuromuscular diseases&#44; acute pneumopathy or heart disease in the last six months&#44; and refusal to participate in the study&#46; In the typical group&#44; in addition to delayed gait&#44; orthopedic and rheumatological diseases&#59; moderate&#47;severe cognitive deficit&#59; other chronic diseases&#44; and those already listed above&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Description of study variables</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Time to rise &#40;TR&#41; from the floor&#58; how long the child took to stand up was timed&#44; from the sitting position with crossed legs &#40;the lotus position&#41; until the orthostatic position was attained&#44; without lateral support or any other impulse help&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Time to walk 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters &#40;10MWT&#41;&#58; how long the child took to walk a pre-established distance of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters using normal steps in the upright position on flat ground&#44; without lateral support or any other help&#44; was timed&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Time to run 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters &#40;10MRT&#41;&#58; how long the child took to run a pre-established distance of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters was timed&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The motor tests were explained and demonstrated prior to test performance&#46; The children performed the tests barefoot&#44; wearing light clothing&#44; in a quiet environment with adequate temperature and using a stopwatch&#46; Simple non-standard&#44; stimulating verbal commands were used to encourage better motor response&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When an error occurred regarding the understanding or performance of the task&#44; such values were disregarded&#44; and the motor test was repeated&#46; Sometimes and for several different reasons &#40;difficulties with collaboration&#44; performance&#44; and willingness&#41;&#44; DMD patients were not able to perform all the motor tests&#44; but rather used motor data from the tests that were performed and reported those that were not performed&#46; The authors sought to consider all the collected data aiming to assist in the evaluation of disease progression&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data were recorded in the Microsoft Office Excel software &#40;Microsoft&#174;&#44; Office Excel&#44; Version 2007&#44; WA&#44; USA&#41;&#46; For DMD patients&#44; most of the times&#44; there was more than one motor data recording per age group&#44; for the same motor test&#46; It was decided to use the mean value for the corresponding age group&#44; in comparison with the healthy ones&#46; After the databases were completed&#44; the data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics program &#40;IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows&#44; Version 21&#46;0&#44; NY&#44; USA&#41;&#44; utilizing measures of central tendency &#40;mean&#44; median&#41; and dispersion &#40;standard deviation and minimum-maximum range&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Mann&#8211;Whitney non-parametric <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test was used to compare means of distinct population subgroups &#40;two independent samples with small sample numbers&#41;&#46; Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-values &#60;0&#46;05 &#40;5&#37;&#41; were considered statistically significant&#46; Aiming to aggregate information to the concept of statistical significance&#44; it was decided to calculate the effect size &#40;ES&#41;&#44; capable of quantifying the existing difference&#46; Calculation of Cohen&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span> was then performed&#44; according to the equation&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The criterion used in the comparative analysis was as follows&#58; values &#8805;0&#46;20 and &#60;0&#46;50 indicate low responsiveness&#59; values &#8805;0&#46;50 and &#60;0&#46;80&#44; moderate responsiveness&#44; and values &#8805;0&#46;80&#44; high responsiveness&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Next&#44; the first motor function assessment of DMD patients were considered as suspected cases of the disease and compared with the typical&#44; age-stratified children&#46; A ROC curve was constructed for each motor test and age group&#46; Due to the potential application of motor function tests in neuromuscular disease screening&#44; the ideal sensitivity was defined as 100&#37;&#44; with the highest possible corresponding specificity&#46; Thus&#44; cutoff values for DMD motor tests and respective age groups were defined&#46; All suspected cases were confirmed as cases of DMD patients&#44; except for four patients who had other diagnoses&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Overall results</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the initial sample of 137 DMD files&#44; 20 patients already showed gait loss in their first evaluation&#44; four patients did not have confirmation of the main hypothesis of DMD&#44; with diagnosis of other neuromuscular diseases &#40;false positives&#41;&#44; and two patients had duplicate records&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span>&#44; there was a total of 111 patients in the prospective study&#46; Of the 19 new patients&#44; one was excluded due to severe intellectual disability and behavioral disorder&#44; another due to age of first evaluation above 12 years&#46; Therefore&#44; 17 patients were included in the prospective study&#46; The final sample consisted of 128 patients with DMD&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover&#44; since most of the times the same DMD patient contributed data to more than one age group and in the subsequent motor tests&#44; there were 935 motor tests of patients with DMD&#44; distributed as 405 TR&#44; 459 10MWT&#44; and 71 10MRT&#46; The typical group sample comprised 344 children&#59; a single motor evaluation was performed&#44; with a total number of 1026 motor tests distributed as 339 TR&#44; 344 10MWT&#44; and 343 10MRT&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results of motor function tests</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean&#44; median&#44; and SD values of the motor tests in patients with DMD and healthy ones&#44; in addition to the results of the comparative analysis &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value and ES&#41;&#44; are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the TR test&#44; mean and median values of DMD patients are higher than those observed in healthy patients in all age groups &#40;from 1&#46;8 times at 2 years to 17&#46;7 times at 11 years&#41;&#44; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the 10MWT&#44; it can be observed that the mean and median values at 6 years of age show a gradual increase with subsequent gait loss&#44; when compared to the typical children&#44; who stabilize mean 10MWT values at around 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; In the 10MRT&#44; this study observed a progressive pattern of worsening of the times in DMD patients from the age of four years&#44; when compared to the typical ones &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">ROC curve &#8211; sensitivity and specificity</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sensitivity was 100&#37; for all motor function tests evaluated in all age groups&#44; while the specificity ranged from 39&#37; to 100&#37; in the TR&#44; 0 to 3&#37; in the 10MWT&#44; and 0 to 100&#37; in the 10MRT&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In relation to TR&#44; in preschool children up to the beginning of school age&#44; the values are close to 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s &#40;for the cutoff point for suspected DMD&#41;&#46; For the 10MWT&#44; cut-off values of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s were observed in preschool and school-aged children&#44; and in the 10MRT&#44; the minimum cutoff value was 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study demonstrates that patients with DMD show worse and progressive performance in the TR&#44; 10MWT&#44; and 10MRT tests&#44; which gradually worsen at the beginning of school age&#44; culminating in the inability to perform them in early adolescence&#44; while typical children stabilize their performance at age 6 when they acquire their maximal motor function&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The evaluated motor function tests differentiated very well the typical children from those with DMD&#44; which constitutes an unprecedented study in the Brazilian population&#46; This study shows a rectilinear curve in the TR from the floor test in preschoolers with DMD&#44; without gains or losses&#44; corresponding to stage 1 &#40;pre-symptomatic&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> From the age of 5&#44; the increase in time is gradual&#44; corresponding to stage 2 of DMD&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> when Gowers&#8217; sign appears&#46; From six to nine years&#44; it corresponds to a faster disease progression stage&#44; which coincides with stage 3 &#40;transition&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> a phase when the loss of the ability to rise from the floor and climb stairs occurs&#46; In early adolescence&#44; as of age 11&#44; patients are already in stage 4&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> when a small number of individuals are still able to perform TR &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&#44; with increasing test performance times and&#44; at 12 years&#44; only one patient was able to perform the test&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 10MWT&#44; from the age of six years&#44; the performance of DMD patients worsens&#46; From the age of nine&#44; differences in the means regarding 10MWT performance become more and more significant&#44; which coincides and can be justified by the end of the early ambulation stage to the beginning of the late stage&#44; a transition period to lower-limb function loss progression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> There is a stabilization of the values at the age of 9&#8211;11 years&#44; which may be due to slower and stable evolutions&#44; but culminated at 12 years with double the time to perform the 10MWT&#44; with most patients already showing lack of ambulation&#46; Therefore&#44; at the end of school age and early adolescence&#44; many have already lost the ability to perform the TR and a percentage of them starts having difficulty or is already unable to walk&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the 10MRT&#44; from the age of four&#44; patients with DMD are slower than typical children&#46; There were two peaks of increase in well-defined age groups &#40;5 and 7 years&#41;&#44; compatible with the pattern of the transition from stage 2 of early ambulation to a stage 3 late ambulation phase&#44; and&#44; according to the age limit of seven years&#44; we can still observe improvements in the performance&#44; as already reported for the 6MWT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Since this test requires greater speed and explosive muscle use&#44; making compensatory mechanisms less impossible&#44; this performance variability between individuals is more noticeable&#44; especially in the 5- to 7-year age groups&#46; Afterwards&#44; progression shows a linear worsening&#44; which follows the evolution pattern of disease worsening corresponding to the loss of the ability to run&#44; even before losing the ability to walk&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span>&#44; in stage 4&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Differences found in the means of TR were more significant than those of the other walking tests &#40;10MWT and 10MRT&#41;&#46; The TR&#44; which is a fast and easy applicable test&#44; is also the earliest to guide the screening of suspected cases of DMD&#46; Additionally&#44; it may play a role in predicting disease progression&#44; as shown in the 2016 Italian study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The worsening of motor tests &#40;6MWT and TR&#41; along the years had already been described&#44; as observed the present data&#44; in a longitudinal study of 24 months&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> with more evident values for boys over 7 years of age&#46; The same authors demonstrated a high correlation of TR with the 6MWT &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#44; confirming that TR is the earliest prognostic factor for the progression of DMD and&#44; consequently&#44; gait loss&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover&#44; in a 12-month longitudinal study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> progressive worsening was demonstrated starting at the age of 6 years&#46; The current study also shows a gradual increase in the 10MWT values&#44; but with a faster progression in the Brazilian patients&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In previous studies evaluating the 6MWT and in the North Star Ambulatory Assessment &#40;NSAA&#41; in patients with DMD&#44; the progression described &#40;12&#44; 24&#44; and 36 months&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;18&#44;19</span></a> is similar to that of the present study&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A group of United States researchers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> analyzed the 6MWT and other timed motor function tests in a 48-week multicenter study&#46; In the TR&#44; although the rising posture was different&#44; values were close to those observed in the present study&#46; However&#44; the Brazilian 10MWT&#47;10MRT of the present study showed worse performance than the American ones&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The rate of progression is not linear&#46; This can be observed in the 10MWT data&#44; where the highest rate of progression occurs at the beginning of the second decade of life&#46; Other authors&#44; using data from the patients of previous studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;19&#8211;21</span></a> have developed models of DMD evolution&#44; with potential improvement of the 6MWT up to 10 years of age&#44; but with a subsequent rapid decline in performance&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There have been few studies that described 10MWT or TR by age group&#46; A database<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> of 240 boys with DMD&#44; aged 4&#8211;12 years&#44; describes that TR remains in the range of 4&#8211;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s in the first six years and then reaches 6&#8211;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; similar to the current data&#46; Regarding the means of the 10MWT&#47;10MRT&#44; the abovementioned study showed mean values of 6&#8211;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s until 7 years of age&#44; with a few oscillations and followed by a subsequent increase up to 8&#8211;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46; In the present patients&#44; from the age of 4 years&#44; mean 10MWT times over 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s were observed&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span>&#44; worse performance in the preschool stage&#46; It must be noted that the present study is a pioneer in assessing TR at preschool age&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There have been few comparative studies prior to present work&#44; and the pre-existing studies had smaller samples&#46; However&#44; they suggested a worse performance of DMD patients when compared to typical children&#44; in schoolchildren for TR and 10MWT&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> as well as for 6MWT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A limitation of the present study was the number of data for each motor test and the lower number of 10MRT data in DMD&#46; This is justified by the greater technical difficulty for patients with muscle weakness in performing a test of their maximal motor function&#44; which requires physical effort and predisposes to fatigue&#44; but replicates what occurs in the follow-up of these patients&#46; In the group of typical children&#44; the number of data was more homogeneous according to the age groups and motor tests&#44; with a reduction in the extremes of age &#40;2 and 12 years&#41;&#44; which also occurs even more broadly in DMD&#44; due to the worsening progression in adolescence&#46; The division by age group forms subgroups that&#44; although allowing a better analysis&#44; reduce the distribution of the sample number by age group&#44; which was nevertheless satisfactory in the present study&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In fact&#44; the absolute times of Brazilian patients with DMD are higher when compared to American and European studies&#46; The late onset of corticosteroid therapy that would be directly related to the disease progression stage and muscle destruction&#44; with replacement of the muscle by adipose tissue and fibrosis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> factors of inter-individual variability and genetic modifiers&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> may justify this finding&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For early diagnostic screening&#44; the following cut-off points for motor function tests were defined&#58; for TR&#44; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; for 10MWT&#44; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; and for 10MRT&#44; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46; These parameters &#40;emphasis on TR of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; as it is the earliest discriminator&#41; are easy-to-perform tests&#44; performed by the pediatrician in an outpatient and home environment&#44; with very low costs&#44; which may help in the suspected new cases of DMD at the initial stages&#46; The recommendation of complementary tests for the families that have an index case can be performed at birth&#46; The TR test can be performed during the routine child-care consultation from the age of two&#44; with a mandatory screening test for neuromuscular diseases&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is only possible to reduce the time to diagnosis if we increase the suspicion of DMD&#44; with strategies that can effectively act in the pre-symptomatic stages or in the detection of early symptoms&#46; Unfortunately&#44; the mean age of a definitive diagnosis in Brazil is 7&#46;5 years&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> very close to the mean age of gait loss&#44; whereas in most countries in the world&#44; it is around 4&#8211;5 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> In short&#44; the proposal is to use tools that can help shorten the time to diagnosis and&#44; additionally&#44; provide better follow-up of patients with DMD&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In normal children&#44; there is an improvement in motor function performance up to 6 years&#44; with subsequent stabilization of the tests until adolescence&#46; In boys with DMD&#44; the mean times of these tests increase&#44; particularly from the age of 7&#44; culminating with the inability to perform motor tests at the end of the school age and start of adolescence&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fast performance&#44; low cost&#44; and simple technique show the assessed motor tests can be used as diagnostic tools for the screening of neuromuscular diseases when used in motor development monitoring in childcare&#46; The TR is an excellent tool&#44; capable of shortening the diagnosis of DMD&#44; a fact of utmost importance for the new perspectives of specific therapies&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "xres1378665"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
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              "identificador" => "abst0005"
              "titulo" => "Objective"
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            1 => array:2 [
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              "identificador" => "abst0015"
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              "identificador" => "abst0020"
              "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1266421"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1378666"
          "titulo" => "Resumo"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Objetivo"
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              "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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              "identificador" => "abst0035"
              "titulo" => "Resultados"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0040"
              "titulo" => "Conclus&#245;es"
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        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1266420"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
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          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
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          "titulo" => "Methods"
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              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Description of study variables"
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            1 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
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          "titulo" => "Results"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Overall results"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Results of motor function tests"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "ROC curve &#8211; sensitivity and specificity"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0050"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
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        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack479083"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2018-08-31"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2019-02-18"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1266421"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Motor skills"
            1 => "Walking"
            2 => "Child development"
            3 => "Motor activity"
            4 => "Child development deviations"
            5 => "Developmental delay disorders"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1266420"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Habilidade motora"
            1 => "Caminhada"
            2 => "Desenvolvimento infantil"
            3 => "Atividade motora"
            4 => "Desvios do desenvolvimento infantil"
            5 => "Transtornos de atraso do desenvolvimento"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Duchenne muscular dystrophy&#44; an X-linked genetic disease&#44; leads to progressive muscle weakness mainly in the lower limbs&#46; Motor function tests help to monitor disease progression&#46; Can low-cost&#44; simple assessments help in the diagnostic suspicion of Duchenne muscular dystrophy&#63; The authors aim to define the sensitivity of time to rise from the floor&#44; time to walk 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters&#44; and time to run 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters&#44; evaluating them as eventual diagnostic screening tools&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This is an analytical&#44; observational&#44; retrospective &#40;1998&#8211;2015&#41;&#44; and prospective study &#40;2015&#8211;2018&#41;&#46; Cases were recruited from the database of the pediatric neurology department and the healthy&#44; from child care consultations&#44; with normal gait development &#40;up to 15 months&#41; and without other comorbidities &#40;neuromuscular&#44; pulmonary&#44; heart diseases&#41; from the same university hospital&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">128 Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and 344 healthy children were analyzed&#44; equally distributed in age groups&#46; In Duchenne muscular dystrophy&#44; there is a progressive increase in the means of the times to perform the motor tests according to the age group&#44; which accelerates very abruptly after 7 years of age&#46; Healthy children acquire maximum motor capacity at 6 years and stabilize their times&#46; The time to rise showed a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value &#60;0&#46;05 and a strong association &#40;effect size &#91;ES&#93; &#62;0&#46;8&#41; in all age groups &#40;except at 12 years&#41;&#44; with time to walk 10 meters from 9 years&#44; and with time to run 10&#8201;meters &#44; from 5 years&#46; The 100&#37; sensitivity points were defined as follows&#58; time to rise&#44; at 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; time to walk 10 meters&#44; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; time to run 10&#8201;meters&#44; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Time to rise is a useful and simple tool in the screening of neuromuscular disorders such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy&#44; a previously incurable disease with new perspectives for treatment&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objective"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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      "pt" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A distrofia muscular de Duchenne&#44; doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica ligada ao X&#44; determina fraqueza muscular progressiva principalmente em membros inferiores&#46; Os testes de fun&#231;&#227;o motora ajudam a monitorar a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a&#46; Avalia&#231;&#245;es simples de baixo custo podem ajudar na suspeita diagn&#243;stica da distrofia muscular de Duchenne&#63; Objetivamos definir a sensibilidade do tempo levantar&#44; tempo andar 10 metros e tempo correr 10 metros&#44; avaliando-os como eventuais ferramentas de triagem diagn&#243;stica&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudo anal&#237;tico&#44; observacional&#44; retrospectivo &#40;1998 at&#233; 2015&#41; e prospectivo &#40;2015 at&#233; 2018&#41;&#46; Os casos foram recrutados do banco de dados do servi&#231;o de neurologia infantil e os saud&#225;veis&#44; de consultas de puericultura&#44; com desenvolvimento de marcha normal &#40;at&#233; os 15 meses&#41; e sem outras comorbidades &#40;neuromusculares&#44; pneumopatias&#44; cardiopatias&#41;&#44; do mesmo hospital universit&#225;rio&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram analisados 128 pacientes com distrofia muscular de Duchenne e 344 saud&#225;veis&#44; distribu&#237;dos igualmente em faixas et&#225;rias&#46; Na distrofia muscular de Duchenne ocorre aumento progressivo das m&#233;dias dos tempos para realizar as provas motoras&#44; de forma acentuada a partir dos 7 anos&#46; Os saud&#225;veis estabilizam os tempos a partir dos 6 anos&#44; adquirindo capacidade motora m&#225;xima&#46; O tempo de levantar apresentou p-valor &#60;0&#44;05 e forte associa&#231;&#227;o &#40;TE &#62;0&#44;8&#41; em todas as faixas et&#225;rias &#40;exceto aos 12 anos&#41;&#44; tempo de andar 10 metros a partir de 9 anos e o tempo de correr 10 metros&#44; dos 5 anos&#46; Os pontos de 100&#37; sensibilidade foram definidos&#58; tempo de levantar aos 2 segundos&#59; tempo de andar&#44; 5 segundos e tempo de correr 10 metros&#44; 4 segundos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O tempo de levantar &#233; &#250;til e simples na triagem de doen&#231;as neuromusculares como a distrofia muscular de Duchenne&#44; doen&#231;a antes incur&#225;vel com novas perspectivas de tratamento&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Pereira AC&#44; Ara&#250;jo AP&#44; Ribeiro MG&#46; Can simple and low-cost motor function assessments help in the diagnostic suspicion of Duchenne muscular dystrophy&#63; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2020&#59;96&#58;503&#8211;10&#46;</p>"
      ]
      1 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Study conducted at Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#40;UFRJ&#41;&#44; Instituto de Pediatria e Puericultura Martag&#227;o Gesteira &#40;IPPMG&#41;&#44; Departamento de Pediatria&#44; Ambulat&#243;rio de Neurologia Infantil&#44; Rio de Janeiro&#44; RJ&#44; Brazil&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean time to rise chart&#58; DMD and healthy&#46; Chart representation of the mean of time to rise from the ground in patients with DMD and healthy ones&#46; TR2&#44; time to rise at 2 years&#59; TR3&#44; rime to rise at 3 years&#59; TR4&#44; time to rise at 4 years&#59; TR5&#44; time to rise at 5 years&#59; TR6&#44; time to rise at 6 Years&#59; TR7&#44; time to rise at 7 years&#59; TR8&#44; time to rise at 8 years&#59; TR9&#44; time to rise at 9 years&#59; TR10&#44; time to rise at 10 years&#59; TR11&#44; time to rise at 11 years&#59; TR12&#44; time to rise at 12 years&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean time to walk 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters&#58; DMD and healthy&#46; Chart representation of the mean of time to walk 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters in patients with DMD and healthy ones&#46; TW2&#44; time to walk at 2 years&#59; TW3&#44; time to walk at 3 years&#59; TW4&#44; time to walk at 4 years&#59; TW5&#44; time to walk at 5 years&#59; TW6&#44; time to walk at 6 years&#59; TW7&#44; time to walk at 7 years&#59; TW8&#44; time to walk at 8 years&#59; TW9&#44; time to walk at 9 years&#59; TW10&#44; time to walk at 10 years&#59; TW11&#44; time to walk at 11 years&#59; TW12&#44; time to walk at 12 years&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean time to run 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters&#58; DMD and healthy&#46; Chart representation of the mean of time to run 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters in patients with DMD and healthy ones&#46; TR2&#44; time to run at 2 years&#59; TR3&#44; time to run at 3 years&#59; TR4&#44; time to run at 4 years&#59; TR5&#44; time to run at 5 years&#59; TR6&#44; time to run at 6 years&#59; TR7&#44; time to run at 7 years&#59; TR8&#44; time to run at 8 years&#59; TR9&#44; time to run at 9 years&#59; TR10&#44; time to run at 10 years&#59; TR11&#44; time to run at 11 years&#59; TR12&#44; time to run at 12 years&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The table represents the mean of the motor tests &#40;TR &#8211; rime to rise&#44; TW10M &#8211; time to walk 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters&#44; and TR10M &#8211; time to run 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters&#41; of patients with DMD and healthy ones&#44; in addition to the comparative analysis of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value &#60;0&#46;05&#41; and effect size &#40;ES&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TR2&#44; time to rise at 2 years&#59; TR3&#44; time to rise at 3 years&#59; TR4&#44; time to rise at 4 years&#59; TR5&#44; time to rise at 5 years&#59; TR6&#44; time to rise at 6 Years&#59; TR7&#44; time to rise at 7 years&#59; TR8&#44; time to rise at 8 years&#59; TR9&#44; time to rise at 9 years&#59; TR10&#44; time to rise at 10 years&#59; TR11&#44; time to rise at 11 years&#59; TR12&#44; time to rise at 12 years&#46;</p><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TW2&#44; time to walk at 2 years&#59; TW3&#44; time to walk at 3 years&#59; TW4&#44; time to walk at 4 years&#59; TW5&#44; time to walk at 5 years&#59; TW6&#44; time to walk at 6 Years&#59; TW7&#44; time to walk at 7 years&#59; TW8&#44; time to walk at 8 years&#59; TW9&#44; time to walk at 9 years&#59; TW10&#44; time to walk at 10 years&#59; TW11&#44; time to walk at 11 years&#59; TW12&#44; time to walk at 12 years&#46;</p><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TR2&#44; time to run at 2 years&#59; TR3&#44; time to run at 3 years&#59; TR4&#44; time to run at 4 years&#59; TR5&#44; time to run at 5 years&#59; TR6&#44; time to run at 6 Years&#59; TR7&#44; time to run at 7 years&#59; TR8&#44; time to run at 8 years&#59; TR9&#44; time to run at 9 years&#59; TR10&#44; time to run at 10 years&#59; TR11&#44; time to run at 11 years&#59; TR12&#44; time to run at 12 years&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Motor tests &#40;s&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;2&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TR11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TR12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;13&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2367354.png"
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Meter walk test &#40;10MWT&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Median&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Median&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ES&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">WT2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WT3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WT4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WT5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;046&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WT6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;732&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WT7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;776&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WT8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;302&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WT9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WT10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">WT11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2367355.png"
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Meter run test &#40;10MRT&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Median&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Median&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ES&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To the statistician Ronir Raggio Luiz and his assistant J&#233;ssica Pronestino&#46; To the students of the PINC &#40;Scientific Initiation Project&#41;&#58; Bruna Maciel&#44; Luisa Vieira&#44; Monique Minini Lima&#44; and Yuri Devaud&#46; To all the children and their parents&#47;guardians who participated in this study for their helpfulness and solidarity&#44; by making themselves available to aid this scientific research&#44; knowing that its main objective was to shorten the diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy&#46; To all family members and children with DMD&#44; as an example of perseverance and optimism&#46;</p>"
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Original article
Can simple and low-cost motor function assessments help in the diagnostic suspicion of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Avaliações simples da função motora e de baixo custo podem ajudar na suspeita diagnóstica da distrofia muscular de Duchenne?
Aline Chacon Pereiraa,
Corresponding author
alinechacon@gmail.com.br

Corresponding author.
, Alexandra Prufer de Queiroz Campos Araújoa, Márcia Gonçalves Ribeirob
a Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Departamento de Pediatria, Neuropediatria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
b Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Departamento de Pediatria, Genética Clínica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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as does difficulty in running&#44; climbing stairs&#44; jumping&#44; walking on tiptoe&#44; and later&#44; as frequent falls &#40;stage 2&#41;&#46; Early on&#44; the myopathic rise &#40;Gowers&#8217; sign&#41;&#44; calf hypertrophy&#44; and digitigrade gait with pelvic tilt are observed&#46; As the disease progresses&#44; other muscle groups are gradually involved&#44; with increased motor limitations &#40;stage 3&#8211;5&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An early diagnosis is essential to institute measures that can attenuate the natural course of the disease and prevent new cases through genetic counseling&#46; Early diagnosis is only possible through symptom recognition&#44; screening test request &#40;serum creatine phosphokinase measurement&#44; commonly above 10&#44;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L&#41;&#44; and referral to specialists for definitive diagnosis through molecular analysis and&#47;or muscle biopsy with immunohistochemistry&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Motor measurements have been used to follow the same individual over time&#44; obtaining objective evolution parameters&#44; aiding in the perception of progression or stability of their disorders&#44; helping to reassess clinical conducts and being used as outcome measures in clinical trials&#46; Standardized measures of time while performing motor functions are recommended in the follow-up of these patients in the national and international consensus&#58; the 6-minute walk test &#40;6MWT&#41;&#44; time to walk&#47;run 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters &#40;10MWT and 10MRT&#41;&#44; time to rise &#40;TR&#41; from the floor&#44; stand up from a chair test&#44; and time to climb 4-steps test&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;11</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Few studies have evaluated the TR separately&#44; but its role as a predictor of disease progression has gained prominence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The 10MWT test is easily performed&#44; 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stratified by age&#44; based on the values of the standard motor tests of typical Brazilian children &#40;TR&#44; 10MWT&#44; and 10MRT&#44; previously published<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#41;&#46; This study also defined the sensitivity and specificity of these tests&#44; evaluating them as eventual tools for DMD diagnostic screening&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An analytical&#44; observational&#44; retrospective &#40;data collected between 1998 and 2015&#41; and prospective study &#40;April 2015&#8211;2018&#41; was conducted of the motor function of children with DMD treated at the Child Neurology Service of Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martag&#227;o Gesteira &#40;IPPMG&#41; of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#40;UFRJ&#41;&#46; The motor function was compared to that of typical children &#40;without neuromuscular disease&#41;&#44; stratified by age&#44; from 2 to 12 years of age&#46; The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee &#40;CEP&#41; of IPPMG&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The database of patients with DMD included 137 patients who were followed or were being followed at the service until the beginning of the prospective study&#46; There were 19 new patients with confirmed diagnosis included&#44; totaling a sample of 156 patients&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to emphasize that the routine of the neuropediatric service includes the performance of the standardized motor tests in the evaluation of patients with neuromuscular disease&#44; which is carried out during the consultations by a trained and skilled team&#46; All patients are advised to follow the current recommendations for DMD &#40;corticotherapy and physical therapy&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When information was discordant&#44; the medical records were reviewed for ratification&#46; A prospective study with a serial definition of time of follow-up was not performed&#46; The aim was to obtain motor data during outpatient visits &#40;which follow the annual or semi-annual scheduling&#41;&#46; In case of extra consultations due to complications or other demands&#44; the motor data were also included&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample consisted of 345 children treated at the IPPMG general pediatric outpatient clinic&#44; aged between 2 and 12 years&#44; collected from July 2011 to 2012&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The initial age of 2 years was chosen for the evaluation&#44; which is reasonable and early enough for the diagnosis of possible neuromuscular disease and a few months after the development of this important motor milestone&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> An age limit of 12 years was established&#44; which is the maximum age for being treated in the IPPMG service&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inclusion criteria for the group with DMD were children who were followed and had been diagnosed with DMD &#40;molecular test or muscle biopsy and&#47;or positive family history&#41;&#46; The group of typical children included those who were seen at the general pediatrics consultation from July 2011 to 2012&#44; aged 2&#8211;12 years&#44; and with normal gait development &#40;beginning at up to 15 months&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exclusion criteria in the DMD group included diagnosis of other neuromuscular diseases&#44; acute pneumopathy or heart disease in the last six months&#44; and refusal to participate in the study&#46; In the typical group&#44; in addition to delayed gait&#44; orthopedic and rheumatological diseases&#59; moderate&#47;severe cognitive deficit&#59; other chronic diseases&#44; and those already listed above&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Description of study variables</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Time to rise &#40;TR&#41; from the floor&#58; how long the child took to stand up was timed&#44; from the sitting position with crossed legs &#40;the lotus position&#41; until the orthostatic position was attained&#44; without lateral support or any other impulse help&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Time to walk 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters &#40;10MWT&#41;&#58; how long the child took to walk a pre-established distance of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters using normal steps in the upright position on flat ground&#44; without lateral support or any other help&#44; was timed&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Time to run 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters &#40;10MRT&#41;&#58; how long the child took to run a pre-established distance of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters was timed&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The motor tests were explained and demonstrated prior to test performance&#46; The children performed the tests barefoot&#44; wearing light clothing&#44; in a quiet environment with adequate temperature and using a stopwatch&#46; Simple non-standard&#44; stimulating verbal commands were used to encourage better motor response&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When an error occurred regarding the understanding or performance of the task&#44; such values were disregarded&#44; and the motor test was repeated&#46; Sometimes and for several different reasons &#40;difficulties with collaboration&#44; performance&#44; and willingness&#41;&#44; DMD patients were not able to perform all the motor tests&#44; but rather used motor data from the tests that were performed and reported those that were not performed&#46; The authors sought to consider all the collected data aiming to assist in the evaluation of disease progression&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data were recorded in the Microsoft Office Excel software &#40;Microsoft&#174;&#44; Office Excel&#44; Version 2007&#44; WA&#44; USA&#41;&#46; For DMD patients&#44; most of the times&#44; there was more than one motor data recording per age group&#44; for the same motor test&#46; It was decided to use the mean value for the corresponding age group&#44; in comparison with the healthy ones&#46; After the databases were completed&#44; the data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics program &#40;IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows&#44; Version 21&#46;0&#44; NY&#44; USA&#41;&#44; utilizing measures of central tendency &#40;mean&#44; median&#41; and dispersion &#40;standard deviation and minimum-maximum range&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Mann&#8211;Whitney non-parametric <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test was used to compare means of distinct population subgroups &#40;two independent samples with small sample numbers&#41;&#46; Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-values &#60;0&#46;05 &#40;5&#37;&#41; were considered statistically significant&#46; Aiming to aggregate information to the concept of statistical significance&#44; it was decided to calculate the effect size &#40;ES&#41;&#44; capable of quantifying the existing difference&#46; Calculation of Cohen&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span> was then performed&#44; according to the equation&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The criterion used in the comparative analysis was as follows&#58; values &#8805;0&#46;20 and &#60;0&#46;50 indicate low responsiveness&#59; values &#8805;0&#46;50 and &#60;0&#46;80&#44; moderate responsiveness&#44; and values &#8805;0&#46;80&#44; high responsiveness&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Next&#44; the first motor function assessment of DMD patients were considered as suspected cases of the disease and compared with the typical&#44; age-stratified children&#46; A ROC curve was constructed for each motor test and age group&#46; Due to the potential application of motor function tests in neuromuscular disease screening&#44; the ideal sensitivity was defined as 100&#37;&#44; with the highest possible corresponding specificity&#46; Thus&#44; cutoff values for DMD motor tests and respective age groups were defined&#46; All suspected cases were confirmed as cases of DMD patients&#44; except for four patients who had other diagnoses&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Overall results</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the initial sample of 137 DMD files&#44; 20 patients already showed gait loss in their first evaluation&#44; four patients did not have confirmation of the main hypothesis of DMD&#44; with diagnosis of other neuromuscular diseases &#40;false positives&#41;&#44; and two patients had duplicate records&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span>&#44; there was a total of 111 patients in the prospective study&#46; Of the 19 new patients&#44; one was excluded due to severe intellectual disability and behavioral disorder&#44; another due to age of first evaluation above 12 years&#46; Therefore&#44; 17 patients were included in the prospective study&#46; The final sample consisted of 128 patients with DMD&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover&#44; since most of the times the same DMD patient contributed data to more than one age group and in the subsequent motor tests&#44; there were 935 motor tests of patients with DMD&#44; distributed as 405 TR&#44; 459 10MWT&#44; and 71 10MRT&#46; The typical group sample comprised 344 children&#59; a single motor evaluation was performed&#44; with a total number of 1026 motor tests distributed as 339 TR&#44; 344 10MWT&#44; and 343 10MRT&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results of motor function tests</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean&#44; median&#44; and SD values of the motor tests in patients with DMD and healthy ones&#44; in addition to the results of the comparative analysis &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value and ES&#41;&#44; are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the TR test&#44; mean and median values of DMD patients are higher than those observed in healthy patients in all age groups &#40;from 1&#46;8 times at 2 years to 17&#46;7 times at 11 years&#41;&#44; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the 10MWT&#44; it can be observed that the mean and median values at 6 years of age show a gradual increase with subsequent gait loss&#44; when compared to the typical children&#44; who stabilize mean 10MWT values at around 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; In the 10MRT&#44; this study observed a progressive pattern of worsening of the times in DMD patients from the age of four years&#44; when compared to the typical ones &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">ROC curve &#8211; sensitivity and specificity</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sensitivity was 100&#37; for all motor function tests evaluated in all age groups&#44; while the specificity ranged from 39&#37; to 100&#37; in the TR&#44; 0 to 3&#37; in the 10MWT&#44; and 0 to 100&#37; in the 10MRT&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In relation to TR&#44; in preschool children up to the beginning of school age&#44; the values are close to 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s &#40;for the cutoff point for suspected DMD&#41;&#46; For the 10MWT&#44; cut-off values of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s were observed in preschool and school-aged children&#44; and in the 10MRT&#44; the minimum cutoff value was 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study demonstrates that patients with DMD show worse and progressive performance in the TR&#44; 10MWT&#44; and 10MRT tests&#44; which gradually worsen at the beginning of school age&#44; culminating in the inability to perform them in early adolescence&#44; while typical children stabilize their performance at age 6 when they acquire their maximal motor function&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The evaluated motor function tests differentiated very well the typical children from those with DMD&#44; which constitutes an unprecedented study in the Brazilian population&#46; This study shows a rectilinear curve in the TR from the floor test in preschoolers with DMD&#44; without gains or losses&#44; corresponding to stage 1 &#40;pre-symptomatic&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> From the age of 5&#44; the increase in time is gradual&#44; corresponding to stage 2 of DMD&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> when Gowers&#8217; sign appears&#46; From six to nine years&#44; it corresponds to a faster disease progression stage&#44; which coincides with stage 3 &#40;transition&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> a phase when the loss of the ability to rise from the floor and climb stairs occurs&#46; In early adolescence&#44; as of age 11&#44; patients are already in stage 4&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> when a small number of individuals are still able to perform TR &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&#44; with increasing test performance times and&#44; at 12 years&#44; only one patient was able to perform the test&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 10MWT&#44; from the age of six years&#44; the performance of DMD patients worsens&#46; From the age of nine&#44; differences in the means regarding 10MWT performance become more and more significant&#44; which coincides and can be justified by the end of the early ambulation stage to the beginning of the late stage&#44; a transition period to lower-limb function loss progression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> There is a stabilization of the values at the age of 9&#8211;11 years&#44; which may be due to slower and stable evolutions&#44; but culminated at 12 years with double the time to perform the 10MWT&#44; with most patients already showing lack of ambulation&#46; Therefore&#44; at the end of school age and early adolescence&#44; many have already lost the ability to perform the TR and a percentage of them starts having difficulty or is already unable to walk&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the 10MRT&#44; from the age of four&#44; patients with DMD are slower than typical children&#46; There were two peaks of increase in well-defined age groups &#40;5 and 7 years&#41;&#44; compatible with the pattern of the transition from stage 2 of early ambulation to a stage 3 late ambulation phase&#44; and&#44; according to the age limit of seven years&#44; we can still observe improvements in the performance&#44; as already reported for the 6MWT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Since this test requires greater speed and explosive muscle use&#44; making compensatory mechanisms less impossible&#44; this performance variability between individuals is more noticeable&#44; especially in the 5- to 7-year age groups&#46; Afterwards&#44; progression shows a linear worsening&#44; which follows the evolution pattern of disease worsening corresponding to the loss of the ability to run&#44; even before losing the ability to walk&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span>&#44; in stage 4&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Differences found in the means of TR were more significant than those of the other walking tests &#40;10MWT and 10MRT&#41;&#46; The TR&#44; which is a fast and easy applicable test&#44; is also the earliest to guide the screening of suspected cases of DMD&#46; Additionally&#44; it may play a role in predicting disease progression&#44; as shown in the 2016 Italian study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The worsening of motor tests &#40;6MWT and TR&#41; along the years had already been described&#44; as observed the present data&#44; in a longitudinal study of 24 months&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> with more evident values for boys over 7 years of age&#46; The same authors demonstrated a high correlation of TR with the 6MWT &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#44; confirming that TR is the earliest prognostic factor for the progression of DMD and&#44; consequently&#44; gait loss&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover&#44; in a 12-month longitudinal study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> progressive worsening was demonstrated starting at the age of 6 years&#46; The current study also shows a gradual increase in the 10MWT values&#44; but with a faster progression in the Brazilian patients&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In previous studies evaluating the 6MWT and in the North Star Ambulatory Assessment &#40;NSAA&#41; in patients with DMD&#44; the progression described &#40;12&#44; 24&#44; and 36 months&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;18&#44;19</span></a> is similar to that of the present study&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A group of United States researchers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> analyzed the 6MWT and other timed motor function tests in a 48-week multicenter study&#46; In the TR&#44; although the rising posture was different&#44; values were close to those observed in the present study&#46; However&#44; the Brazilian 10MWT&#47;10MRT of the present study showed worse performance than the American ones&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The rate of progression is not linear&#46; This can be observed in the 10MWT data&#44; where the highest rate of progression occurs at the beginning of the second decade of life&#46; Other authors&#44; using data from the patients of previous studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;19&#8211;21</span></a> have developed models of DMD evolution&#44; with potential improvement of the 6MWT up to 10 years of age&#44; but with a subsequent rapid decline in performance&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There have been few studies that described 10MWT or TR by age group&#46; A database<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> of 240 boys with DMD&#44; aged 4&#8211;12 years&#44; describes that TR remains in the range of 4&#8211;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s in the first six years and then reaches 6&#8211;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; similar to the current data&#46; Regarding the means of the 10MWT&#47;10MRT&#44; the abovementioned study showed mean values of 6&#8211;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s until 7 years of age&#44; with a few oscillations and followed by a subsequent increase up to 8&#8211;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46; In the present patients&#44; from the age of 4 years&#44; mean 10MWT times over 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s were observed&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span>&#44; worse performance in the preschool stage&#46; It must be noted that the present study is a pioneer in assessing TR at preschool age&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There have been few comparative studies prior to present work&#44; and the pre-existing studies had smaller samples&#46; However&#44; they suggested a worse performance of DMD patients when compared to typical children&#44; in schoolchildren for TR and 10MWT&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> as well as for 6MWT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A limitation of the present study was the number of data for each motor test and the lower number of 10MRT data in DMD&#46; This is justified by the greater technical difficulty for patients with muscle weakness in performing a test of their maximal motor function&#44; which requires physical effort and predisposes to fatigue&#44; but replicates what occurs in the follow-up of these patients&#46; In the group of typical children&#44; the number of data was more homogeneous according to the age groups and motor tests&#44; with a reduction in the extremes of age &#40;2 and 12 years&#41;&#44; which also occurs even more broadly in DMD&#44; due to the worsening progression in adolescence&#46; The division by age group forms subgroups that&#44; although allowing a better analysis&#44; reduce the distribution of the sample number by age group&#44; which was nevertheless satisfactory in the present study&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In fact&#44; the absolute times of Brazilian patients with DMD are higher when compared to American and European studies&#46; The late onset of corticosteroid therapy that would be directly related to the disease progression stage and muscle destruction&#44; with replacement of the muscle by adipose tissue and fibrosis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> factors of inter-individual variability and genetic modifiers&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> may justify this finding&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For early diagnostic screening&#44; the following cut-off points for motor function tests were defined&#58; for TR&#44; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; for 10MWT&#44; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; and for 10MRT&#44; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46; These parameters &#40;emphasis on TR of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; as it is the earliest discriminator&#41; are easy-to-perform tests&#44; performed by the pediatrician in an outpatient and home environment&#44; with very low costs&#44; which may help in the suspected new cases of DMD at the initial stages&#46; The recommendation of complementary tests for the families that have an index case can be performed at birth&#46; The TR test can be performed during the routine child-care consultation from the age of two&#44; with a mandatory screening test for neuromuscular diseases&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is only possible to reduce the time to diagnosis if we increase the suspicion of DMD&#44; with strategies that can effectively act in the pre-symptomatic stages or in the detection of early symptoms&#46; Unfortunately&#44; the mean age of a definitive diagnosis in Brazil is 7&#46;5 years&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> very close to the mean age of gait loss&#44; whereas in most countries in the world&#44; it is around 4&#8211;5 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> In short&#44; the proposal is to use tools that can help shorten the time to diagnosis and&#44; additionally&#44; provide better follow-up of patients with DMD&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In normal children&#44; there is an improvement in motor function performance up to 6 years&#44; with subsequent stabilization of the tests until adolescence&#46; In boys with DMD&#44; the mean times of these tests increase&#44; particularly from the age of 7&#44; culminating with the inability to perform motor tests at the end of the school age and start of adolescence&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fast performance&#44; low cost&#44; and simple technique show the assessed motor tests can be used as diagnostic tools for the screening of neuromuscular diseases when used in motor development monitoring in childcare&#46; The TR is an excellent tool&#44; capable of shortening the diagnosis of DMD&#44; a fact of utmost importance for the new perspectives of specific therapies&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "xack479083"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2018-08-31"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2019-02-18"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1266421"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Motor skills"
            1 => "Walking"
            2 => "Child development"
            3 => "Motor activity"
            4 => "Child development deviations"
            5 => "Developmental delay disorders"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras-chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1266420"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Habilidade motora"
            1 => "Caminhada"
            2 => "Desenvolvimento infantil"
            3 => "Atividade motora"
            4 => "Desvios do desenvolvimento infantil"
            5 => "Transtornos de atraso do desenvolvimento"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Duchenne muscular dystrophy&#44; an X-linked genetic disease&#44; leads to progressive muscle weakness mainly in the lower limbs&#46; Motor function tests help to monitor disease progression&#46; Can low-cost&#44; simple assessments help in the diagnostic suspicion of Duchenne muscular dystrophy&#63; The authors aim to define the sensitivity of time to rise from the floor&#44; time to walk 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters&#44; and time to run 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters&#44; evaluating them as eventual diagnostic screening tools&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This is an analytical&#44; observational&#44; retrospective &#40;1998&#8211;2015&#41;&#44; and prospective study &#40;2015&#8211;2018&#41;&#46; Cases were recruited from the database of the pediatric neurology department and the healthy&#44; from child care consultations&#44; with normal gait development &#40;up to 15 months&#41; and without other comorbidities &#40;neuromuscular&#44; pulmonary&#44; heart diseases&#41; from the same university hospital&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">128 Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and 344 healthy children were analyzed&#44; equally distributed in age groups&#46; In Duchenne muscular dystrophy&#44; there is a progressive increase in the means of the times to perform the motor tests according to the age group&#44; which accelerates very abruptly after 7 years of age&#46; Healthy children acquire maximum motor capacity at 6 years and stabilize their times&#46; The time to rise showed a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value &#60;0&#46;05 and a strong association &#40;effect size &#91;ES&#93; &#62;0&#46;8&#41; in all age groups &#40;except at 12 years&#41;&#44; with time to walk 10 meters from 9 years&#44; and with time to run 10&#8201;meters &#44; from 5 years&#46; The 100&#37; sensitivity points were defined as follows&#58; time to rise&#44; at 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; time to walk 10 meters&#44; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#59; time to run 10&#8201;meters&#44; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Time to rise is a useful and simple tool in the screening of neuromuscular disorders such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy&#44; a previously incurable disease with new perspectives for treatment&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objective"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A distrofia muscular de Duchenne&#44; doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica ligada ao X&#44; determina fraqueza muscular progressiva principalmente em membros inferiores&#46; Os testes de fun&#231;&#227;o motora ajudam a monitorar a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a&#46; Avalia&#231;&#245;es simples de baixo custo podem ajudar na suspeita diagn&#243;stica da distrofia muscular de Duchenne&#63; Objetivamos definir a sensibilidade do tempo levantar&#44; tempo andar 10 metros e tempo correr 10 metros&#44; avaliando-os como eventuais ferramentas de triagem diagn&#243;stica&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudo anal&#237;tico&#44; observacional&#44; retrospectivo &#40;1998 at&#233; 2015&#41; e prospectivo &#40;2015 at&#233; 2018&#41;&#46; Os casos foram recrutados do banco de dados do servi&#231;o de neurologia infantil e os saud&#225;veis&#44; de consultas de puericultura&#44; com desenvolvimento de marcha normal &#40;at&#233; os 15 meses&#41; e sem outras comorbidades &#40;neuromusculares&#44; pneumopatias&#44; cardiopatias&#41;&#44; do mesmo hospital universit&#225;rio&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram analisados 128 pacientes com distrofia muscular de Duchenne e 344 saud&#225;veis&#44; distribu&#237;dos igualmente em faixas et&#225;rias&#46; Na distrofia muscular de Duchenne ocorre aumento progressivo das m&#233;dias dos tempos para realizar as provas motoras&#44; de forma acentuada a partir dos 7 anos&#46; Os saud&#225;veis estabilizam os tempos a partir dos 6 anos&#44; adquirindo capacidade motora m&#225;xima&#46; O tempo de levantar apresentou p-valor &#60;0&#44;05 e forte associa&#231;&#227;o &#40;TE &#62;0&#44;8&#41; em todas as faixas et&#225;rias &#40;exceto aos 12 anos&#41;&#44; tempo de andar 10 metros a partir de 9 anos e o tempo de correr 10 metros&#44; dos 5 anos&#46; Os pontos de 100&#37; sensibilidade foram definidos&#58; tempo de levantar aos 2 segundos&#59; tempo de andar&#44; 5 segundos e tempo de correr 10 metros&#44; 4 segundos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O tempo de levantar &#233; &#250;til e simples na triagem de doen&#231;as neuromusculares como a distrofia muscular de Duchenne&#44; doen&#231;a antes incur&#225;vel com novas perspectivas de tratamento&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Objetivo"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclus&#245;es"
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    "NotaPie" => array:2 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Pereira AC&#44; Ara&#250;jo AP&#44; Ribeiro MG&#46; Can simple and low-cost motor function assessments help in the diagnostic suspicion of Duchenne muscular dystrophy&#63; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2020&#59;96&#58;503&#8211;10&#46;</p>"
      ]
      1 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Study conducted at Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#40;UFRJ&#41;&#44; Instituto de Pediatria e Puericultura Martag&#227;o Gesteira &#40;IPPMG&#41;&#44; Departamento de Pediatria&#44; Ambulat&#243;rio de Neurologia Infantil&#44; Rio de Janeiro&#44; RJ&#44; Brazil&#46;</p>"
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    ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean time to rise chart&#58; DMD and healthy&#46; Chart representation of the mean of time to rise from the ground in patients with DMD and healthy ones&#46; TR2&#44; time to rise at 2 years&#59; TR3&#44; rime to rise at 3 years&#59; TR4&#44; time to rise at 4 years&#59; TR5&#44; time to rise at 5 years&#59; TR6&#44; time to rise at 6 Years&#59; TR7&#44; time to rise at 7 years&#59; TR8&#44; time to rise at 8 years&#59; TR9&#44; time to rise at 9 years&#59; TR10&#44; time to rise at 10 years&#59; TR11&#44; time to rise at 11 years&#59; TR12&#44; time to rise at 12 years&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean time to walk 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters&#58; DMD and healthy&#46; Chart representation of the mean of time to walk 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters in patients with DMD and healthy ones&#46; TW2&#44; time to walk at 2 years&#59; TW3&#44; time to walk at 3 years&#59; TW4&#44; time to walk at 4 years&#59; TW5&#44; time to walk at 5 years&#59; TW6&#44; time to walk at 6 years&#59; TW7&#44; time to walk at 7 years&#59; TW8&#44; time to walk at 8 years&#59; TW9&#44; time to walk at 9 years&#59; TW10&#44; time to walk at 10 years&#59; TW11&#44; time to walk at 11 years&#59; TW12&#44; time to walk at 12 years&#46;</p>"
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      2 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean time to run 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters&#58; DMD and healthy&#46; Chart representation of the mean of time to run 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters in patients with DMD and healthy ones&#46; TR2&#44; time to run at 2 years&#59; TR3&#44; time to run at 3 years&#59; TR4&#44; time to run at 4 years&#59; TR5&#44; time to run at 5 years&#59; TR6&#44; time to run at 6 years&#59; TR7&#44; time to run at 7 years&#59; TR8&#44; time to run at 8 years&#59; TR9&#44; time to run at 9 years&#59; TR10&#44; time to run at 10 years&#59; TR11&#44; time to run at 11 years&#59; TR12&#44; time to run at 12 years&#46;</p>"
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      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
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            "identificador" => "at1"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The table represents the mean of the motor tests &#40;TR &#8211; rime to rise&#44; TW10M &#8211; time to walk 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters&#44; and TR10M &#8211; time to run 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meters&#41; of patients with DMD and healthy ones&#44; in addition to the comparative analysis of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value &#60;0&#46;05&#41; and effect size &#40;ES&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TR2&#44; time to rise at 2 years&#59; TR3&#44; time to rise at 3 years&#59; TR4&#44; time to rise at 4 years&#59; TR5&#44; time to rise at 5 years&#59; TR6&#44; time to rise at 6 Years&#59; TR7&#44; time to rise at 7 years&#59; TR8&#44; time to rise at 8 years&#59; TR9&#44; time to rise at 9 years&#59; TR10&#44; time to rise at 10 years&#59; TR11&#44; time to rise at 11 years&#59; TR12&#44; time to rise at 12 years&#46;</p><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TW2&#44; time to walk at 2 years&#59; TW3&#44; time to walk at 3 years&#59; TW4&#44; time to walk at 4 years&#59; TW5&#44; time to walk at 5 years&#59; TW6&#44; time to walk at 6 Years&#59; TW7&#44; time to walk at 7 years&#59; TW8&#44; time to walk at 8 years&#59; TW9&#44; time to walk at 9 years&#59; TW10&#44; time to walk at 10 years&#59; TW11&#44; time to walk at 11 years&#59; TW12&#44; time to walk at 12 years&#46;</p><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TR2&#44; time to run at 2 years&#59; TR3&#44; time to run at 3 years&#59; TR4&#44; time to run at 4 years&#59; TR5&#44; time to run at 5 years&#59; TR6&#44; time to run at 6 Years&#59; TR7&#44; time to run at 7 years&#59; TR8&#44; time to run at 8 years&#59; TR9&#44; time to run at 9 years&#59; TR10&#44; time to run at 10 years&#59; TR11&#44; time to run at 11 years&#59; TR12&#44; time to run at 12 years&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Motor tests &#40;s&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Healthy</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Comparative analysis</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Time to Rise from floor &#40;TRF&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TR12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;13&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2367354.png"
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Meter walk test &#40;10MWT&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Median&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Median&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ES&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">WT2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WT3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WT4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WT5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;046&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WT6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;732&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WT7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;776&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WT8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WT9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WT10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2367355.png"
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Meter run test &#40;10MRT&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Median&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Median&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ES&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;096&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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        "identificador" => "xack479083"
        "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To the statistician Ronir Raggio Luiz and his assistant J&#233;ssica Pronestino&#46; To the students of the PINC &#40;Scientific Initiation Project&#41;&#58; Bruna Maciel&#44; Luisa Vieira&#44; Monique Minini Lima&#44; and Yuri Devaud&#46; To all the children and their parents&#47;guardians who participated in this study for their helpfulness and solidarity&#44; by making themselves available to aid this scientific research&#44; knowing that its main objective was to shorten the diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy&#46; To all family members and children with DMD&#44; as an example of perseverance and optimism&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 00217557
Original language: English
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