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A recent projection for the age group between 2 and 19 years shows that most young people today will be obese by the age of 35 years&#46; In 2 year-old children&#44; the prevalence of obesity increased until adolescence&#44; when it stabilized&#44; but continued to increase after adolescence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The concern with excess weight extends beyond the physiological conditions&#44; since it has shown to be an interference factor for an adequate HRQoL in adolescents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Therefore&#44; identifying and studying adolescents with excess weight is important to prevent negative effects on HRQoL&#44; which may extend into different dimensions of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> In this context&#44; the aim of the present study was to identify the HRQoL in adolescents with excess weight and to verify probable associated factors such as age&#44; gender&#44; and weight categories&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a cross-sectional&#44; descriptive study of primary data from overweight and obese adolescents of both genders&#44; attending elementary school in the municipality of Cachoeira do Sul &#40;CS&#41;&#44; state of Rio Grande do Sul &#40;RS&#41;&#44; Brazil&#44; and data obtained from another database from adolescents with overweight and obesity of both genders&#44; attending elementary schools in the municipality of Santa Cruz do Sul &#8211; RS &#40;SCS&#41;&#46; The participating schools were located in the central region and were representative of the respective municipalities&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Inclusion and exclusion criteria</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inclusion criteria considered overweight and obese students who were regularly enrolled in the schools involved in the project&#44; aged between 10 and 17 years old&#44; in the case of the SCS group&#46; For the CS group&#44; the enrolled students were in the 6th and 7th grades of a public elementary school&#44; with ages ranging from 9 to 18 years old and who were overweight and obese&#46; For both CS and SCS groups&#44; those who agreed to and signed the Term of Assent &#40;TA&#41; and whose parents and&#47;or guardians residing in the same household signed the informed consent were included in the study&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exclusion criteria were the same for the SC and SCS students and those without the physical conditions to undergo the anthropometric evaluation&#44; such as wheelchair users&#44; those with amputated limbs or with a cast&#44; pregnant adolescents&#44; and students without the mental conditions and&#47;or those unable to complete the questionnaires were excluded&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample was obtained by convenience&#44; and considering a 95&#37; Confidence Interval&#44; margin of error of 3&#46;5&#44; and standard deviation of 18&#46;0&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> reached a sample size of 105 adolescents with overweight&#44; and with a 95&#37; Confidence Interval&#44; margin of error of 3&#46;5&#44; and standard deviation of 20&#46;1&#44; a sample size of 130 obese adolescents was obtained&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Data collection</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the primary data&#44; the students who agreed to participate and signed the TA and had parents and&#47;or guardians who signed the informed consent were submitted to anthropometric measurements &#40;weight&#44; height&#44; and waist circumference &#91;WC&#93;&#41; by the researcher&#44; as well as self-evaluation of Pubertal Stage &#40;PS&#41; and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4&#46;0 &#40;PedsQL 4&#46;0&#41; for the assessment of QoL&#46; Data on age and date of birth were supplied by the school&#46; Data collection took place in 2016&#44; with 3 month duration&#44; during which data were collected from 72 students&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data from a database of the project &#8220;Obesidade em adolescentes da educa&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica&#58; um estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o interdisciplinar &#8211; Fase III&#8221; &#40;&#8220;Obesity in Elementary School adolescents&#58; an interdisciplinary intervention study &#8211; Phase III&#8221;&#41; carried out in SCS were collected from an initially cross-sectional database of 25 schools&#44; of which students had the signed the TA and the informed consent&#46; The schools were similar regarding the sociodemographic characteristics&#46; The measurements were carried out at Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul &#40;UNISC&#41; by a trained team&#46; 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based on the BMI&#47;age expressed in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">z</span>-score&#44; calculated using the software WHO-Anthro Plus 2007 &#40;World Health Organization&#41;&#44; and following the recommendations proposed by the WHO&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The WC was measured at midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest&#46; This study followed the cutoff points that identify abdominal obesity when WC is greater than the 90th percentile&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Pubertal stage</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To verify the PS&#44; the self-assessment questionnaire according to Tanner criteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> was applied at the same time of the anthropometric evaluation&#46; The adolescent was placed in a private space to prevent embarrassment&#46; The adolescents&#8217; self-evaluation was carried out through illustrative images&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Quality of life</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The generic questionnaire was applied &#8211; PedsQL 4&#46;0 &#8211; validated for the Brazilian population&#44; with four subscales&#44; containing 23 items comprising&#58; &#40;1&#41; physical dimension&#44; &#40;2&#41; emotional dimension&#44; &#40;3&#41; social dimension&#44; and &#40;4&#41; school dimension&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis of the PedsQL 4&#46;0 responses was performed as follows&#58; they were inversely scored and linearly transposed to a scale of 0&#8211;100 &#40;never<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100 points&#44; almost never<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>75 points&#44; sometimes<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50 points&#44; many times<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25 points&#44; almost always<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0 points&#41;&#59; thus&#44; the higher the score&#44; the better the HRQoL&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A psychosocial summary score was created&#44; which demonstrates the student&#39;s psychosocial health through the mean of the sum of the items&#58; social dimension&#44; emotional dimension&#44; and school dimension&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the presence of missing data&#44; the scale scores were considered as the sum of items divided by the number of answered items&#46; However&#44; when more than 50&#37; of the scale items were absent&#44; the scale score was not recorded&#46; The consistency of this computation is similar to that of other publications that use the PedsQL as a reference&#44; as well as other established HRQoL measurements&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Categorical data were described as counts and percentages&#44; for variables such as municipality&#44; gender&#44; WC&#44; and BMI classification&#46; Age was described by mean and standard deviation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#41;&#46; The normality of distribution was verified for all continuous variables using the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test&#46; When the sample did not show a normal distribution&#44; median and 25th and 75th percentiles were used to describe the QoL subscales&#46; The comparisons between age groups&#44; gender&#44; and weight category were performed using the Mann&#8211;Whitney test&#46; The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS software &#40;IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows&#44; Version 20&#46;0&#46; NY&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Ethical aspects</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The initial project in SCS already had approval of the Research Ethical Committee of UNISC&#44; under CAAE no&#46; 54985316&#46;0&#46;0000&#46;5343 and Opinion no&#46; 1&#46;498&#46;330&#46; The study was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#40;UFRGS&#41; to obtain approval for the use of the data collected in the municipality of CS&#44; concomitantly to the SCS data&#44; approved under CAAE no&#46; 71390416&#46;1&#46;0000&#46;5347 and Opinion no&#46; 2&#46;395&#46;088&#44; which followed all the ethical principles recommended by Resolution 466&#47;12 of the National Health Council&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Results</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were collected from 298 adolescents&#46; Due to incomplete data&#44; 22 adolescents were excluded&#46; The study included 276 adolescents with excess weight&#44; that is&#44; with overweight &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>134&#41; and obesity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>142&#41;&#46; The mean age was 12&#46;8 years&#44; ranging from 9 to 18 years&#46; Most adolescents had normal abdominal adiposity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The median of the total HRQoL score was 78&#46;3 &#40;68&#46;5&#8211;87&#46;4&#41; for the adolescents&#46; The lowest scale was the &#8220;emotional score&#8221;&#44; with a result of 65 &#40;50&#8211;80&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Age group</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The effect of the age group on the PedsQL subscale scores was analyzed&#46; The median of the &#8220;physical score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;03&#41; and &#8220;social score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41; were significantly lower in the age group younger than 14 years&#44; compared to adolescents aged 14&#8211;19 years&#46; However&#44; there was no difference between the medians of the emotional&#44; school&#44; psychosocial summary&#44; and total scores &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Gender</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> highlights the comparisons between male and female adolescents&#46; When analyzing the HRQoL in the different groups&#44; a statistically significant difference was observed&#44; since the HRQoL median was higher in boys in all scores &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#44; except for the &#8220;school score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;09&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Weight categories</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The effects of the variables overweight and obesity were analyzed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#46; The obese adolescents showed significant differences regarding the &#8220;physical score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;00&#41;&#44; &#8220;school score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41;&#44; and &#8220;total score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41; when compared to overweight adolescents&#46; There was no significant difference between the emotional&#44; social&#44; and psychosocial scores&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Discussion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study aims to describe the HRQoL of adolescents with excess weight and to compare the probable associated factors such as age&#44; gender&#44; and weight categories &#40;overweight and obesity&#41;&#46; To date&#44; this is the first study to publish data on the HRQoL between overweight and obese adolescents from two municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul&#46; When analyzing the PedsQL subscales&#44; this study found a median HRQoL of 78&#46;3 &#40;68&#46;5&#8211;87&#46;4&#41; in adolescents with overweight and obesity&#46; The lowest PedsQL subscale score was the &#8220;emotional score&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;12&#44;13</span></a> as well as the present one&#44; found the emotional score to be the lowest PedsQL subscale score in overweight and obese adolescents&#44; warning that obesity may be a determinant factor for the decline in HRQoL&#44; especially in the emotional dimension&#46; Lower emotional domains are of concern&#44; mainly when related to the young population with excess weight&#44; since a recent review study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> shows that the food consumption motivated by the emotional state is associated with the development and maintenance of excess weight and obesity&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When adolescents were separated by age group&#44; &#60;14 years and 14&#8211;19 years&#44; the group &#60;14 years reported lower scores in the &#8220;physical score&#8221; and &#8220;social score&#8221;&#46; The study by Su et al&#46; showed that obese boys in the 3rd and 4th grades had greater difficulties related to the physical score than their peers with normal weight&#46; However&#44; boys in the 5th and 6th grades did not show this difference&#44; which is similar to the findings of this study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> One hypothesis for the finding is that the perception of children and adolescents about obesity may explain these lower scores regarding the physical score&#44; since the negative perception decreases in an inversely proportional manner to age&#59; also&#44; most adolescents realize that obesity creates limitations in physical performance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Contrary to the findings of this study&#44; obesity was associated with a higher HRQoL in younger students &#40;12&#8211;14 years&#41;&#44; together with higher scores in the emotional and school function and well-being&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As for the affected &#8220;social score&#8221; among younger adolescents&#44; it is believed that the age group of 14&#8211;19 years shows greater socialization&#44; as they attend more parties&#44; a behavior typical of adolescence&#46; Young obese individuals may suffer a decline in the social domain and perceive these levels as lower than most young individuals&#44; but the perceived social support of classmates&#44; in particular&#44; can have a significant effect on the long-term outcomes of HRQoL for young people who remain obese&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Female gender is associated with a lower HRQoL&#46; In the present study&#44; PedsQL subscale scores were significantly lower in girls&#44; with the exception of the &#8220;school score&#8221;&#44; and this finding corroborates some studies in which this association is observed in individuals with normal and excess weight&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;20&#8211;22</span></a> It is believed that the process of body transformation&#44; together with the environment &#40;social media&#44; family and friends&#41; has a greater impact on the female population with excess weight&#59; as a consequence&#44; it may be related to the low levels of HRQoL&#46; The overvaluing of body weight and body image may be another factor that influences HRQoL specifically in girls&#44; as well as physical factors such as puberty &#40;due to menstruation&#41;&#44; hormones&#44; and social and beauty norms that are difficult to achieve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;20&#44;21</span></a> Female adolescents with overweight and obesity &#40;self-perceived and measured&#41; require more attention&#44; due to the previously mentioned factors and also due to the increased likelihood of suicidal ideation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> In this context&#44; it is emphasized that the treatment of overweight and obesity in adolescents should be performed frequently and in the long term&#44; based on targets of dietary behavior rather than weight&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> aiming to prevent a greater decline in the HRQoL of these adolescents with excess weight caused by an inadequate treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It was verified that obese adolescents reported significantly greater losses in the physical&#44; school&#44; and total scores of HRQoL when compared to the overweight category&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the physical domain&#44; it is believed that Internet use among obese adolescents&#44; social isolation&#44; and emotional state may contribute to the decrease in the HRQoL in the physical domain&#46; A study associating HRQoL and Internet addiction found that obese adolescents have a higher rate of Internet addiction&#44; associated with a lower physical and psychosocial domain&#46; It is likely that Internet addiction caused by emotional malfunction contributes to obesity&#44; since online activities keep individuals from practicing physical activities&#44; and this decrease directly contributes to obesity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Another factor that may explain lower physical scores in this study is the damage to social and emotional health caused by obesity&#44; as obese adolescents are generally excluded from competitive activities that require physical effort&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> It is important to emphasize that health professionals should promote their support regarding the adolescents&#8217; behavior to include the increase of vigorous and playful physical activity &#40;at least one hour per day&#41;&#44; which the adolescent will enjoy practicing&#44; and which also will reduce screen time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An academic consequence was found to be associated with obesity&#44; in which lower school scores were reported by the adolescents&#44; and these losses corroborate the literature data&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;28</span></a> A study with Chinese adolescents suggests that learning and memory processes in obese adolescents are different from those in the normal weight category&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> That study found an association between obesity and lower academic performance due to poor basic ability of working memory&#46; The authors proposed that obese adolescents are more sensitive to memory of food and beverage brand materials&#44; and that functional memory deficit for obese adolescents may be domain-specific&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Additionally&#44; there is a hypothesis that obesity is associated to detectable structural differences in the brain when compared to the brains of normal-weight individuals during childhood and adolescence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> A recent study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> involving children and adolescents&#44; carried out in Spain&#44; found a positive association between the components of physical fitness with gray matter volume in the cortical and subcortical structures of the brain in children with overweight and obesity&#46; Some of these brain structures were related to better academic performance&#46; The authors hypothesized that promoting physical activity&#44; which leads to improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness and agility&#47;speed&#44; may also be important for the development of the brain and the academic abilities in overweight and obese adolescents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study found a lower total HRQoL score in obese individuals when compared to overweight adolescents&#44; suggesting that the higher weight category is associated with a lower overall HRQoL&#46; In S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil&#44; obese adolescents showed an impaired HRQL in PedsQL&#44; affecting the social&#44; emotional&#44; and psychosocial function domains&#44; as well as the general HRQoL&#44; corroborating the present finding&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Moreover&#44; another Brazilian study of adolescents with excess weight showed the negative impact of the HRQoL perceived by the parents regarding the physical and psychosocial aspects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is thought that this finding may be related to an inversely proportional effect between BMI and HRQoL&#46; A meta-analysis of studies using the PedsQL indicates that there is evidence that HRQoL decreases as BMI increases&#44; a gradient of normal weight&#44; with excess weight for obesity in adolescents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Studies often separate adolescents with and without obesity&#44; showing that those with obesity have worse HRQoL&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Thus&#44; it is important to consider the psychosocial aspects involved in adolescents with excess weight&#46; It is necessary to consider the HRQoL in the prevention and treatment of obesity&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; this study has some limitations&#46; It is a cross-sectional study&#44; so causal inferences cannot be made&#46; The study assessed schools in two cities&#44; and it was not possible to evaluate the socioeconomic status&#46; However&#44; the schools were located in similar socioeconomic areas&#44; which made the schools comparable&#46; As to the HRQoL self-assessment&#44; the PedsQL has already demonstrated its validity and reliability&#44; which has little impact on the conclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These findings highlight the need for clinicians and researchers to incorporate the assessment of HRQoL in overweight and obese adolescents&#44; whereas the identification of more impaired domains may lead to new&#44; more specific interventions for the treatment of overweight and obesity in childhood&#44; as well as treatment adherence&#46; The authors suggest interventions focused on the emotional aspect of this population&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the self-assessment of overweight and obese adolescents&#44; it can be concluded that there are losses in the HRQoL&#44; in different domains&#44; when they are separated by age&#44; gender&#44; and weight category &#40;overweight and obesity&#41;&#46; Age was shown to be an associated factor&#44; since the younger age group &#40;&#60;14 years&#41; reported losses in the &#8220;physical score&#8221; and &#8220;social score&#8221;&#46; Girls reported lower HRQoL scores in most domains&#44; except for the &#8220;school score&#8221;&#46; Finally&#44; obese adolescents reported lower scores in the &#8220;physical score&#8221;&#44; &#8220;school score&#8221;&#44; and total HRQoL score when compared to the overweight adolescents&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Funding</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Universidade de Santa Catarina do Sul</span> &#8211; UNISC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To identify health-related quality of life in adolescents with excess weight and associated factors&#44; such as gender&#44; age&#44; and weight categories&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A cross-sectional study with collected and secondary data from 276 adolescents aged between 10 and 19 years with overweight and obesity&#44; and whose parents or guardians authorized their participation&#46; Anthropometric data&#44; pubertal development&#44; and the PedsQL 4&#46;0 questionnaire were collected for the health-related quality of life assessment&#46; Categorical data were described as numbers and percentages&#46; For the description of health-related quality of life subscales&#44; medians and the 25<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> and 75<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> percentiles were used&#44; as well as the Mann&#8211;Whitney test for comparisons between age group&#44; gender&#44; and weight categories&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The median health-related quality of life total score was 78&#46;3 &#40;68&#46;5&#8211;87&#46;4&#41;&#46; The lowest scale was the &#8220;emotional score&#8221;&#44; 65 &#40;50&#8211;80&#41;&#46; Higher health-related quality of life was found in boys in most of the scores &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#44; except for the &#8220;school score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;09&#41;&#46; Regarding the age group&#44; the median of the &#8220;physical scores&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;03&#41; and &#8220;social score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41; were significantly lower in the group younger than 14 years&#46; When separated according to weight categories&#44; it was verified that obese adolescents differed significantly in relation to the &#8220;physical score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;00&#41;&#44; &#8220;school score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41;&#44; and &#8220;total score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41; of the health-related quality of life&#46; However&#44; there was no significant difference between the emotional&#44; social&#44; and psychosocial scores&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adolescents with overweight and obesity show losses in the health-related quality of life and also between the different domains&#44; when separated by age&#44; gender&#44; and weight categories&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objective"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Method"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Identificar a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de entre adolescentes com excesso de peso e fatores associados&#44; como g&#234;nero&#44; idade e categorias de peso&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudo transversal com dados coletados e secund&#225;rios de 276 adolescentes entre 10 e 19 anos&#44; com sobrepeso e obesidade&#44; cujos respons&#225;veis autorizaram a participa&#231;&#227;o&#46; Foram coletados dados antropom&#233;tricos&#44; desenvolvimento puberal e question&#225;rio PedsQL 4&#46;0 para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de&#46; Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram descritos por contagens e percentuais&#46; Para a descri&#231;&#227;o das subescalas da qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de foram usadas medianas e percentis 25 e 75 e teste de Mann-Whitney para compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos de faixa et&#225;ria&#44; g&#234;nero e categorias de peso&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A mediana do escore total da qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de foi de 78&#44;3 &#40;68&#44;5-87&#44;4&#41;&#46; A menor escala foi o &#8220;escore emocional&#8221; 65 &#40;50-80&#41;&#46; Encontramos a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de maior nos meninos na maioria dos escores &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#44; exceto o &#8220;escore escolar&#8221; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;09&#41;&#46; Quanto &#224; faixa et&#225;ria&#44; a mediana dos &#8220;escores f&#237;sico&#8221; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41; e &#8220;escore social&#8221; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; foram significativamente menores no grupo menor de 14 anos&#46; Ao separar as categorias de peso&#44; percebe-se que os adolescentes obesos diferem significativamente com rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#8220;escore f&#237;sico&#8221; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;00&#41;&#59; &#8220;escore escolar&#8221; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#41; e &#8220;escore total&#8221; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; da qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de&#46; Contudo&#44; n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os escores emocional&#44; social e psicossocial&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade t&#234;m preju&#237;zos na qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de e tamb&#233;m entre os diferentes dom&#237;nios&#44; quando separados por faixa et&#225;ria&#44; g&#234;nero e categorias de peso&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Objetivo"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todo"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclus&#245;es"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:2 [
      0 => array:3 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#8224;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0011">In memoriam&#46;</p>"
        "identificador" => "fn0005"
      ]
      1 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0055">Please cite this article as&#58; D&#8217;avila HF&#44; Poll FA&#44; Reuter CP&#44; Burgos MS&#44; Mello ED&#46; Health-related quality of life in adolescents with excess weight&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2019&#59;95&#58;495&#8211;501&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:4 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>276&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">112 &#40;40&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">164 &#40;59&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age in years&#44; mean &#40;SD&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;14 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">178 &#40;64&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#8211;19 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98 &#40;35&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pubertal stage</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pre-pubertal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;8&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pubertal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">190 &#40;68&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Post-pubertal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;9&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Did not answer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;13&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">WC&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Normal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">155 &#40;56&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">121 &#40;43&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BMI classification&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Overweight&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">134 &#40;48&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Obesity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">142 &#40;51&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Quality of life</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Physical score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84&#46;4 &#40;68&#46;7&#8211;93&#46;7&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Emotional score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;50&#8211;80&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Social score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90&#46;00 &#40;75&#8211;100&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>School score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80 &#40;70&#8211;90&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Psychosocial summary&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">76&#46;67 &#40;66&#46;7&#8211;86&#46;7&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">78&#46;3 &#40;68&#46;5&#8211;87&#46;4&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Quality of life&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#60;14 years &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>178&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">14&#8211;19 years &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Physical score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">81&#46;2 &#40;68&#46;5&#8211;91&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87&#46;5 &#40;75&#8211;93&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;030<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Emotional score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;50&#8211;80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;55&#8211;85&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Social score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85 &#40;70&#8211;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;80&#8211;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;002<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">School score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80 &#40;70&#8211;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80 &#40;68&#46;7&#8211;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;476&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Psychosocial summary<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">76&#46;7 &#40;65&#8211;86&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">76&#46;7 &#40;67&#46;9&#8211;88&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;380&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Total score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">77&#46;2 &#40;67&#46;1&#8211;86&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;4 &#40;70&#46;4&#8211;90&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;122&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Female &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>164&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Physical score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87 &#40;75&#46;8&#8211;96&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">78 &#40;65&#46;6&#8211;90&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Emotional score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70 &#40;56&#46;2&#8211;88&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">60 &#40;50&#8211;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Social score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;80&#8211;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85 &#40;70&#8211;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;015<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">School score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80 &#40;70&#8211;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75 &#40;65&#8211;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;097&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Psychosocial summary<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80 &#40;71&#46;7&#8211;88&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">73&#46;3 &#40;63&#46;3&#8211;85&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Total score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">82&#46;1 &#40;73&#46;1&#8211;89&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">74&#46;4 &#40;65&#46;5&#8211;85&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t">87&#46;5 &#40;75&#8211;93&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">81&#46;2 &#40;67&#46;3&#8211;90&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;002<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Emotional score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;50&#8211;81&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;50&#8211;80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;709&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Social score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;75&#8211;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;069&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;043<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Psychosocial summary<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">78&#46;3 &#40;66&#46;7&#8211;88&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;131&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Total score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">81&#46;5 &#40;70&#46;6&#8211;89&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">77&#46;2 &#40;66&#46;3&#8211;85&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;026<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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      "titulo" => "References"
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        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Programme on mental health&#46; Report of WHOQOL Focus Group Work&#46; Geneva"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                0 => array:2 [
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                      "titulo" => "Rio de Janeiro&#58; IBGE&#58; Diretoria de pesquisas&#44; coordena&#231;&#227;o de popula&#231;&#227;o e indicadores sociais"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
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                            0 => "IBGE&#46; Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica&#46; Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de do Escolar"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "editorial" => "Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de&#44; com apoio do Minist&#233;rio da Educa&#231;&#227;o"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Conv&#234;nio"
                      ]
                    ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0165"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                      "titulo" => "Simulation of growth trajectories of childhood obesity into adulthood"
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The HRQoL study described in this article was performed using the PedsQL&#44; developed by Dr&#46; James W&#46; Varni&#46; Acknowledgments to the Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul for authorizing the use of data from the project entitled &#8220;Obesidade em adolescentes da educa&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica&#58; um estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o disciplinar fase III&#8221; &#40;&#8220;Obesity in adolescents in elementary education&#58; an interdisciplinary intervention study &#8211; Phase III&#8221;&#41;&#44; from the Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion&#44; Master&#39;s Degree&#46; Also&#44; the authors would like to thank the Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior &#40;CAPES&#41; for the grant&#46;</p>"
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Original article
Health-related quality of life in adolescents with excess weight
Qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em adolescentes com excesso de peso
Helen F. D’avilaa,
Corresponding author
helen14davila@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Fabiana A. Pollb, Cézane P. Reuterb, Miria S. Burgosb,, Elza D. Melloa
a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
b Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Departamento de Educação Física e Saúde, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
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    "titulo" => "Health-related quality of life in adolescents with excess weight"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The definition of Health-Related Quality of Life &#40;HRQoL&#41; by the World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41; is multidimensional&#44; in which there are three main health dimensions &#40;physical&#44; psychological&#44; and social&#41; that can be used as a general health outcome measure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of excess weight in southern Brazil is 28&#46;2&#37; in adolescents aged 13&#8211;17 years&#44; whereas the prevalence of obesity is 10&#46;2&#37;&#44; higher than the prevalence found in other regions of the country&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> It is known that children and adolescents with excess weight at this stage of life may remain with excess weight in adult life&#46; A recent projection for the age group between 2 and 19 years shows that most young people today will be obese by the age of 35 years&#46; In 2 year-old children&#44; the prevalence of obesity increased until adolescence&#44; when it stabilized&#44; but continued to increase after adolescence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The concern with excess weight extends beyond the physiological conditions&#44; since it has shown to be an interference factor for an adequate HRQoL in adolescents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Therefore&#44; identifying and studying adolescents with excess weight is important to prevent negative effects on HRQoL&#44; which may extend into different dimensions of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> In this context&#44; the aim of the present study was to identify the HRQoL in adolescents with excess weight and to verify probable associated factors such as age&#44; gender&#44; and weight categories&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a cross-sectional&#44; descriptive study of primary data from overweight and obese adolescents of both genders&#44; attending elementary school in the municipality of Cachoeira do Sul &#40;CS&#41;&#44; state of Rio Grande do Sul &#40;RS&#41;&#44; Brazil&#44; and data obtained from another database from adolescents with overweight and obesity of both genders&#44; attending elementary schools in the municipality of Santa Cruz do Sul &#8211; RS &#40;SCS&#41;&#46; The participating schools were located in the central region and were representative of the respective municipalities&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Inclusion and exclusion criteria</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inclusion criteria considered overweight and obese students who were regularly enrolled in the schools involved in the project&#44; aged between 10 and 17 years old&#44; in the case of the SCS group&#46; For the CS group&#44; the enrolled students were in the 6th and 7th grades of a public elementary school&#44; with ages ranging from 9 to 18 years old and who were overweight and obese&#46; For both CS and SCS groups&#44; those who agreed to and signed the Term of Assent &#40;TA&#41; and whose parents and&#47;or guardians residing in the same household signed the informed consent were included in the study&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exclusion criteria were the same for the SC and SCS students and those without the physical conditions to undergo the anthropometric evaluation&#44; such as wheelchair users&#44; those with amputated limbs or with a cast&#44; pregnant adolescents&#44; and students without the mental conditions and&#47;or those unable to complete the questionnaires were excluded&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample was obtained by convenience&#44; and considering a 95&#37; Confidence Interval&#44; margin of error of 3&#46;5&#44; and standard deviation of 18&#46;0&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> reached a sample size of 105 adolescents with overweight&#44; and with a 95&#37; Confidence Interval&#44; margin of error of 3&#46;5&#44; and standard deviation of 20&#46;1&#44; a sample size of 130 obese adolescents was obtained&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Data collection</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the primary data&#44; the students who agreed to participate and signed the TA and had parents and&#47;or guardians who signed the informed consent were submitted to anthropometric measurements &#40;weight&#44; height&#44; and waist circumference &#91;WC&#93;&#41; by the researcher&#44; as well as self-evaluation of Pubertal Stage &#40;PS&#41; and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4&#46;0 &#40;PedsQL 4&#46;0&#41; for the assessment of QoL&#46; Data on age and date of birth were supplied by the school&#46; Data collection took place in 2016&#44; with 3 month duration&#44; during which data were collected from 72 students&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data from a database of the project &#8220;Obesidade em adolescentes da educa&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica&#58; um estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o interdisciplinar &#8211; Fase III&#8221; &#40;&#8220;Obesity in Elementary School adolescents&#58; an interdisciplinary intervention study &#8211; Phase III&#8221;&#41; carried out in SCS were collected from an initially cross-sectional database of 25 schools&#44; of which students had the signed the TA and the informed consent&#46; The schools were similar regarding the sociodemographic characteristics&#46; The measurements were carried out at Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul &#40;UNISC&#41; by a trained team&#46; The study was performed between 2015 and 2016&#44; when data were collected from 285 adolescents&#46; Data such as weight&#44; height&#44; age&#44; skin color&#44; WC&#44; PS&#44; and PedsQL were obtained from adolescents with overweight and obesity&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Tools and measures</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Nutritional status</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following data were collected&#58; age reported by the school&#44; weight &#40;kg&#41;&#44; and height &#40;cm&#41;&#46; The weight and height measurements were used to calculate Body Mass Index &#40;BMI&#41; &#40;weight &#91;kg&#93;&#47;height &#91;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#93;&#41;&#46; The adolescents were classified as having excess weight &#40;overweight or obesity&#41; based on the BMI&#47;age expressed in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">z</span>-score&#44; calculated using the software WHO-Anthro Plus 2007 &#40;World Health Organization&#41;&#44; and following the recommendations proposed by the WHO&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The WC was measured at midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest&#46; This study followed the cutoff points that identify abdominal obesity when WC is greater than the 90th percentile&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Pubertal stage</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To verify the PS&#44; the self-assessment questionnaire according to Tanner criteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> was applied at the same time of the anthropometric evaluation&#46; The adolescent was placed in a private space to prevent embarrassment&#46; The adolescents&#8217; self-evaluation was carried out through illustrative images&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Quality of life</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The generic questionnaire was applied &#8211; PedsQL 4&#46;0 &#8211; validated for the Brazilian population&#44; with four subscales&#44; containing 23 items comprising&#58; &#40;1&#41; physical dimension&#44; &#40;2&#41; emotional dimension&#44; &#40;3&#41; social dimension&#44; and &#40;4&#41; school dimension&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis of the PedsQL 4&#46;0 responses was performed as follows&#58; they were inversely scored and linearly transposed to a scale of 0&#8211;100 &#40;never<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100 points&#44; almost never<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>75 points&#44; sometimes<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50 points&#44; many times<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25 points&#44; almost always<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0 points&#41;&#59; thus&#44; the higher the score&#44; the better the HRQoL&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A psychosocial summary score was created&#44; which demonstrates the student&#39;s psychosocial health through the mean of the sum of the items&#58; social dimension&#44; emotional dimension&#44; and school dimension&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the presence of missing data&#44; the scale scores were considered as the sum of items divided by the number of answered items&#46; However&#44; when more than 50&#37; of the scale items were absent&#44; the scale score was not recorded&#46; The consistency of this computation is similar to that of other publications that use the PedsQL as a reference&#44; as well as other established HRQoL measurements&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Categorical data were described as counts and percentages&#44; for variables such as municipality&#44; gender&#44; WC&#44; and BMI classification&#46; Age was described by mean and standard deviation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#41;&#46; The normality of distribution was verified for all continuous variables using the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test&#46; When the sample did not show a normal distribution&#44; median and 25th and 75th percentiles were used to describe the QoL subscales&#46; The comparisons between age groups&#44; gender&#44; and weight category were performed using the Mann&#8211;Whitney test&#46; The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS software &#40;IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows&#44; Version 20&#46;0&#46; NY&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Ethical aspects</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The initial project in SCS already had approval of the Research Ethical Committee of UNISC&#44; under CAAE no&#46; 54985316&#46;0&#46;0000&#46;5343 and Opinion no&#46; 1&#46;498&#46;330&#46; The study was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#40;UFRGS&#41; to obtain approval for the use of the data collected in the municipality of CS&#44; concomitantly to the SCS data&#44; approved under CAAE no&#46; 71390416&#46;1&#46;0000&#46;5347 and Opinion no&#46; 2&#46;395&#46;088&#44; which followed all the ethical principles recommended by Resolution 466&#47;12 of the National Health Council&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Results</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were collected from 298 adolescents&#46; Due to incomplete data&#44; 22 adolescents were excluded&#46; The study included 276 adolescents with excess weight&#44; that is&#44; with overweight &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>134&#41; and obesity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>142&#41;&#46; The mean age was 12&#46;8 years&#44; ranging from 9 to 18 years&#46; Most adolescents had normal abdominal adiposity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The median of the total HRQoL score was 78&#46;3 &#40;68&#46;5&#8211;87&#46;4&#41; for the adolescents&#46; The lowest scale was the &#8220;emotional score&#8221;&#44; with a result of 65 &#40;50&#8211;80&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Age group</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The effect of the age group on the PedsQL subscale scores was analyzed&#46; The median of the &#8220;physical score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;03&#41; and &#8220;social score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41; were significantly lower in the age group younger than 14 years&#44; compared to adolescents aged 14&#8211;19 years&#46; However&#44; there was no difference between the medians of the emotional&#44; school&#44; psychosocial summary&#44; and total scores &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Gender</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> highlights the comparisons between male and female adolescents&#46; When analyzing the HRQoL in the different groups&#44; a statistically significant difference was observed&#44; since the HRQoL median was higher in boys in all scores &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#44; except for the &#8220;school score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;09&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Weight categories</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The effects of the variables overweight and obesity were analyzed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#46; The obese adolescents showed significant differences regarding the &#8220;physical score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;00&#41;&#44; &#8220;school score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41;&#44; and &#8220;total score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41; when compared to overweight adolescents&#46; There was no significant difference between the emotional&#44; social&#44; and psychosocial scores&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Discussion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study aims to describe the HRQoL of adolescents with excess weight and to compare the probable associated factors such as age&#44; gender&#44; and weight categories &#40;overweight and obesity&#41;&#46; To date&#44; this is the first study to publish data on the HRQoL between overweight and obese adolescents from two municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul&#46; When analyzing the PedsQL subscales&#44; this study found a median HRQoL of 78&#46;3 &#40;68&#46;5&#8211;87&#46;4&#41; in adolescents with overweight and obesity&#46; The lowest PedsQL subscale score was the &#8220;emotional score&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;12&#44;13</span></a> as well as the present one&#44; found the emotional score to be the lowest PedsQL subscale score in overweight and obese adolescents&#44; warning that obesity may be a determinant factor for the decline in HRQoL&#44; especially in the emotional dimension&#46; Lower emotional domains are of concern&#44; mainly when related to the young population with excess weight&#44; since a recent review study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> shows that the food consumption motivated by the emotional state is associated with the development and maintenance of excess weight and obesity&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When adolescents were separated by age group&#44; &#60;14 years and 14&#8211;19 years&#44; the group &#60;14 years reported lower scores in the &#8220;physical score&#8221; and &#8220;social score&#8221;&#46; The study by Su et al&#46; showed that obese boys in the 3rd and 4th grades had greater difficulties related to the physical score than their peers with normal weight&#46; However&#44; boys in the 5th and 6th grades did not show this difference&#44; which is similar to the findings of this study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> One hypothesis for the finding is that the perception of children and adolescents about obesity may explain these lower scores regarding the physical score&#44; since the negative perception decreases in an inversely proportional manner to age&#59; also&#44; most adolescents realize that obesity creates limitations in physical performance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Contrary to the findings of this study&#44; obesity was associated with a higher HRQoL in younger students &#40;12&#8211;14 years&#41;&#44; together with higher scores in the emotional and school function and well-being&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As for the affected &#8220;social score&#8221; among younger adolescents&#44; it is believed that the age group of 14&#8211;19 years shows greater socialization&#44; as they attend more parties&#44; a behavior typical of adolescence&#46; Young obese individuals may suffer a decline in the social domain and perceive these levels as lower than most young individuals&#44; but the perceived social support of classmates&#44; in particular&#44; can have a significant effect on the long-term outcomes of HRQoL for young people who remain obese&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Female gender is associated with a lower HRQoL&#46; In the present study&#44; PedsQL subscale scores were significantly lower in girls&#44; with the exception of the &#8220;school score&#8221;&#44; and this finding corroborates some studies in which this association is observed in individuals with normal and excess weight&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;20&#8211;22</span></a> It is believed that the process of body transformation&#44; together with the environment &#40;social media&#44; family and friends&#41; has a greater impact on the female population with excess weight&#59; as a consequence&#44; it may be related to the low levels of HRQoL&#46; The overvaluing of body weight and body image may be another factor that influences HRQoL specifically in girls&#44; as well as physical factors such as puberty &#40;due to menstruation&#41;&#44; hormones&#44; and social and beauty norms that are difficult to achieve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;20&#44;21</span></a> Female adolescents with overweight and obesity &#40;self-perceived and measured&#41; require more attention&#44; due to the previously mentioned factors and also due to the increased likelihood of suicidal ideation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> In this context&#44; it is emphasized that the treatment of overweight and obesity in adolescents should be performed frequently and in the long term&#44; based on targets of dietary behavior rather than weight&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> aiming to prevent a greater decline in the HRQoL of these adolescents with excess weight caused by an inadequate treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It was verified that obese adolescents reported significantly greater losses in the physical&#44; school&#44; and total scores of HRQoL when compared to the overweight category&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the physical domain&#44; it is believed that Internet use among obese adolescents&#44; social isolation&#44; and emotional state may contribute to the decrease in the HRQoL in the physical domain&#46; A study associating HRQoL and Internet addiction found that obese adolescents have a higher rate of Internet addiction&#44; associated with a lower physical and psychosocial domain&#46; It is likely that Internet addiction caused by emotional malfunction contributes to obesity&#44; since online activities keep individuals from practicing physical activities&#44; and this decrease directly contributes to obesity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Another factor that may explain lower physical scores in this study is the damage to social and emotional health caused by obesity&#44; as obese adolescents are generally excluded from competitive activities that require physical effort&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> It is important to emphasize that health professionals should promote their support regarding the adolescents&#8217; behavior to include the increase of vigorous and playful physical activity &#40;at least one hour per day&#41;&#44; which the adolescent will enjoy practicing&#44; and which also will reduce screen time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An academic consequence was found to be associated with obesity&#44; in which lower school scores were reported by the adolescents&#44; and these losses corroborate the literature data&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;28</span></a> A study with Chinese adolescents suggests that learning and memory processes in obese adolescents are different from those in the normal weight category&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> That study found an association between obesity and lower academic performance due to poor basic ability of working memory&#46; The authors proposed that obese adolescents are more sensitive to memory of food and beverage brand materials&#44; and that functional memory deficit for obese adolescents may be domain-specific&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Additionally&#44; there is a hypothesis that obesity is associated to detectable structural differences in the brain when compared to the brains of normal-weight individuals during childhood and adolescence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> A recent study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> involving children and adolescents&#44; carried out in Spain&#44; found a positive association between the components of physical fitness with gray matter volume in the cortical and subcortical structures of the brain in children with overweight and obesity&#46; Some of these brain structures were related to better academic performance&#46; The authors hypothesized that promoting physical activity&#44; which leads to improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness and agility&#47;speed&#44; may also be important for the development of the brain and the academic abilities in overweight and obese adolescents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study found a lower total HRQoL score in obese individuals when compared to overweight adolescents&#44; suggesting that the higher weight category is associated with a lower overall HRQoL&#46; In S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil&#44; obese adolescents showed an impaired HRQL in PedsQL&#44; affecting the social&#44; emotional&#44; and psychosocial function domains&#44; as well as the general HRQoL&#44; corroborating the present finding&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Moreover&#44; another Brazilian study of adolescents with excess weight showed the negative impact of the HRQoL perceived by the parents regarding the physical and psychosocial aspects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is thought that this finding may be related to an inversely proportional effect between BMI and HRQoL&#46; A meta-analysis of studies using the PedsQL indicates that there is evidence that HRQoL decreases as BMI increases&#44; a gradient of normal weight&#44; with excess weight for obesity in adolescents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Studies often separate adolescents with and without obesity&#44; showing that those with obesity have worse HRQoL&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Thus&#44; it is important to consider the psychosocial aspects involved in adolescents with excess weight&#46; It is necessary to consider the HRQoL in the prevention and treatment of obesity&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; this study has some limitations&#46; It is a cross-sectional study&#44; so causal inferences cannot be made&#46; The study assessed schools in two cities&#44; and it was not possible to evaluate the socioeconomic status&#46; However&#44; the schools were located in similar socioeconomic areas&#44; which made the schools comparable&#46; As to the HRQoL self-assessment&#44; the PedsQL has already demonstrated its validity and reliability&#44; which has little impact on the conclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These findings highlight the need for clinicians and researchers to incorporate the assessment of HRQoL in overweight and obese adolescents&#44; whereas the identification of more impaired domains may lead to new&#44; more specific interventions for the treatment of overweight and obesity in childhood&#44; as well as treatment adherence&#46; The authors suggest interventions focused on the emotional aspect of this population&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the self-assessment of overweight and obese adolescents&#44; it can be concluded that there are losses in the HRQoL&#44; in different domains&#44; when they are separated by age&#44; gender&#44; and weight category &#40;overweight and obesity&#41;&#46; Age was shown to be an associated factor&#44; since the younger age group &#40;&#60;14 years&#41; reported losses in the &#8220;physical score&#8221; and &#8220;social score&#8221;&#46; Girls reported lower HRQoL scores in most domains&#44; except for the &#8220;school score&#8221;&#46; Finally&#44; obese adolescents reported lower scores in the &#8220;physical score&#8221;&#44; &#8220;school score&#8221;&#44; and total HRQoL score when compared to the overweight adolescents&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Funding</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Universidade de Santa Catarina do Sul</span> &#8211; UNISC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            1 => "Overweight"
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            0 => "Qualidade de vida"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To identify health-related quality of life in adolescents with excess weight and associated factors&#44; such as gender&#44; age&#44; and weight categories&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A cross-sectional study with collected and secondary data from 276 adolescents aged between 10 and 19 years with overweight and obesity&#44; and whose parents or guardians authorized their participation&#46; Anthropometric data&#44; pubertal development&#44; and the PedsQL 4&#46;0 questionnaire were collected for the health-related quality of life assessment&#46; Categorical data were described as numbers and percentages&#46; For the description of health-related quality of life subscales&#44; medians and the 25<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> and 75<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> percentiles were used&#44; as well as the Mann&#8211;Whitney test for comparisons between age group&#44; gender&#44; and weight categories&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The median health-related quality of life total score was 78&#46;3 &#40;68&#46;5&#8211;87&#46;4&#41;&#46; The lowest scale was the &#8220;emotional score&#8221;&#44; 65 &#40;50&#8211;80&#41;&#46; Higher health-related quality of life was found in boys in most of the scores &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#44; except for the &#8220;school score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;09&#41;&#46; Regarding the age group&#44; the median of the &#8220;physical scores&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;03&#41; and &#8220;social score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41; were significantly lower in the group younger than 14 years&#46; When separated according to weight categories&#44; it was verified that obese adolescents differed significantly in relation to the &#8220;physical score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;00&#41;&#44; &#8220;school score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41;&#44; and &#8220;total score&#8221; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41; of the health-related quality of life&#46; However&#44; there was no significant difference between the emotional&#44; social&#44; and psychosocial scores&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adolescents with overweight and obesity show losses in the health-related quality of life and also between the different domains&#44; when separated by age&#44; gender&#44; and weight categories&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Objective"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Identificar a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de entre adolescentes com excesso de peso e fatores associados&#44; como g&#234;nero&#44; idade e categorias de peso&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudo transversal com dados coletados e secund&#225;rios de 276 adolescentes entre 10 e 19 anos&#44; com sobrepeso e obesidade&#44; cujos respons&#225;veis autorizaram a participa&#231;&#227;o&#46; Foram coletados dados antropom&#233;tricos&#44; desenvolvimento puberal e question&#225;rio PedsQL 4&#46;0 para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de&#46; Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram descritos por contagens e percentuais&#46; Para a descri&#231;&#227;o das subescalas da qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de foram usadas medianas e percentis 25 e 75 e teste de Mann-Whitney para compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos de faixa et&#225;ria&#44; g&#234;nero e categorias de peso&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A mediana do escore total da qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de foi de 78&#44;3 &#40;68&#44;5-87&#44;4&#41;&#46; A menor escala foi o &#8220;escore emocional&#8221; 65 &#40;50-80&#41;&#46; Encontramos a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de maior nos meninos na maioria dos escores &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#44; exceto o &#8220;escore escolar&#8221; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;09&#41;&#46; Quanto &#224; faixa et&#225;ria&#44; a mediana dos &#8220;escores f&#237;sico&#8221; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;03&#41; e &#8220;escore social&#8221; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; foram significativamente menores no grupo menor de 14 anos&#46; Ao separar as categorias de peso&#44; percebe-se que os adolescentes obesos diferem significativamente com rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#8220;escore f&#237;sico&#8221; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;00&#41;&#59; &#8220;escore escolar&#8221; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#41; e &#8220;escore total&#8221; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41; da qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de&#46; Contudo&#44; n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os escores emocional&#44; social e psicossocial&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade t&#234;m preju&#237;zos na qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de e tamb&#233;m entre os diferentes dom&#237;nios&#44; quando separados por faixa et&#225;ria&#44; g&#234;nero e categorias de peso&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0055">Please cite this article as&#58; D&#8217;avila HF&#44; Poll FA&#44; Reuter CP&#44; Burgos MS&#44; Mello ED&#46; Health-related quality of life in adolescents with excess weight&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2019&#59;95&#58;495&#8211;501&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>276&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">112 &#40;40&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">164 &#40;59&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age in years&#44; mean &#40;SD&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;14 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">178 &#40;64&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#8211;19 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98 &#40;35&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pubertal stage</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pre-pubertal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;8&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pubertal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">190 &#40;68&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Post-pubertal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;9&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Did not answer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;13&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">WC&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Normal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">155 &#40;56&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">121 &#40;43&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BMI classification&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Overweight&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">134 &#40;48&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Obesity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">142 &#40;51&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Quality of life</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Physical score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84&#46;4 &#40;68&#46;7&#8211;93&#46;7&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Emotional score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;50&#8211;80&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Social score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90&#46;00 &#40;75&#8211;100&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>School score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80 &#40;70&#8211;90&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Psychosocial summary&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">76&#46;67 &#40;66&#46;7&#8211;86&#46;7&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">78&#46;3 &#40;68&#46;5&#8211;87&#46;4&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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            0 => array:3 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Quality of life&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#60;14 years &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>178&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">14&#8211;19 years &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Physical score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">81&#46;2 &#40;68&#46;5&#8211;91&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87&#46;5 &#40;75&#8211;93&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;030<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Emotional score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;50&#8211;80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;55&#8211;85&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;606&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Social score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85 &#40;70&#8211;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;80&#8211;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;002<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">School score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80 &#40;70&#8211;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80 &#40;68&#46;7&#8211;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;476&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Psychosocial summary<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">76&#46;7 &#40;65&#8211;86&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">76&#46;7 &#40;67&#46;9&#8211;88&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;380&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Total score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">77&#46;2 &#40;67&#46;1&#8211;86&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;4 &#40;70&#46;4&#8211;90&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;122&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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            1 => array:3 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Quality of life&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Male &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>112&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Female &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>164&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Physical score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87 &#40;75&#46;8&#8211;96&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">78 &#40;65&#46;6&#8211;90&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Emotional score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70 &#40;56&#46;2&#8211;88&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60 &#40;50&#8211;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Social score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;80&#8211;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85 &#40;70&#8211;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;015<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">School score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80 &#40;70&#8211;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75 &#40;65&#8211;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;097&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Psychosocial summary<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80 &#40;71&#46;7&#8211;88&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">73&#46;3 &#40;63&#46;3&#8211;85&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Total score<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">82&#46;1 &#40;73&#46;1&#8211;89&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">74&#46;4 &#40;65&#46;5&#8211;85&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Quality of life&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                      "titulo" => "Meta-analysis of the association between body mass index and health-related quality of life among children and adolescents&#44; assessed using the pediatric quality of life inventory index"
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        "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The HRQoL study described in this article was performed using the PedsQL&#44; developed by Dr&#46; James W&#46; Varni&#46; Acknowledgments to the Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul for authorizing the use of data from the project entitled &#8220;Obesidade em adolescentes da educa&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica&#58; um estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o disciplinar fase III&#8221; &#40;&#8220;Obesity in adolescents in elementary education&#58; an interdisciplinary intervention study &#8211; Phase III&#8221;&#41;&#44; from the Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion&#44; Master&#39;s Degree&#46; Also&#44; the authors would like to thank the Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior &#40;CAPES&#41; for the grant&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 00217557
Original language: English
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