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and cell phones&#41; has been reported as a risk factor associated with musculoskeletal pain<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;9</span></a>&#59; however&#44; studies rarely have evaluated specific musculoskeletal pain syndromes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; to the best of the authors&#8217; knowledge&#44; none of them assessed concomitantly the use of television&#44; digital media&#44; musculoskeletal pain&#44; and seven musculoskeletal pain syndromes &#40;juvenile fibromyalgia&#44; benign joint hypermobility syndrome&#44; myofascial syndrome&#44; tendinitis&#44; bursitis&#44; epicondylitis&#44; and complex regional pain syndrome&#41; in adolescents&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; the objective of the present study was to assess musculoskeletal pain and musculoskeletal pain syndromes in adolescents&#44; and to compare demographic data&#44; physical activities&#44; and characteristics of television and simultaneous media use in adolescents with and without musculoskeletal pain&#44; as well as in adolescents with and without musculoskeletal pain syndromes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A cross-sectional study was performed in a private school of the city of S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil&#46; A total school population of 331 healthy adolescents &#40;10&#8211;19 years old&#41; was invited to participate from October to December 2014&#46; None of them had musculoskeletal pain secondary to infectious&#44; rheumatic&#44; oncologic&#44; genetics&#44; diabetes mellitus&#44; or thyroid diseases&#44; nor had reported recent trauma&#46; The Ethics Committee of Faculdade de Medicina&#44; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil approved this study &#40;identification number 24668013&#46;5&#46;0000&#46;0065&#41;&#46; Informed consent was obtained from the adolescents and their legal guardians&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirty-two of the 331 healthy adolescents were excluded due to adolescent&#47;parental refusal &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#41; and errors of omission &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; a total of 299 healthy adolescents were included in the study&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All students completed a self-administered questionnaire &#40;Supplementary File&#41; in the classroom&#46; The median duration of questionnaire answer was 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min &#40;range&#58; 15&#8211;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41;&#46; This survey was confidential and covered the following aspects&#58; demographic data &#40;age&#44; gender&#44; socioeconomic classes&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> years of education&#41;&#44; physical activities&#44; musculoskeletal pain symptoms&#44; and use of television and digital media &#40;computer&#44; internet&#44; electronic games&#44; and cell phones&#41;&#46; Electronic games evaluated in this study were mobile handheld devices &#40;keypad phones&#44; touchscreen smartphones&#44; tablet&#44; computers&#44; Playstation portable &#91;PSP&#93;&#41; &#40;Sony Corporation of America&#44; NY&#44; USA&#41;&#44; Nintendo DS &#40;Nintendo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; Kyoto&#44; Japan&#41;&#44; and Game Boy &#40;Nintendo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; Kyoto&#44; Japan&#41;&#44; Wii &#40;Nintendo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; Kyoto&#44; Japan&#41;&#44; Playstation &#40;Sony Corporation of America&#44; NY&#44; USA&#41;&#44; and Xbox &#40;Sony Corporation of America&#44; NY&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The questionnaire also included pictures of different body areas placed next to the questions to help the adolescents identify the body area of the musculoskeletal pain symptoms&#44; and was modified as previously published by this group&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;10</span></a> These features were evaluated at any time during the three months preceding the study&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pretest and retest of the questionnaire were performed in 25 adolescents in December 2014&#46; The pretest was conducted to adapt the questionnaire&#44; to ensure students&#8217; understanding&#44; coordinate the scheduling of a physical examination&#44; and to assess the applicability and functionality of the database&#46; A few words were changed in the questionnaire &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e&#46;g</span>&#46;&#44; the words &#8220;Playstation portable&#8221; were added as one of the portable electronic games and the word &#8220;average&#8221; was included when rephrasing some questions&#41;&#46; These students were randomly selected and a mean interval of 30 days between pretest and retest of the questionnaire was observed&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Four trained physicians carried out a physical examination of musculoskeletal system immediately after the self-administered questionnaire&#46; Students who answered &#8220;yes&#8221; on question number 46 &#40;&#8220;Did you have any pain on muscles&#44; bones&#44; or joints in the past three months&#63;&#8221;&#41; were systematically evaluated&#46; The physical examination was performed in a clinical examination room at the school in those adolescents who reported musculoskeletal pain during the last three months&#46; The median duration of the musculoskeletal system exam was 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min &#40;range&#58; 5&#8211;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seven musculoskeletal pain syndromes were evaluated&#58; juvenile fibromyalgia&#44; benign joint hypermobility syndrome&#44; myofascial syndrome&#44; tendinitis&#44; bursitis&#44; epicondylitis&#44; and complex regional pain syndrome&#46; Juvenile fibromyalgia was diagnosed in cases with history of widespread pain for at least three months and the presence of 11 of 18 tender points examined bilaterally&#44; according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Benign joint hypermobility syndrome was diagnosed using the Beighton criteria&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and was defined as the presence of musculoskeletal pain without systemic diseases<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and &#8805;five out of nine points of hypermobility<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a>&#58; 1&#41; touch thumbs to volar forearms &#40;one point each for right side and left side&#41;&#44; 2&#41; extend fifth metacarpophalangeal joint to 90&#176; &#40;one point each for right side and left side&#41;&#44; 3&#41; &#62;10&#176; hyperextension of elbow &#40;one point each for right side and left side&#41;&#44; 4&#41; &#62;10&#176; hyperextension of knee &#40;one point each for right side and left side&#41;&#44; and 5&#41; touch palms to floor with knees straight &#40;one point&#41;&#46; Myofascial syndrome was diagnosed in the presence of active trigger points assessed bilaterally in specific muscles or muscular groups &#40;trapezius&#44; subscapular&#44; posterior cervical muscles&#44; biceps&#44; triceps&#44; brachioradial&#44; extensor&#44; and flexor musculature of the hand&#44; wrist and fingers&#44; and intrinsic muscles of the hand&#41;&#44; and soft tissues stress injuries &#40;tendinitis&#44; bursitis&#44; and epicondylitis&#41;&#44; as previously reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;10</span></a> The clinical diagnosis of tendinitis was based on localized pain or tenderness to palpation on tendons of shoulders&#44; elbows&#44; wrists&#44; knees&#44; and heels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Complex regional pain syndrome was diagnosed according to the Budapest criteria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a></p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample size provided power of 80&#37; to find differences from 6&#46;5&#37; to 17&#37; in the frequency of use of different digital devices among the groups with and without musculoskeletal pain &#40;Graphpad StatMate 1&#46;01&#44; GraphPad Software&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The Kappa index was used to assess the questionnaire reliability between pretest and retest&#46; The results for continuous variables were presented as median &#40;minimum and maximum value&#41; or mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation &#40;SD&#41;&#59; for categorical variables&#44; as frequency &#40;percentage&#41;&#46; The scores that had normal distribution were compared using Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test&#46; The scores that had abnormal distribution were evaluated by Mann&#8211;Whitney&#39;s test&#46; For the categorical variables&#44; the differences were calculated by Fisher&#39;s exact test or the chi-squared test&#44; accordingly&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-values &#8804;0&#46;05 were considered to be statistically significant&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Kappa index between pretest and retest was 0&#46;83&#44; demonstrating an excellent reliability in the adolescent&#39;s responses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 183 &#40;61&#37;&#41; of the 299 adolescents&#46; The main locations of reported musculoskeletal pain were&#58; 121 &#40;66&#37;&#41; back&#44; 90 &#40;49&#37;&#41; neck&#44; 76 &#40;41&#37;&#41; lower limbs&#44; 58 &#40;31&#37;&#41; shoulders&#47;arms&#44; and 35 &#40;19&#37;&#41; wrist&#47;hands&#46; Temporary agency work was reported in nine &#40;5&#37;&#41; of 183 adolescents with musculoskeletal pain&#44; and only one of them worked 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#47;day as a video editor&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> presents the demographic data&#44; physical activities&#44; and characteristics of computer and electronic game use in adolescents with musculoskeletal pain compared to those without musculoskeletal pain&#46; The median age &#40;15 &#91;10&#8211;18&#93; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 14 &#91;10&#8211;18&#93; years&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;032&#41; and years of education &#40;10 &#91;5&#8211;12&#93; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 9 &#91;5&#8211;12&#93; years&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;011&#41; were significantly higher in adolescents with musculoskeletal pain when compared with those without this condition&#46; The frequencies of female gender &#40;59&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 47&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;019&#41; were significantly higher in the former group&#46; The frequency of laptop available at home was significantly higher in the former group &#40;91&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 81&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;006&#41;&#44; whereas the frequency of desktop available at home was significantly lower &#40;60&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 74&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;017&#41;&#46; No differences were observed in physical activities and electronic games use in both groups &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> presents the characteristics of Internet&#44; cell phone&#44; television&#44; and simultaneous media use in adolescents with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> without musculoskeletal pain&#46; The frequencies of cell phone use &#40;93&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 81&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41; and simultaneous use of at least two electronic media &#40;computer&#44; electronic game&#44; Internet&#44; cell phone and&#47;or television&#59; 80&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 67&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;011&#41; were significantly higher in adolescents with musculoskeletal pain when compared with those without musculoskeletal pain&#46; No differences were evidenced in Internet and television use in both groups &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Electronic games use was reported by 208&#47;299 &#40;70&#37;&#41; adolescents&#58; Wii&#44; Playstation or Xbox in 65&#47;208 &#40;31&#37;&#41; adolescents&#59; 53&#47;208 &#40;25&#37;&#41; mobile handheld devices &#40;cell phones&#44; touchscreen smartphones&#44; tablet&#44; PSP&#44; Nintendo DS&#44; and Game Boy&#41;&#59; and 38&#47;208 &#40;18&#37;&#41; laptop and desktop&#46; Fifty-two of 208 &#40;25&#37;&#41; adolescents used more than one gaming platform&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At least one musculoskeletal pain syndrome was observed in 60&#47;183 &#40;33&#37;&#41; adolescents&#46; Seven of these 60 adolescents had more than one musculoskeletal pain syndromes&#46; Myofascial syndrome was observed in 36&#47;183 &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#44; and the main muscle involved was the trapezium &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41;&#46; Tendinitis was diagnosed in 24&#47;183 &#40;13&#37;&#41;&#44; mainly localized in the carpal flexors and thumbs &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#41;&#46; Juvenile fibromyalgia occurred in four &#40;2&#37;&#41; out of 183 adolescents&#44; and benign joint hypermobility syndrome&#44; in four &#40;2&#37;&#41; out of 183&#46; No cases of bursitis&#44; epicondylitis&#44; or complex regional pain syndrome were observed&#46; The main locations of examined musculoskeletal pain were&#58; 47&#47;60 &#40;78&#37;&#41;&#44; back&#59; four&#44; &#40;6&#37;&#41; neck&#59; 11 &#40;18&#37;&#41; upper limbs&#59; 16 &#40;27&#37;&#41;&#44; wrist&#47;hands&#59; and eight &#40;13&#37;&#41;&#44; lower limbs&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Further comparisons between adolescents with and without musculoskeletal pain syndromes revealed that the frequency of female gender was significantly higher in the former group &#40;75&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 25&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#41;&#46; The median of weekends&#47;holidays electronic games use was significantly reduced in adolescents with musculoskeletal pain syndromes when compared with those without these conditions &#40;1&#46;5 &#91;0&#8211;10&#93; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 3 &#91;0&#8211;17&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#47;day&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;006&#41;&#46; Age&#44; socioeconomic class&#44; years of education&#44; physical activities&#44; and characteristics of television&#44; computer&#44; Internet&#44; and cell phone use were similar in both groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discussion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study indicated a high frequency of musculoskeletal pain and musculoskeletal pain syndromes in healthy adolescents&#46; These symptoms were more commonly reported at median age of 15 years &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 14 years&#41; in adolescents using at least two electronic devices&#46; Female gender and a reduced use of electronic games were associated with musculoskeletal pain syndromes&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The assessment of self-report and standardized questionnaire was important&#44; and this tool included pictures of different body areas to indicate the location of musculoskeletal pain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;10</span></a> The use of a questionnaire with excellent test&#8211;retest reliability was also relevant for this population&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> reducing the effect of memory bias&#44; as also has been shown in other studies of this group&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;10</span></a> Another strength of this study was the systematic musculoskeletal physical examination of adolescents who complained of musculoskeletal pain&#44; using established criteria for musculoskeletal pain syndromes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;10&#44;12&#44;16&#44;17</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In adolescents&#44; musculoskeletal pain is multifactorial&#46; There are several risk factors for musculoskeletal pain&#44; such as gender&#44; age&#44; and use of electronic devices&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;9&#44;19</span></a> Other risk factors may be associated to these symptoms during the growth process&#44; such as sport with strength training&#44; posture&#44; and recreational activities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In this study&#44; musculoskeletal pain was observed in approximately two-thirds of subjects and predominantly in older adolescents&#44; as reported in other studies in Brazil&#44; Finland&#44; and Italy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;8&#44;20</span></a> The increased reports of pain with age in the present study may be related to a high perception and memory of pain in adolescents&#44; and further studies will be necessary to clarify this point&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding device availability&#44; adolescents with musculoskeletal pain reported frequent use of a laptop at home&#44; whereas desktop availability at home was reduced&#46; These findings may be related to electronic devices use&#44; probably because desktops are more ergonomic than laptops&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;23</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interestingly&#44; cell phone use was commonly observed in adolescents with musculoskeletal pain in the present study&#44; while television use was reduced&#46; The most frequent sites of these complaints were the back&#44; neck&#44; and shoulders&#44; and cell phone use may be responsible for musculoskeletal pain&#46; Since the launch of the first generation iPhone &#40;Apple<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41;&#44; the smartphone technology has altered adolescents&#8217; daily habits of electronic devices use&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Indeed&#44; a recent systematic review found that high frequency of phone calls&#44; texting&#44; and gaming were associated with musculoskeletal disorders&#44; especially those related to neck flexion posture&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Additionally&#44; simultaneous use of at least two electronic devices was associated with musculoskeletal pain in the present adolescents&#46; The possible use of several muscles&#44; tendons&#44; fascias&#44; ligaments&#44; and enthesis by adolescents using at least two electronic devices at the same time may have contributed to an additional musculoskeletal stress&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Musculoskeletal syndromes were observed in one third of adolescents with musculoskeletal pain&#44; especially in females&#46; This finding is yet unclear&#44; and possible related to the fact that women are more likely to complain than men&#44; especially amplified musculoskeletal pain syndromes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Adolescents with those conditions spent fewer hours gaming during the weekends and holidays&#44; probably inducing limitation of such recreational activities&#46; However&#44; a longitudinal assessment will be necessary to confirm this result&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Importantly&#44; myofascial syndrome and tendinitis were the most prevalent syndromes observed in the present study&#46; These musculoskeletal injuries have been rarely studied in adolescent populations&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;24</span></a> and may be related to inadequate posture and repetitive movements using electronic devices&#46; Since 1990&#44; when the so-called &#8220;Nintendinitis&#8221; was first described&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> several injuries associated with video games and new technologies have been increasingly observed among children and adolescents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;9&#44;24&#44;26</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has limitations&#46; The selected population of a private school including adolescents of upper and upper&#47;middle socio-economic classes with a low frequency of work activities was a two-edged sword&#44; since musculoskeletal pain may be related to repeated movements&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> In turn&#44; it is possible that work activities may prevent musculoskeletal pain caused by electronic devices&#44; by increasing the ability to tolerate low-load demands from their use&#46; Other issues related to musculoskeletal pain and musculoskeletal pain syndromes&#44; such as emotional disorders and other risk behavior&#44; were not studied herein&#46; Moreover&#44; self-report of electronic device use is likely to include an amount of error when summarizing the previous three months&#46; Further studies will be necessary to evaluate ergonomics&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#8211;29</span></a> such as body posture and home&#47;workplace set-up in this population using multiple electronic devices&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; a high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and musculoskeletal pain syndromes was observed in female adolescents&#46; Musculoskeletal pain was more commonly reported at a median age of 15 years &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 14 years&#41; in adolescents using at least two electronic devices&#46; Cell phone use was associated with musculoskeletal pain&#44; and the most frequent sites of these complaints were the back&#44; neck&#44; and shoulders&#46; Reduced electronic games use was associated with musculoskeletal pain syndromes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Funding</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was supported by grants from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">CNPq 303422&#47;2015-7</span> to CAS&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs2">Federico Foundation</span>&#44; Switzerland &#40;to CAS&#41; and by <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs3">N&#250;cleo de Apoio &#224; Pesquisa &#8220;Sa&#250;de da Crian&#231;a e do Adolescente&#8221; da USP</span> &#40;NAP-CriAd&#41; to CAS&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate television and simultaneous electronic devices use in adolescents with musculoskeletal pain and musculoskeletal pain syndromes&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A cross-sectional study was performed in 299 healthy adolescents of a private school&#46; All students completed a self-administered questionnaire&#44; including&#58; demographic data&#44; physical activities&#44; musculoskeletal pain symptoms&#44; and use of simultaneous television&#47;electronic devices &#40;computer&#44; internet&#44; electronic games&#44; and cell phones&#41;&#46; Seven musculoskeletal pain syndromes were also evaluated&#58; juvenile fibromyalgia&#44; benign joint hypermobility syndrome&#44; myofascial syndrome&#44; tendinitis&#44; bursitis&#44; epicondylitis&#44; and complex regional pain syndrome&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Inter-rater agreement between pretest and retest was 0&#46;83&#46; Musculoskeletal pain and musculoskeletal pain syndrome were found in 183&#47;299 &#40;61&#37;&#41; and 60&#47;183 &#40;33&#37;&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; The median age &#40;15 &#91;10&#8211;18&#93; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 14 &#91;10&#8211;18&#93; years&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;032&#41; and years of education &#40;10 &#91;5&#8211;12&#93; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 9 &#91;5&#8211;12&#93; years&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;011&#41; were significantly higher in adolescents with musculoskeletal pain when compared with those without this condition&#46; The frequencies of female gender &#40;59&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 47&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;019&#41;&#44; cell phone use &#40;93&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 81&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003&#41;&#44; and simultaneous use of at least two electronic devices &#40;80&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 67&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;011&#41; were significantly higher in the former group&#46; Further comparisons between adolescents with and without musculoskeletal pain syndromes revealed that the frequency of female gender was significantly higher in the former group &#40;75&#37; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 25&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#41;&#44; and with a significantly reduced median of weekends&#47;holidays electronic games use &#40;1&#46;5 &#91;0&#8211;10&#93; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; 3 &#91;0&#8211;17&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#47;day&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;006&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain&#47;syndromes was observed in female adolescents&#46; Musculoskeletal pain was mostly reported at a median age of 15 years&#44; and students used at least two electronic devices&#46; Reduced use of electronic games was associated with musculoskeletal pain syndromes&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objective"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Avaliar o uso de televis&#227;o e dispositivos eletr&#244;nicos em adolescentes com dor e s&#237;ndromes musculoesquel&#233;ticas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foi feito um estudo transversal com 299 adolescentes saud&#225;veis de uma escola particular&#46; Todos os alunos responderam a um question&#225;rio autoaplic&#225;vel&#44; que incluiu perguntas sobre&#58; dados demogr&#225;ficos&#44; pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica&#44; sintomas de dor musculoesquel&#233;tica e o uso de televis&#227;o&#47; dispositivos eletr&#244;nicos &#40;computador&#44; internet&#44; jogos eletr&#244;nicos e celular&#41;&#46; Sete s&#237;ndromes musculoesquel&#233;ticas foram avaliadas&#58; fibromialgia juvenil&#44; s&#237;ndrome de hipermobilidade articular benigna&#44; s&#237;ndrome miofascial&#44; tendinite&#44; bursite&#44; epicondilite e s&#237;ndrome de dor regional complexa&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A concord&#226;ncia entre o pr&#233;-teste e reteste foi de 0&#44;83&#46; Dor musculoesquel&#233;tica e s&#237;ndromes musculoesquel&#233;ticas foram encontradas em 183&#47;299 &#40;61&#37;&#41; e 60&#47;183 &#40;33&#37;&#41;&#44; respectivamente&#46; As medianas de idade &#91;15 &#40;10-18&#41; versus 14 &#40;10-18&#41; anos&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;032&#93; e de anos de escolaridade &#91;10 &#40;5-12&#41; vs&#46; 9 &#40;5-12&#41; anos&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;010&#93; foram significantemente maiores em adolescentes com dor musculoesquel&#233;tica em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem essa condi&#231;&#227;o&#46; As frequ&#234;ncias do sexo feminino &#40;59&#37; versus 47&#37; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;019&#41;&#44; uso do telefone celular &#40;93&#37; contra 81&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;003&#41; e do uso simult&#226;neo de pelo menos dois dispositivos eletr&#244;nicos &#40;80&#37; vs&#46; 67&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;011&#41; foram significantemente maiores no grupo de adolescentes com dor musculoesquel&#233;tica&#46; Compara&#231;&#245;es adicionais entre os adolescentes com e sem s&#237;ndromes musculoesquel&#233;ticas revelaram que a frequ&#234;ncia do sexo feminino foi significantemente maior no primeiro grupo de &#40;75&#37; versus 25&#37;&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;002&#41;&#44; e com mediana significantemente reduzida de horas de jogos eletr&#244;nicos aos finais de semana e feriados &#91;1&#44;5 &#40;0-10&#41; vs&#46; 3 &#40;0-17&#41; horas&#47;dia&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#93;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Uma alta preval&#234;ncia de dor&#47;s&#237;ndromes musculoesquel&#233;ticas foi observada em adolescentes do sexo feminino&#46; A dor musculoesquel&#233;tica foi predominantemente relatada entre alunos com mediana de idade de 15 anos e que usavam pelo menos dois dispositivos eletr&#244;nicos simultaneamente&#46; O uso reduzido de jogos eletr&#244;nicos foi associado &#224; presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndromes musculoesquel&#233;ticas&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Objetivo"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclus&#245;es"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:2 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0040">Please cite this article as&#58; Queiroz LB&#44; Louren&#231;o B&#44; Silva LE&#44; Louren&#231;o DM&#44; Silva CA&#46; Musculoskeletal pain and musculoskeletal syndromes in adolescents are related to electronic devices&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2018&#59;94&#58;673&#8211;9&#46;</p>"
      ]
      1 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0045">Study conducted at Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#40;USP&#41;&#44; Faculdade de Medicina&#44; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas&#44; Instituto da Crian&#231;a&#44; S&#227;o Paulo&#44; SP&#44; Brazil&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "apendice" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "Supplementary data"
            "identificador" => "sec0045"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:3 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Results are presented in number &#40;&#37;&#41; and median &#40;minimum and maximum values&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EG&#44; electronic games&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">With musculoskeletal pain &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>183&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Without musculoskeletal pain &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>116&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demographic data</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age&#44; years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;10&#8211;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;10&#8211;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;032<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female gender&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">108 &#40;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">55 &#40;47&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;019<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Upper and upper&#47;middle socioeconomic classes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">180&#47;183 &#40;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">114&#47;115 &#40;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;250<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Years of education&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;5&#8211;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;5&#8211;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;010<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Physical activities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">150 &#40;81&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">102 &#40;87&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;580<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sports modalities&#44; number&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;0&#8211;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;0&#8211;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;710<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Computer</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Desktop available at home&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">111 &#40;60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">86 &#40;74&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Laptop available at home&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">168 &#40;91&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">94 &#40;81&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;006<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tablet available at home&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">128 &#40;69&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">81 &#40;69&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;983<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age at computer use onset&#44; years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;0&#8211;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;2&#8211;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;514<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Weekends&#47;holidays computer use&#44; h&#47;day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;0&#8211;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;0&#8211;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;721<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Weekdays computer use&#44; h&#47;day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;5 &#40;0&#8211;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;5 &#40;0&#8211;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;752<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Computer use after 10 PM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">106 &#40;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57 &#40;49&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;187<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EG</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EG use&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">121 &#40;66&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">87 &#40;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;118<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EG available at home&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">103 &#40;56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">78 &#40;67&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;450<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age at onset of EG use&#44; years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;3&#8211;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;2&#8211;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;251<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Weekends&#47;holidays EG use&#44; h&#47;day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;0&#8211;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;0&#8211;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;811<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Weekdays EG use&#44; h&#47;day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;5 &#40;0&#8211;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;0&#8211;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;245<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EG use after 10 PM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62 &#40;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38 &#40;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;317<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">With musculoskeletal pain &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>183&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Without musculoskeletal pain &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>116&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Internet</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Internet use&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">182 &#40;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">114 &#40;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;562<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Internet available at home&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">156 &#40;85&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100 &#40;86&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;818<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age at Internet use onset&#44; years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;3&#8211;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;3&#8211;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;451<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Weekends&#47;holidays Internet use&#44; h&#47;day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;0&#8211;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;0&#8211;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;422<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Weekdays Internet use&#44; h&#47;day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;5&#8211;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;0&#8211;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;742<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Internet use after 10 PM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">133 &#40;72&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72 &#40;62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;061<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cell phone</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cell phone use&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">171 &#40;93&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">95 &#40;81&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;003<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age at cell phone use onset&#44; years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;4&#8211;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;5&#8211;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;101<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Weekends&#47;holidays of cell phone use&#44; h&#47;day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;0&#8211;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;5 &#40;0&#8211;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;561<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Weekdays cell phone use&#44; h&#47;day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;0&#8211;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;0&#8211;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;798<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cell phone use after 10 PM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">117 &#40;63&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55 &#40;47&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;085<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TV</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Weekends&#47;holidays TV use&#44; h&#47;day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;0&#8211;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;0&#8211;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;649<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Weekdays TV use&#44; h&#47;day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;0&#8211;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;0&#8211;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;419<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>TV use after 10 PM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">76 &#40;41&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46 &#40;39&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;748<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Simultaneous use of at least two electronic devices<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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