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thus allowing the obtaining of a reliable adherence rate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In turn&#44; both have the drawback of intentional emptying of the pressurized inhaler&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asthma treatment adherence rates are generally lower than prescribed&#44; and studies have shown that a low adherence rate is one of the most common causes of lack of clinical and functional disease control&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In the case of children&#44; when parents have a negative perception of asthma&#44; they may question the need for IC use at the same time as they are concerned about the adverse effects of medication&#46; Moreover&#44; when they do not have the necessary information to understand the disease&#44; the adherence rate may be even lower&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Adherence rates greater than 60&#37; are associated with a better level of asthma control&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> However&#44; great variability can be found in studies carried out in the last two decades&#46; Bender&#44; for instance&#44; reported rates of 19&#8211;58&#37; in ten studies that assessed adherence through electronic dose-counting&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> whereas other researchers reported a variation of 30&#37; to 70&#37;&#46; Rates of less than 50&#37; are insufficient to control the disease and&#44; consequently&#44; are associated with a greater frequency of disease exacerbations&#44; hospitalizations&#44; and the need for emergency care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In turn&#44; it is known that a clinical response to the isolated use of IC is observed only after the first weeks of treatment&#44; whereas the association with prolonged-action beta-2 agonist could bring faster clinical benefits&#44; due to its bronchodilator action&#46; Studies have shown that this association may help the attainment of control in patients with moderate and severe persistent asthma through its synergistic effect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A literature search in the Pubmed&#47;MedLine&#44; Lilacs&#44; Scielo&#44; Ebsco&#44; and Cochrane Collaboration databases including the past 15 years identified few studies that assessed the adherence rate to the fluticasone propionate-salmeterol xinafoate association and the level of asthma control in children in developing countries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The present study aimed to evaluate the association between asthma treatment adherence and control rates through this therapeutic combination&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study site and design</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a prospective observational study with a six-month follow-up&#44; for which patients with moderate persistent asthma were recruited and were followed at a secondary pediatric referral service linked to the Municipal Health Secretariat of the city of Belo Horizonte&#44; state of Minas Gerais&#44; Brazil&#46; The number of children treated at that service during the period covered by the study was 127&#46; All 84 children who met the inclusion criteria were consecutively admitted and completed the follow-up period predefined in the research protocol&#46; Data collection lasted one year and three months&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Inclusion and exclusion criteria</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Children and adolescents aged 5&#8211;16 years of age&#44; with moderate persistent asthma without clinical control at admission despite adequate adherence &#40;verified through medication dispensing at the pharmacy&#41; to the prescription of 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;day of beclomethasone dipropionate with hydrofluoroalkane propellant &#40;hydrofluoric alkane&#41; in non-extrafine particles&#46; The diagnosis of asthma was based on the clinical criteria proposed by the Global Initiative for Asthma &#40;GINA&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The parents or guardians&#44; all of whom were literate&#44; signed the informed consent form to authorize the participation of their children in the study&#59; those older than 12 years also signed the term of assent&#46; Children and adolescents who were passive smokers and those with comorbidities were excluded&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Asthma control level</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As the main objective of asthma treatment is to achieve full disease control&#44; only two categories were adopted on the two-&#44; four-&#44; and six-month follow-up visits&#58; controlled asthma and uncontrolled asthma&#44; the latter encompassing partially and totally uncontrolled disease presentations&#44; in accordance with the GINA classification&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Thus&#44; controlled asthma was defined by the following criteria&#58; &#40;1&#41; absence of daytime symptoms&#44; maintenance of normal physical activities&#44; absence of nocturnal symptoms&#44; absence of nocturnal arousal with symptoms&#44; no need to use rescue medication&#44; and no exacerbation in the four weeks preceding the two-&#44; four-&#44; and six-month evaluations&#46; The presence of one of the above criteria was considered as uncontrolled asthma&#46; Spirometry&#44; albeit not part of the GINA control criteria&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> leads to a more reliable asthma monitoring and was performed in those patients capable of undergoing the test&#46; A Koko<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> spirometer &#40;PDS Instrumentation&#44; Colorado&#44; USA&#41;&#44; Pulmonary Function Tests &#40;PFT&#41; version 4&#46;12 used was and the reliability and reproducibility criteria recommended by the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society were used&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> whereas the reference values used were obtained from Polgar and Promadhat&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Therapeutic regimen</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All participants received the medications free of charge&#58; salbutamol for treatment of exacerbations&#44; 100ug&#47;jet Nebulizer &#40;Aerolin<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#8211; GlaxoSmithKleine&#44; Brazil&#41; and the combination of 125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;&#47;fluticasone propionate and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;&#47;salmeterol xinafoate jet nebulizer &#40;Seretide<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#8211; GlaxoSmithKleine&#44; SP&#44; Brazil&#41;&#44; the latter with a dose counter&#44; prescribed in two daily doses &#40;morning and evening&#41;&#46; The number of doses consumed in the two previous months corresponded to that recorded by the counter during each of the three bimonthly evaluations performed during follow-up&#46; A large-volume valve spacer &#40;Flumax<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#8211; Inside Materiais Avan&#231;ados&#44; SP&#44; Brazil&#41; was also supplied&#46; All children used the same type of spacer&#44; the only one provided free of charge&#44; regardless of age&#46; This conservative measure was taken due to the lack of resources by the participating families&#44; which often lacked good understanding and educational level&#44; despite the fact that parents were literate&#59; this aimed to ensure the adequate quality of the inhalation technique&#44; a crucial condition for the evaluation of both adherence and level of disease control&#46; Regarding the guidelines for the inhalation route in each consultation&#44; the following parameters were observed&#58; spacer hygiene&#44; agitation of the pressurized inhaler before use&#44; and number of inspirations after each nebulization&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Adherence rates</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The adherence rate was expressed by calculating the percentage of the number of used doses divided by the number of prescribed doses &#215;100&#44; considering the day of medication dispensation &#40;the inhaler contains 120 doses&#41; and the number of remaining doses verified on the date of the three control visits &#40;two&#44; four&#44; and six months after admission&#41;&#46; The service where the medication was dispensed was the same where the study was carried out&#46; The expected adequate adherence was 100&#37;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dependent variable was the asthma control level&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; adequate control or lack of control&#46; The independent variables were time of follow-up&#44; adherence rate&#44; gender&#44; maternal age and level of schooling&#44; and mean monthly family income&#46; When assessing the patients&#8217; profile at the first consultation&#44; absolute and relative frequencies were used for the categorical variables&#44; whereas the means and standard deviations were used for the quantitative variables&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The chi-squared test was used to compare the group of patients who had controlled and uncontrolled asthma&#46; Non-parametric tests were used to compare the rate of adherence among participants who had controlled asthma and those with uncontrolled asthma&#44; stratified by consultation &#40;Mann&#8211;Whitney test&#41;&#44; and to compare the rate of adherence between consultations&#44; stratified by controlled and uncontrolled asthma &#40;Kruskal&#8211;Wallis test&#59; the Nemenyi test was used for multiple comparisons&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marginal logistic regression was used to verify whether the independent variables had an influence on asthma control and&#44; for this purpose&#44; the backward method was used&#44; which is the procedure of consecutively removing the variables with greater <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value&#59; this procedure is repeated until only significant variables remain in the model&#46; A conventional significance level of 5&#37; was used for the backward method&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The generalized estimating equations &#40;GEEs&#41; method was used to evaluate the individual correlation of adherence measurements with the asthma control level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean rate of drug adherence was compared with the asthma control level and expressed in box-plot charts in the second&#44; fourth&#44; and sixth months&#46; The means &#40;and respective standard deviation&#41;&#44; medians&#44; minimum and maximum variations&#44; and first and third quartiles of the adherence rates of the respective months were also calculated&#46; The boxplot is adequate to represent the non-parametric tests&#44; since it provides clinically important information&#44; such as the medians and quartiles of each group&#47;time&#46; The software used in the analysis was R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> version 3&#46;0&#46;3 &#40;R Foundation for Statistical Computing&#44; Vienna&#44; Austria&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Ethical aspects</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study protocol&#44; as well as the terms of consent and assent&#44; were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais&#44; under number 0117&#46;0&#46;418&#46;000-11&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Results</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eighty-four patients were recruited for the study with the following admission characteristics&#58; the mean age was 7&#46;4 years&#44; 54&#46;8&#37; of them were aged between 5 and 7 years&#44; with a predominance of females &#40;56&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46; The mean maternal age was 32&#46;5 years&#44; of whom 46&#46;4&#37; were older than 30 years&#44; and most mothers &#40;72&#46;6&#37;&#41; reported at least eight years of elementary school education&#46; The mean monthly family income was R&#36; 700&#46;00 in 67&#46;9&#37; of the families&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As expected&#44; 47 of the 84 patients &#40;56&#46;0&#37;&#41; underwent spirometry&#44; of whom 38 were children older than 6 years and nine were aged 5 years&#46; The mean initial and final forced expiratory flow in the first second &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; were 76&#46;3&#37; and 80&#46;3&#37; of the predicted values&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the results of the evaluation of the second month of treatment&#59; no statistical difference was observed between the two groups&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the distribution of the asthma control level according to the adherence rate verified in the three bimonthly consultations&#46; It was observed that in the group where asthma was not controlled&#44; the mean adherence rates in the second&#44; fourth&#44; and sixth months were 71&#46;7&#37;&#44; 56&#46;0&#37;&#44; and 47&#46;6&#37;&#44; whereas the group with controlled asthma presented significantly higher rates&#44; 87&#46;8&#37;&#44; 74&#46;9&#37;&#44; and 62&#46;1&#37;&#44; respectively&#44; and this difference was statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows the results of the multivariate analysis&#44; demonstrating the influence of time of treatment&#44; participant&#39;s gender and age&#44; maternal age and level of schooling&#44; and monthly family income on the level of asthma control&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adherence rate&#44; gender&#44; and maternal level of schooling were significantly associated with controlled asthma&#46; Boys were 2&#46;84 times &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;02&#8211;7&#46;87&#41; more likely to attain asthma control than girls&#44; and each additional year of maternal schooling increased the likelihood of achieving asthma control by 1&#46;19 times &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;99&#8211;1&#46;42&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows the comparison of the adherence rate in the second&#44; fourth&#44; and sixth months of treatment and the level of asthma control&#46; Once again&#44; higher adherence rates were associated with a better level of disease control&#46; A consistent dose&#8211;response gradient was observed for adherence rate and asthma control level at the three moments of the clinical&#8211;functional evaluation&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Discussion</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this observational study carried out exclusively in the pediatric population&#44; it was observed that adherence greater than 60&#37; led to better control of moderate persistent asthma&#46; This is the main clinical implication of the present results&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies on asthma treatment adherence in developing countries through reliable methods such as dose counters are rare&#44; and those evaluating the rate of adherence to combination therapy &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist&#41; and the level of asthma control are even rarer&#46; This is the second message of the present study&#44; which aimed to contribute to better management of asthma in children&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The factors that influenced asthma control were the decrease in the adherence rate during follow-up&#44; male gender&#44; and maternal level of schooling&#46; Studies on the influence of gender are controversial&#44; but the decrease in adherence rates during the course of treatment is well known in all chronic diseases&#44; such as asthma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The influence of maternal schooling observed in the present study is corroborated by a study carried out by Urrutia-Pereira et al&#46;&#44; in an asthma prevention program in Rio Grande do Sul&#44; where 35&#46;6&#37; of the participating mothers had an educational level of less than eight years of schooling&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bender reports that there has been little change in the IC adherence rate in the last 25 years&#59; in ten studies included in his review&#44; the lack of asthma control was associated with adherence rates ranging from 19&#37; to 58&#37;&#46; It was concluded that better understanding of the management by the caregivers and use of the correct inhalation technique were determinant for better disease control&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One limitation of the present study is that the dose counter coupled to the inhaler does not exclude deliberate emptying of medication&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> However&#44; Given et al&#46; demonstrated the reliability of this method&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The adherence rate measurement should be performed by reliable methods&#44; such as dose counters&#44; to differentiate between patients adhering to the therapeutic regimen and those who do not&#44; both in clinical practice and in research&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#8211;21</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In clinical practice&#44; if an optimal level of asthma control is not achieved&#44; the treatment adherence rate&#44; among other factors&#44; should be verified before prescribing a higher dose of IC&#44; combined or not with another drug&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In meta-analysis of ten studies that aimed to measure adherence to IC treatment through electronic monitors in pediatric patients&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> individuals who experienced exacerbations had a mean rate of isolated IC adherence of 14&#37;&#44; whereas in those with controlled asthma&#44; the mean adherence rate was 68&#37;&#44; which is very close to that found in the present study&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; sufficient for asthma control&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pedersen et al&#46; followed-up 19 children aged 6&#8211;15 years with moderate and severe asthma who used budesonide for four weeks&#46; The use of half &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mcg&#47;day of budesonide&#41; of the prescribed dose &#8211; assessed by weighing the inhalers &#8211; was enough to control the symptoms&#46; The very short period of study follow-up is noteworthy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Klok et al&#46;&#44; in a review of 14 studies on asthma treatment adherence using an electronic monitor in children&#44; regardless of disease severity&#44; found a time of follow-up from 13 weeks to 18 months and variation in adherence to IC treatment of 34&#8211;92&#37;&#59; in the research that lasted six months &#40;similar to the present study&#41; an adherence rate of 50&#37; was observed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The final model of the multivariate analysis showed that male gender&#44; maternal schooling&#44; and duration of follow-up were associated with adequate asthma control&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study has further clinical implications in addition to those previously mentioned&#46; The results suggest that both the rate of adherence to inhaled medication and the level of asthma control should be systematically verified in any clinical evaluation of the asthmatic patient&#44; whether or not those evaluations were programmed&#46; Moreover&#44; they indicate that&#44; to attain clinical and functional control of moderate persistent asthma in children and adolescents who are using the therapeutic regimen adopted in the present study&#44; the rate of adherence could&#44; in fact&#44; be lower than the ideal of 100&#37;&#44; since a minimum of 60&#37; adherence to the therapeutic regimen adopted was sufficient to achieve asthma control&#46; These adherence rates were lower than those reported in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;24</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There is a scarcity of studies that assessed the association between adherence to combination therapy and asthma control in pediatric patients&#46; The authors investigated the association between adherence to fluticasone propionate&#47;salmeterol xinafoate combination-metered aerosol and the level of asthma control in children&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This was a prospective observational study of 84 patients aged 5&#8211;16 years with moderate persistent asthma&#44; who remained uncontrolled despite the use of 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;day of inhaled nonextrafine-hydrofluoric alkane-beclomethasone dipropionate in the three months prior to study enrollment&#46; Participants were prescribed two daily doses of FP &#40;125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#41;&#47;salmeterol xinafoate &#40;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#41; combination by metered aerosol&#47;spacer for six months&#46; Adherence rates were assessed using the device&#39;s dose counter after the 2nd&#44; 4th&#44; and 6th months of follow up&#46; Asthma control was assessed using a simplified Global Initiative for Asthma 2014 Report classification&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean adherence rates after the second&#44; fourth&#44; and sixth months were 87&#46;8&#37;&#44; 74&#46;9&#37;&#44; and 62&#46;1&#37; respectively&#44; for controlled asthma&#44; and 71&#46;7&#37;&#44; 56&#46;0&#37;&#44; and 47&#46;6&#37; respectively&#44; for uncontrolled asthma &#40;all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-values<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;03&#41;&#46; The proportion of children achieving asthma control increased to 42&#46;9&#37;&#44; 67&#46;9&#37; and 89&#46;3&#37; after the 2nd&#44; 4th and 6th months of follow-up&#44; respectively &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adherence rates between 87&#46;8&#37; in the 2nd month and 62&#46;1&#37; in the 6th month were strong determinants of asthma control&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">S&#227;o escassos os estudos que avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a taxa de ades&#227;o &#224; combina&#231;&#227;o de proprionato de fluticasona&#47;xinafoato de salmeterol e o n&#237;vel de controle da asma na inf&#226;ncia&#46; O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar essa rela&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudo prospectivo observacional com 84 participantes&#44; de 5 a 16 anos&#44; todos eles com asma persistente moderada que permaneceram n&#227;o controlados apesar do uso de 1&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dia de dipropionato de beclometasona em part&#237;culas n&#227;o extrafinas nos tr&#234;s meses que antecederam a admiss&#227;o no estudo&#46; Os participantes receberam prescri&#231;&#227;o de 125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g de propionato de fluticasona e 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g xinafoato de salmeterol atrav&#233;s de inalador pressurizado&#44; duas vezes ao dia&#44; e foram avaliados ap&#243;s o 2&#176;&#44; 4&#176; e 6&#176; meses de tratamento&#46; A taxa de ades&#227;o foi obtida por meio do contador anal&#243;gico de doses incorporado ao inalador&#46; A classifica&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de controle da asma foi baseada numa simplifica&#231;&#227;o das recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global Initiative for Asthma</span>&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">As taxas de ades&#227;o aos 2&#44; 4 e 6 meses para a asma controlada foram 87&#44;8&#37;&#44; 74&#44;9&#37; e 62&#44;1&#37; e para a asma n&#227;o controlada de 71&#44;7&#37;&#44; 56&#44;0&#37; e 47&#44;6&#37; &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;03&#41;&#44; respectivamente&#46; A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com asma controlada elevou- se para 42&#44;9&#37;&#44; 67&#44;9&#37; e 89&#44;3&#37; nas tr&#234;s avalia&#231;&#245;es subsequentes &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Taxas de ades&#227;o entre 87&#44;8&#37; no 2&#176; m&#234;s e de 62&#44;1&#37; no 6&#176;&#46; m&#234;s foram determinantes para o n&#237;vel de controle da asma&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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            "identificador" => "abst0040"
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      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Jentzsch NS&#44; Silva GC&#44; Mendes GM&#44; Brand PL&#44; Camargos P&#46; Treatment adherence and level of control in moderate persistent asthma in children and adolescents treated with fluticasone and salmeterol&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2019&#59;95&#58;69&#8211;75&#46;</p>"
      ]
      1 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">The medications and spacers were provided free of charge through the Brazilian Unified Health System &#40;SUS&#41; of Belo Horizonte City Hall&#46;</p>"
      ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Rate of adherence to the combination of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol xinafoate and corresponding level of asthma control in the three evaluations performed during the follow-up period&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Uncontrolled</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Controlled</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Value<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>58</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Child&#39;s gender</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&#46;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;341</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Child&#39;s age &#40;year&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#8211;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;752</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Older than 6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">43&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Maternal age &#40;years&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Up to 30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;449</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Older than 30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&#46;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Maternal level of schooling &#40;years&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Up to 8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;572</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">More than 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&#46;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Family income</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MW&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;840</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MW&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&#46;9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Adherence rate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1st <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Median&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3rd <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Max&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Value<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2 months</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Uncontrolled&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48 &#40;57&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71&#46;7 &#40;13&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">80&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Controlled&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36 &#40;42&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">87&#46;8 &#40;8&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">64&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">80&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">89&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">95&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4 months</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Uncontrolled&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27 &#40;32&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&#46;0 &#40;8&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Controlled&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57 &#40;67&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74&#46;9 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6 months</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Uncontrolled&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;10&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47&#46;6 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">49&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75 &#40;89&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62&#46;1 &#40;13&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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        0 => array:2 [
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0125"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Adherence in childhood asthma&#58; the elephant in the room"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46;W&#46; Morton"
                            1 => "M&#46;L&#46; Everard"
                            2 => "H&#46;E&#46; Elphick"
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                      ]
                    ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                            "web" => "Medline"
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                    ]
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                ]
              ]
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              "etiqueta" => "2"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Measurement of children&#39;s asthma medication adherence by self-report&#44; mother report&#44; canister weight&#44; and Doser CT"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Bender"
                            1 => "F&#46; Wamboldt"
                            2 => "S&#46; O&#8217;Connor"
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                            4 => "S&#46; Szefler"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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              "identificador" => "bib0135"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "L&#46;M&#46; Lasmar"
                            1 => "P&#46;A&#46; Camargos"
                            2 => "L&#46;F&#46; Costa"
                            3 => "M&#46;T&#46; Fonseca"
                            4 => "M&#46;J&#46; Fontes"
                            5 => "C&#46;C&#46; Ibiapina"
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0140"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "J&#46; Given"
                            1 => "H&#46; Taveras"
                            2 => "H&#46; Iverson"
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2500/aap.2016.37.3938"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Allergy Asthma Proc"
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                          0 => array:2 [
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            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "M&#46;S&#46; Broder"
                            1 => "E&#46;Y&#46; Chang"
                            2 => "J&#46; Kamath"
                            3 => "S&#46; Sapra"
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                      ]
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2500/aap.2010.31.3302"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Allergy Asthma Proc"
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20167146"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Risk of asthma exacerbation&#44; asthma-related health care utilization and costs&#44; and adherence to controller therapy in patients with asthma receiving fluticasone propionate&#47;salmeterol inhalation powder 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> mometasone furoate inhalation powder"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Hagiwara"
                            1 => "T&#46;E&#46; Delea"
                            2 => "R&#46;H&#46; Stanford"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3109/02770903.2012.754028"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "295"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23305687"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "&#8220;Trying&#44; but failing&#8221; &#8211; the role of inhaler technique and mode of delivery in respiratory medication adherence"
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Original article
Treatment adherence and level of control in moderate persistent asthma in children and adolescents treated with fluticasone and salmeterol
Adesão ao tratamento e nível de controle da asma persistente moderada em crianças e adolescentes tratados com fluticasona e salmeterol
Nulma S. Jentzscha,
Corresponding author
, Gabriela C.G. Silvaa, Guilherme M.S. Mendesa, Paul L.P. Brandb,c, Paulo Camargosd
a Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Hospital Universitário Ciências Médicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
b Isala Hospital, Princess Amalia Children's Centre, Zwolle, The Netherlands
c University Medical Centre and University of Groningen, UMCG Postgraduate School of Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
d Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Hospital das Clínicas, Unidade de Pneumologia Pediátrica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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thus allowing the obtaining of a reliable adherence rate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In turn&#44; both have the drawback of intentional emptying of the pressurized inhaler&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asthma treatment adherence rates are generally lower than prescribed&#44; and studies have shown that a low adherence rate is one of the most common causes of lack of clinical and functional disease control&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In the case of children&#44; when parents have a negative perception of asthma&#44; they may question the need for IC use at the same time as they are concerned about the adverse effects of medication&#46; Moreover&#44; when they do not have the necessary information to understand the disease&#44; the adherence rate may be even lower&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Adherence rates greater than 60&#37; are associated with a better level of asthma control&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> However&#44; great variability can be found in studies carried out in the last two decades&#46; Bender&#44; for instance&#44; reported rates of 19&#8211;58&#37; in ten studies that assessed adherence through electronic dose-counting&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> whereas other researchers reported a variation of 30&#37; to 70&#37;&#46; Rates of less than 50&#37; are insufficient to control the disease and&#44; consequently&#44; are associated with a greater frequency of disease exacerbations&#44; hospitalizations&#44; and the need for emergency care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In turn&#44; it is known that a clinical response to the isolated use of IC is observed only after the first weeks of treatment&#44; whereas the association with prolonged-action beta-2 agonist could bring faster clinical benefits&#44; due to its bronchodilator action&#46; Studies have shown that this association may help the attainment of control in patients with moderate and severe persistent asthma through its synergistic effect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A literature search in the Pubmed&#47;MedLine&#44; Lilacs&#44; Scielo&#44; Ebsco&#44; and Cochrane Collaboration databases including the past 15 years identified few studies that assessed the adherence rate to the fluticasone propionate-salmeterol xinafoate association and the level of asthma control in children in developing countries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The present study aimed to evaluate the association between asthma treatment adherence and control rates through this therapeutic combination&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study site and design</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a prospective observational study with a six-month follow-up&#44; for which patients with moderate persistent asthma were recruited and were followed at a secondary pediatric referral service linked to the Municipal Health Secretariat of the city of Belo Horizonte&#44; state of Minas Gerais&#44; Brazil&#46; The number of children treated at that service during the period covered by the study was 127&#46; All 84 children who met the inclusion criteria were consecutively admitted and completed the follow-up period predefined in the research protocol&#46; Data collection lasted one year and three months&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Inclusion and exclusion criteria</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Children and adolescents aged 5&#8211;16 years of age&#44; with moderate persistent asthma without clinical control at admission despite adequate adherence &#40;verified through medication dispensing at the pharmacy&#41; to the prescription of 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;day of beclomethasone dipropionate with hydrofluoroalkane propellant &#40;hydrofluoric alkane&#41; in non-extrafine particles&#46; The diagnosis of asthma was based on the clinical criteria proposed by the Global Initiative for Asthma &#40;GINA&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The parents or guardians&#44; all of whom were literate&#44; signed the informed consent form to authorize the participation of their children in the study&#59; those older than 12 years also signed the term of assent&#46; Children and adolescents who were passive smokers and those with comorbidities were excluded&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Asthma control level</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As the main objective of asthma treatment is to achieve full disease control&#44; only two categories were adopted on the two-&#44; four-&#44; and six-month follow-up visits&#58; controlled asthma and uncontrolled asthma&#44; 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Colorado&#44; USA&#41;&#44; Pulmonary Function Tests &#40;PFT&#41; version 4&#46;12 used was and the reliability and reproducibility criteria recommended by the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society were used&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> whereas the reference values used were obtained from Polgar and Promadhat&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Therapeutic regimen</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All participants received the medications free of charge&#58; salbutamol for treatment of exacerbations&#44; 100ug&#47;jet Nebulizer &#40;Aerolin<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#8211; GlaxoSmithKleine&#44; Brazil&#41; and the combination of 125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;&#47;fluticasone propionate and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;&#47;salmeterol xinafoate jet nebulizer &#40;Seretide<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#8211; GlaxoSmithKleine&#44; SP&#44; Brazil&#41;&#44; the latter with a dose counter&#44; prescribed in two daily doses &#40;morning and evening&#41;&#46; The number of doses consumed in the two previous months corresponded to that recorded by the counter during each of the three bimonthly evaluations performed during follow-up&#46; A large-volume valve spacer &#40;Flumax<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#8211; Inside Materiais Avan&#231;ados&#44; SP&#44; Brazil&#41; was also supplied&#46; All children used the same type of spacer&#44; the only one provided free of charge&#44; regardless of age&#46; This conservative measure was taken due to the lack of resources by the participating families&#44; which often lacked good understanding and educational level&#44; despite the fact that parents were literate&#59; this aimed to ensure the adequate quality of the inhalation technique&#44; a crucial condition for the evaluation of both adherence and level of disease control&#46; Regarding the guidelines for the inhalation route in each consultation&#44; the following parameters were observed&#58; spacer hygiene&#44; agitation of the pressurized inhaler before use&#44; and number of inspirations after each nebulization&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Adherence rates</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The adherence rate was expressed by calculating the percentage of the number of used doses divided by the number of prescribed doses &#215;100&#44; considering the day of medication dispensation &#40;the inhaler contains 120 doses&#41; and the number of remaining doses verified on the date of the three control visits &#40;two&#44; four&#44; and six months after admission&#41;&#46; The service where the medication was dispensed was the same where the study was carried out&#46; The expected adequate adherence was 100&#37;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dependent variable was the asthma control level&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; adequate control or lack of control&#46; The independent variables were time of follow-up&#44; adherence rate&#44; gender&#44; maternal age and level of schooling&#44; and mean monthly family income&#46; When assessing the patients&#8217; profile at the first consultation&#44; absolute and relative frequencies were used for the categorical variables&#44; whereas the means and standard deviations were used for the quantitative variables&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The chi-squared test was used to compare the group of patients who had controlled and uncontrolled asthma&#46; Non-parametric tests were used to compare the rate of adherence among participants who had controlled asthma and those with uncontrolled asthma&#44; stratified by consultation &#40;Mann&#8211;Whitney test&#41;&#44; and to compare the rate of adherence between consultations&#44; stratified by controlled and uncontrolled asthma &#40;Kruskal&#8211;Wallis test&#59; the Nemenyi test was used for multiple comparisons&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marginal logistic regression was used to verify whether the independent variables had an influence on asthma control and&#44; for this purpose&#44; the backward method was used&#44; which is the procedure of consecutively removing the variables with greater <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value&#59; this procedure is repeated until only significant variables remain in the model&#46; A conventional significance level of 5&#37; was used for the backward method&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The generalized estimating equations &#40;GEEs&#41; method was used to evaluate the individual correlation of adherence measurements with the asthma control level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean rate of drug adherence was compared with the asthma control level and expressed in box-plot charts in the second&#44; fourth&#44; and sixth months&#46; The means &#40;and respective standard deviation&#41;&#44; medians&#44; minimum and maximum variations&#44; and first and third quartiles of the adherence rates of the respective months were also calculated&#46; The boxplot is adequate to represent the non-parametric tests&#44; since it provides clinically important information&#44; such as the medians and quartiles of each group&#47;time&#46; The software used in the analysis was R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> version 3&#46;0&#46;3 &#40;R Foundation for Statistical Computing&#44; Vienna&#44; Austria&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Ethical aspects</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study protocol&#44; as well as the terms of consent and assent&#44; were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais&#44; under number 0117&#46;0&#46;418&#46;000-11&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Results</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eighty-four patients were recruited for the study with the following admission characteristics&#58; the mean age was 7&#46;4 years&#44; 54&#46;8&#37; of them were aged between 5 and 7 years&#44; with a predominance of females &#40;56&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46; The mean maternal age was 32&#46;5 years&#44; of whom 46&#46;4&#37; were older than 30 years&#44; and most mothers &#40;72&#46;6&#37;&#41; reported at least eight years of elementary school education&#46; The mean monthly family income was R&#36; 700&#46;00 in 67&#46;9&#37; of the families&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As expected&#44; 47 of the 84 patients &#40;56&#46;0&#37;&#41; underwent spirometry&#44; of whom 38 were children older than 6 years and nine were aged 5 years&#46; The mean initial and final forced expiratory flow in the first second &#40;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41; were 76&#46;3&#37; and 80&#46;3&#37; of the predicted values&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the results of the evaluation of the second month of treatment&#59; no statistical difference was observed between the two groups&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the distribution of the asthma control level according to the adherence rate verified in the three bimonthly consultations&#46; It was observed that in the group where asthma was not controlled&#44; the mean adherence rates in the second&#44; fourth&#44; and sixth months were 71&#46;7&#37;&#44; 56&#46;0&#37;&#44; and 47&#46;6&#37;&#44; whereas the group with controlled asthma presented significantly higher rates&#44; 87&#46;8&#37;&#44; 74&#46;9&#37;&#44; and 62&#46;1&#37;&#44; respectively&#44; and this difference was statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows the results of the multivariate analysis&#44; demonstrating the influence of time of treatment&#44; participant&#39;s gender and age&#44; maternal age and level of schooling&#44; and monthly family income on the level of asthma control&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adherence rate&#44; gender&#44; and maternal level of schooling were significantly associated with controlled asthma&#46; Boys were 2&#46;84 times &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;02&#8211;7&#46;87&#41; more likely to attain asthma control than girls&#44; and each additional year of maternal schooling increased the likelihood of achieving asthma control by 1&#46;19 times &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;99&#8211;1&#46;42&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows the comparison of the adherence rate in the second&#44; fourth&#44; and sixth months of treatment and the level of asthma control&#46; Once again&#44; higher adherence rates were associated with a better level of disease control&#46; A consistent dose&#8211;response gradient was observed for adherence rate and asthma control level at the three moments of the clinical&#8211;functional evaluation&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Discussion</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this observational study carried out exclusively in the pediatric population&#44; it was observed that adherence greater than 60&#37; led to better control of moderate persistent asthma&#46; This is the main clinical implication of the present results&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies on asthma treatment adherence in developing countries through reliable methods such as dose counters are rare&#44; and those evaluating the rate of adherence to combination therapy &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist&#41; and the level of asthma control are even rarer&#46; This is the second message of the present study&#44; which aimed to contribute to better management of asthma in children&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The factors that influenced asthma control were the decrease in the adherence rate during follow-up&#44; male gender&#44; and maternal level of schooling&#46; Studies on the influence of gender are controversial&#44; but the decrease in adherence rates during the course of treatment is well known in all chronic diseases&#44; such as asthma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The influence of maternal schooling observed in the present study is corroborated by a study carried out by Urrutia-Pereira et al&#46;&#44; in an asthma prevention program in Rio Grande do Sul&#44; where 35&#46;6&#37; of the participating mothers had an educational level of less than eight years of schooling&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bender reports that there has been little change in the IC adherence rate in the last 25 years&#59; in ten studies included in his review&#44; the lack of asthma control was associated with adherence rates ranging from 19&#37; to 58&#37;&#46; It was concluded that better understanding of the management by the caregivers and use of the correct inhalation technique were determinant for better disease control&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One limitation of the present study is that the dose counter coupled to the inhaler does not exclude deliberate emptying of medication&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> However&#44; Given et al&#46; demonstrated the reliability of this method&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The adherence rate measurement should be performed by reliable methods&#44; such as dose counters&#44; to differentiate between patients adhering to the therapeutic regimen and those who do not&#44; both in clinical practice and in research&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#8211;21</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In clinical practice&#44; if an optimal level of asthma control is not achieved&#44; the treatment adherence rate&#44; among other factors&#44; should be verified before prescribing a higher dose of IC&#44; combined or not with another drug&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In meta-analysis of ten studies that aimed to measure adherence to IC treatment through electronic monitors in pediatric patients&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> individuals who experienced exacerbations had a mean rate of isolated IC adherence of 14&#37;&#44; whereas in those with controlled asthma&#44; the mean adherence rate was 68&#37;&#44; which is very close to that found in the present study&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; sufficient for asthma control&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pedersen et al&#46; followed-up 19 children aged 6&#8211;15 years with moderate and severe asthma who used budesonide for four weeks&#46; The use of half &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mcg&#47;day of budesonide&#41; of the prescribed dose &#8211; assessed by weighing the inhalers &#8211; was enough to control the symptoms&#46; The very short period of study follow-up is noteworthy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Klok et al&#46;&#44; in a review of 14 studies on asthma treatment adherence using an electronic monitor in children&#44; regardless of disease severity&#44; found a time of follow-up from 13 weeks to 18 months and variation in adherence to IC treatment of 34&#8211;92&#37;&#59; in the research that lasted six months &#40;similar to the present study&#41; an adherence rate of 50&#37; was observed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The final model of the multivariate analysis showed that male gender&#44; maternal schooling&#44; and duration of follow-up were associated with adequate asthma control&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study has further clinical implications in addition to those previously mentioned&#46; The results suggest that both the rate of adherence to inhaled medication and the level of asthma control should be systematically verified in any clinical evaluation of the asthmatic patient&#44; whether or not those evaluations were programmed&#46; Moreover&#44; they indicate that&#44; to attain clinical and functional control of moderate persistent asthma in children and adolescents who are using the therapeutic regimen adopted in the present study&#44; the rate of adherence could&#44; in fact&#44; be lower than the ideal of 100&#37;&#44; since a minimum of 60&#37; adherence to the therapeutic regimen adopted was sufficient to achieve asthma control&#46; These adherence rates were lower than those reported in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;24</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There is a scarcity of studies that assessed the association between adherence to combination therapy and asthma control in pediatric patients&#46; The authors investigated the association between adherence to fluticasone propionate&#47;salmeterol xinafoate combination-metered aerosol and the level of asthma control in children&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This was a prospective observational study of 84 patients aged 5&#8211;16 years with moderate persistent asthma&#44; who remained uncontrolled despite the use of 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;day of inhaled nonextrafine-hydrofluoric alkane-beclomethasone dipropionate in the three months prior to study enrollment&#46; Participants were prescribed two daily doses of FP &#40;125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#41;&#47;salmeterol xinafoate &#40;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#41; combination by metered aerosol&#47;spacer for six months&#46; Adherence rates were assessed using the device&#39;s dose counter after the 2nd&#44; 4th&#44; and 6th months of follow up&#46; Asthma control was assessed using a simplified Global Initiative for Asthma 2014 Report classification&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean adherence rates after the second&#44; fourth&#44; and sixth months were 87&#46;8&#37;&#44; 74&#46;9&#37;&#44; and 62&#46;1&#37; respectively&#44; for controlled asthma&#44; and 71&#46;7&#37;&#44; 56&#46;0&#37;&#44; and 47&#46;6&#37; respectively&#44; for uncontrolled asthma &#40;all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-values<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;03&#41;&#46; The proportion of children achieving asthma control increased to 42&#46;9&#37;&#44; 67&#46;9&#37; and 89&#46;3&#37; after the 2nd&#44; 4th and 6th months of follow-up&#44; respectively &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adherence rates between 87&#46;8&#37; in the 2nd month and 62&#46;1&#37; in the 6th month were strong determinants of asthma control&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">S&#227;o escassos os estudos que avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a taxa de ades&#227;o &#224; combina&#231;&#227;o de proprionato de fluticasona&#47;xinafoato de salmeterol e o n&#237;vel de controle da asma na inf&#226;ncia&#46; O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar essa rela&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudo prospectivo observacional com 84 participantes&#44; de 5 a 16 anos&#44; todos eles com asma persistente moderada que permaneceram n&#227;o controlados apesar do uso de 1&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dia de dipropionato de beclometasona em part&#237;culas n&#227;o extrafinas nos tr&#234;s meses que antecederam a admiss&#227;o no estudo&#46; Os participantes receberam prescri&#231;&#227;o de 125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g de propionato de fluticasona e 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g xinafoato de salmeterol atrav&#233;s de inalador pressurizado&#44; duas vezes ao dia&#44; e foram avaliados ap&#243;s o 2&#176;&#44; 4&#176; e 6&#176; meses de tratamento&#46; A taxa de ades&#227;o foi obtida por meio do contador anal&#243;gico de doses incorporado ao inalador&#46; A classifica&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de controle da asma foi baseada numa simplifica&#231;&#227;o das recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Global Initiative for Asthma</span>&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">As taxas de ades&#227;o aos 2&#44; 4 e 6 meses para a asma controlada foram 87&#44;8&#37;&#44; 74&#44;9&#37; e 62&#44;1&#37; e para a asma n&#227;o controlada de 71&#44;7&#37;&#44; 56&#44;0&#37; e 47&#44;6&#37; &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;03&#41;&#44; respectivamente&#46; A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com asma controlada elevou- se para 42&#44;9&#37;&#44; 67&#44;9&#37; e 89&#44;3&#37; nas tr&#234;s avalia&#231;&#245;es subsequentes &#40;p &#8804; 0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Taxas de ades&#227;o entre 87&#44;8&#37; no 2&#176; m&#234;s e de 62&#44;1&#37; no 6&#176;&#46; m&#234;s foram determinantes para o n&#237;vel de controle da asma&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Jentzsch NS&#44; Silva GC&#44; Mendes GM&#44; Brand PL&#44; Camargos P&#46; Treatment adherence and level of control in moderate persistent asthma in children and adolescents treated with fluticasone and salmeterol&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2019&#59;95&#58;69&#8211;75&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">The medications and spacers were provided free of charge through the Brazilian Unified Health System &#40;SUS&#41; of Belo Horizonte City Hall&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Uncontrolled</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Controlled</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Value<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>58</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Child&#39;s gender</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&#46;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;341</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Child&#39;s age &#40;year&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#8211;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;752</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Older than 6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">43&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Maternal age &#40;years&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Up to 30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;449</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Older than 30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&#46;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Maternal level of schooling &#40;years&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Up to 8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;572</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">More than 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&#46;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Family income</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#62;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MW&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;840</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MW&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&#46;9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Adherence rate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1st <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Median&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3rd <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Max&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Value<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2 months</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Uncontrolled&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48 &#40;57&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">71&#46;7 &#40;13&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">80&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Controlled&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36 &#40;42&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">87&#46;8 &#40;8&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">64&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">80&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">89&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">95&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">98&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4 months</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Uncontrolled&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27 &#40;32&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&#46;0 &#40;8&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="top">0&#46;000</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Controlled&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57 &#40;67&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74&#46;9 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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