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        "titulo" => "Influ&#234;ncia do modo de respira&#231;&#227;o sobre o desenvolvimento craniofacial a e postura da cabe&#231;a"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cephalometric landmarks&#44; angles&#44; and reference planes&#46; Growth pattern&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46; FP-MP</span> Angle formed by facial plane &#40;N-Pg&#41; and mandibular plane &#40;Gn-Go&#41;&#46; Facial plane is formed by nasion &#40;N&#41; and pgonion &#40;Pg&#41;&#46; Mandibular plane is formed by gnation &#40;Gn&#41; and gonion &#40;Go&#41;&#59; facial height&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">2&#46; FCNA</span> Angle formed by facial center point &#40;FC&#41; and line FC-nasion &#40;N&#41; and line FC-subspinale &#40;A&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">3&#46; Xi-ANS-Pm</span> Angle formed by center of the ramus point &#40;Xi&#41; and line Xi-anterior nasal spine &#40;ANS&#41; and Xi-suprapogonion &#40;Pm&#41;&#59; Maxilla&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">4&#46; SNA</span> Angle formed by skull base line &#40;SN&#41; and line N-subspinale &#40;A&#41;&#46; Skull base is a plane from sella &#40;S&#41; to nasion &#40;N&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">5&#46; ANS-PNS</span> Distance from anterior nasal spine &#40;ANS&#41; to posterior nasal spine &#40;PNS&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">6&#46; ANS-PNS-FhP</span> Angle formed by palatal plane &#40;ANS-PNS&#41; and Frankfurt plane &#40;FhP&#41;&#46; Frankfurt plane is formed by orbitale &#40;Or&#41; and ponion &#40;Po&#41;&#59; Mandible&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">7&#46; SNB</span> Angle formed by skull base line &#40;SN&#41; and line N-supramentale &#40;B&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">8&#46; MP-FhP</span> Angle formed by mandibular plane &#40;MP&#41; and Frankfurt plane &#40;FhP&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">9&#46; Go-FC</span> Distance from gonion &#40;Go&#41; to the facial center &#40;FC&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">10&#46; Xi-Pm</span> Distance from Xi to suprapogonion &#40;Pm&#41;&#59; Maxilla-Mandible&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">11&#46; ANB</span> Angle formed by subspinale &#40;A&#41; and nasion &#40;N&#41; line and line N-supramentale &#40;B&#41;&#59; Hyoid bone&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">12&#46; H-MP</span> Distance from the most anterior and superior point of hyoid bone &#40;H&#41; perpendicular to mandibular plane &#40;MP&#41;&#59; Craniocervical Posture&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">13&#46; OPT-SN</span> Angle formed by &#40;SN&#41; and odontoides &#40;OPT&#41;&#46; OPT is formed by a line through the postero-superior point and postero-inferior point of odontoides&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">14&#46; CVT-SN</span> Angle formed by &#40;SN&#41; and cervical &#40;CVT&#41;&#46; CVT is formed by a line through the postero-superior point and postero-inferior point of the four cervical&#46;</p>"
        ]
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Physiological breathing is often affected by anatomic or functional problems&#44; causing the respiratory cycle to be initiated not only through the nose but also through the mouth&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Compared to nasal breathing &#40;NB&#41; children&#44; oral breathing &#40;OB&#41; children are at higher risk for restless sleep&#44; diaphoresis and enuresis at night&#44; and&#44; in some cases&#44; even sleep apnea syndrome&#46; The low-quality sleep materializes as daytime sleepiness&#44; irritability&#44; and headaches<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> likely to negatively impact academic performance&#46; Further&#44; the presence of hyponasal speech or speech alterations<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> increases the likelihood of being classified with a learning disability&#46; In fact&#44; many of these children are misdiagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder &#40;ADHD&#41; and sometimes erroneously medicated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies postulate that OB children exhibit characteristics of the typical adenoid facies&#58; a decrease in the facial prognathism&#44; a small nose and nostrils&#44; a short upper lip&#44; and an open mouth posture which may be the source for a backward and downward rotation of the mandible that causes an increase in the vertical development of the lower anterior face and a narrower anteroposterior upper airway dimension&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6&#8211;8</span></a> These patients&#8217; muscle imbalance&#44; owing to an anatomic recondition&#44; may lead to cranio-cervical hyperextension and kyphotic posture&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> There are also reports of different types of malocclusion&#44; such as open bites&#44; anterior and&#47;or posterior crossbites&#44; class II malocclusion&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> constricted palates&#44; and gummy smiles resulting in unattractive facial features&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In addition&#44; OB children often suffer from chronic gingivitis&#44; periodontitis&#44; candida infections&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> dental erosion&#44; and cavities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Due to the difficulty of breathing and chewing simultaneously for extended periods&#44; masticatory efficiency decreases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> This&#44; in turn&#44; leads to OB children&#39;s preference for soft and oftentimes non-nutritious foods that increase the possibility of malocclusions and cavities&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Published evidence is inconclusive&#44; in part&#44; because growth patterns have not been taken into account&#44; as certain physical characteristics are shared by subjects with a predominant vertical growth pattern&#44; who&#44; in turn&#44; are more likely to be OB children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> In addition&#44; decreased adenoids and occlusal maturation have not been used as classification parameters when comparing across subjects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Moreover&#44; different diagnostic tools have been used to classify breathing modes&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main objective of this research was to evaluate the cephalometric differences in craniofacial structures &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span>&#44; the form and position of the maxilla&#44; mandible&#44; upper airway&#44; and hyoid bone&#41; and head posture between NB and OB children and teenagers with a normal facial growth pattern&#44; using a measurable diagnostic tool for breathing mode and a rigorous selection criteria of patients&#46; It is hypothesized that there are anatomic differences in craniofacial structures in OB compared to NB children and teenagers&#44; even in patients with a normal facial growth pattern&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Method</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Participants</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants were recruited at random during a routine clinic visit at the College of Integrated Child Dentistry at Seville University&#46; Inclusion criteria were as follows&#58; white boys and girls between 7 and 16 years of age&#59; normal growth pattern appearance&#59; free of any neurologic or congenital alterations&#44; genetic syndromes&#44; craniofacial malformations&#44; severe systemic disease&#44; respiratory allergies&#44; obstructive sleep apnea syndrome &#40;OSAS&#41;&#44; or asthma&#46; Exclusion criteria&#58; any upper airway surgery&#44; orthodontic or orthopedic procedures&#44; prolonged use of a pacifier &#40;more than six months&#41; and&#47;or baby bottle &#40;more than two years&#41;&#44; any habits like lip or finger sucking&#44; or an evident anterior tongue position&#46; Of the 187 children &#40;11&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2 years&#44; 58&#46;3&#37; girls and 41&#46;7&#37; boys&#41; evaluated for eligibility&#44; 98 met the inclusion criteria&#46; For all patients&#44; one parent and&#47;or legal guardian signed the informed consent form&#46; The study and its protocol were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Virgen Macarena-Virgen del Rocio University Hospitals &#40;Seville&#44; Spain&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Measures</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Normal facial growth pattern was confirmed by cranial and facial index and cephalometric parameters &#40;FP-MP&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>68&#176;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;5&#176;&#41; to exclude children with a growth pattern predisposition&#46; The cranial index measures transverse and anteroposterior diameters of the skull based on the following formula&#58; maximum transverse diameter<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#47;maximum anteroposterior diameter&#46; The scores are categorized as follows&#58; dolichocephalic &#40;&#60;76&#41;&#44; mesocephalic &#40;76&#8211;81&#41;&#44; or brachycephalic &#40;&#62;81&#41;&#46; The facial index measures vertical and transverse parameters of the facies&#46; The height of the face is determined starting on the superciliar plane &#40;the line uniting the eyebrows&#41; and measuring vertically to the gnathion point &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span>&#44; the lowest point of the soft chin&#41;&#46; The width of the face is measured based on the bizygomatic width as follows&#58; maximum vertical diameter<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#47;maximum transverse diameter&#46; The scores classify facies as&#58; brachyfacial &#40;&#60;97&#41;&#44; mesofacial &#40;97&#8211;104&#41;&#44; or dolichofacial &#40;&#62;104&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Breathing mode &#40;oral <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> nasal&#41; was assessed by an Airflow Sensor for e-Health Platform&#44; designed by Cooking Hacks &#40;Libelium<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; Libelium Comunicaciones Distribuidas S&#46;L&#44; Zaragoza&#44; Spain&#41;&#46; The sensor measured the nasal respiratory frequency accurately by detecting temperature changes in the airflow&#46; This device consists of a set of two prongs placed in the nostrils and secured by a flexible thread that fits behind the ears&#46; Breathing is measured by the sensors located inside the prongs&#46; Two measurements were taken at different times to avoid punctual substantial fluctuations that could affect results&#46; Patients underwent a complete clinical examination&#44; and their clinical history and data were collected through a parent questionnaire&#46; Based on this information&#44; participants were classified as either OB or NB patients&#46; OB children were defined by a lower nasal respiratory frequency &#40;under 17 breaths per minute&#41; as measured by the staff and based on parental reports that report predominant breathing through the mouth&#44; showing an open mouth posture during the day and&#47;or while sleeping &#40;change from an upright to a supine position may cause a change in respiratory mode&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Moreover&#44; if the children frequently exhibited three or more of these symptoms&#44; they were included&#58; snoring&#44; wheezing&#44; drooling on the pillow&#44; waking up during the night gasping for air&#44; or getting up tired in the morning&#46; Children were classified as nasal breathers if they had a high nasal respiratory frequency &#40;above 18 breaths per minute&#41;&#44; a closed mouth during the day and night&#44; and the previously described symptoms were absent&#46; The classification was supported by an otolaryngologist by means of rhinomanometry&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lateral radiographs were taken standing with the body relaxed and with a natural head position &#40;self-balance position&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> by X-ray equipment Planmeca Promax &#40;Planmeca Oy&#41;&#44; at the Faculty of Dentistry of Seville University&#46; The cephalostat was placed without adding any pressure&#44; so as to not affect the child&#39;s posture&#46; Traditional cephalometric landmarks were hand-traced and digital radiographs were imported into a commercially available software system &#40;Ortho TP<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; Vimercate MicroLab&#44; Vimercate&#44; Italy&#41; and analyzed again&#46; The cephalometric parameters were chosen based on previous publications<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;17&#8211;19</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; new measurements were added for airway dimensions&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">USP&#58; Distance of a point of soft palate &#40;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm under to the upper point of the soft palate&#41; &#40;USP&#41; to the horizontal counterpoint on the posterior pharyngeal wall parallel to the Frankfurt horizontal plane &#40;FHP&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">IT&#58; Distance of the posterior and inferior point of tonsil &#40;T&#41; &#40;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm upper to the down point of the tonsil&#41; to horizontal counterpoint on posterior pharyngeal wall parallel to the FHP&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MPP&#58; Distance of the intersection points on anterior and posterior pharyngeal wall of the middle of the USP and IT parallel to the FHP&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MP<span class="elsevierStyleInf">p</span>&#58; Distance of the intersection points on anterior and posterior pharyngeal wall of the mandibular plane &#40;MP&#41; parallel to the FHP&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">C3P&#58; Distance between posterior pharyngeal from the most anterior and inferior point on the corpus of the third cervical vertebra &#40;C3&#41; and anterior pharyngeal &#40;P&#41; parallel to the FHP&#46;</p></li></ul></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To detect errors in landmark identification and measurements&#44; twenty randomly selected lateral cephalometric radiographs were measured and compared by the same investigator two weeks later&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; patients were divided into two age groups &#40;G1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#8211;9 years&#41; &#40;7&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5 years&#41; and &#40;G2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#8211;16 years&#41; &#40;12&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0 years&#41; for three main reasons&#58; &#40;1&#41; to avoid confusing breathing mode influence on craniofacial development with normal changes in growth&#59; &#40;2&#41; to account for the process of occlusal maturation&#8212;associated with changes in the vertical dimension of the face&#8212;based on the variation in the eruption of permanent teeth to replace mixed dentition&#59; and &#40;3&#41; to account for the decrease of adenoids that starts between the ages of 7 and 10&#44; which widens the differences in nasopharyngeal dimensions&#46; In children younger than 7 years old&#44; adenoids are still physiologically present in a considerable volume in NB and OB children&#59; therefore&#44; it may difficult to find differences in the adenoids zone&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical analyses</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods&#46; Quantitative variables were described with means and standard deviations&#44; and differences were tested for significance with Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test for independent samples&#46; Differences in non-parametric variables were tested for significance with the Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test for independent samples&#46; Statistical significance was set at two-sided <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46; Bonferroni correction was used as the adjustment method to maintain the probability of type I error below 5&#37; &#40;0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Accordingly&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value to consider statistically significant differences was 0&#46;05&#47;22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#46; Statistical tests were performed using SPSS &#40;SPSS for Windows&#44; Version 16&#46;0&#46; Chicago&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The average respiratory rate was 18 breaths per minute&#59; the lowest respiratory rate detected was 12 breaths per minute and the highest rate was 25 breaths per minute&#46; The average cranial and facial index scores were 79&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;4 and 101&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;7&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Means and standard deviations for cephalometric variables&#8212;craniofacial&#44; hyoid position&#44; head posture &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#44; and airway parameters &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#8212;from 56 OB patients &#40;64&#46;6&#37;&#41; and 42 NB patients &#40;35&#46;4&#37;&#41; were compared by age group&#46; According to the lateral cephalometric analysis&#44; in G1 the airway distance in the region of the tonsils &#40;MPP&#41; was lower in OB &#40;8&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7 years&#41; than NB &#40;7&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9 years&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;03&#41;&#46; No statistically significant differences in the airway were found in G2&#46; However&#44; in G2&#44; the lower anterior facial height &#40;Xi-ANS-Pm&#41; and the palate length &#40;ANS-PNS&#41; were higher in OB &#40;12&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;0 years&#41; than in NB &#40;12&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;9 years&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;015 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;049&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; Also&#44; the hyoid bone was located in a lower position relative to the mandibular plane &#40;H-MP&#41; in OB teenagers than NB ones &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;017&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; no statistically significant differences were found in the head posture between OB and NB patients in either age group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous studies report that OB children have a hyperdivergent facial pattern<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;24</span></a> and a greater lower anterior facial height<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;11</span></a> that it was observed in our research in OB teenagers &#40;G2&#41; with a normal facial pattern but not in G1&#46; A greater inclination of the mandible plane<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a> was observed which&#44; together with a posterior rotation of palatal plane&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> might indicate the vertical direction of mandibular growth<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;26</span></a> and the development of a class II skeletal malocclusion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> However&#44; the OB patients &#40;63&#46;9&#37;&#41; presented class I skeletal occlusion&#46; According to previous findings&#44; OB patients&#8217; maxilla and mandible were more retruded in relation to their skull base&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; Ucar et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> observed that only the maxilla was more retrognathic&#44; whereas others found that only the mandible was more retruded&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present results show a low position of the hyoid bone relative to the mandibular plane in OB in G2&#44; which supports previous findings by Cuccia et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nasopharyngeal sectional dimensions increase with the rest of body tissues during the growth period&#44; but the adenoid tissue starts to diminish between the ages of 7 and 10&#44; only to disappear during adulthood&#46; The measurements of the upper airway space were smaller in OB than in NB children &#40;G1&#41; in the region of the tonsils &#40;MPP&#41; but not in G2&#44; supporting previous work&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Therefore&#44; tonsils are more hypertrophic in children than teenagers&#46; This result could be affected by the possibility that G1 patients&#8217; adenoids were still at the onset of their reduction&#44; whereas G2 patients&#8217; adenoids were already shrunken&#46; In addition&#44; the new airway measurements in this study could affect the ability to compare&#44; because they were parallel to the Frankfurt plane &#40;a constant plane&#41; to avoid incorrect comparative results based on a variable plane&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies report OB patients with cranio-cervical hyperextension&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> whereby postural problems are significantly more common among these children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The present research showed a cervical spine postural change in 90&#46;3&#37; of OB but&#44; as both groups presented high percentages of craniofacial hyperextension&#44; differences were not statistically significant&#46; It is speculated that the intense use of new technological devices by the young&#44; such as cell phones and tablets&#44; might contribute this lack of substantial differences in craniofacial hyperextension&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A previous study found myofunctional and craniofacial alterations among OB children between the ages of 7&#8211;10&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> whereas the present study found these alterations in OB children with a mean age of 12&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;0 &#40;G2&#41;&#46; The discrepancy may result from these studies failing to take the growth patterns into account&#46; In the present study&#44; patients with an abnormal growth pattern were excluded based on the cranial and facial index and cephalometric parameters&#44; because patients with a vertical growth pattern have common skeletal features&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span>&#44; narrower anteroposterior dimension of the airway&#44; retrusion of the maxilla and the mandible&#44; vertical maxillary excess&#44; and a higher class II skeletal discrepancy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;28</span></a> These patients&#8217; characteristics might be a compensatory mechanism that could trigger the transition from NB to OB&#46; Conversely&#44; horizontal growth pattern is usually characterized by a more anterior mandible&#46; This results in a wider lower pharyngeal airway&#44; which favors nasal breathing&#46; Therefore&#44; growth patterns could affect or benefit physiological respiratory function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to be able to detect patients with an OB predomination&#46; Early referral for the correction of this pathological function is key for the prevention of irregularities in craniofacial development and orthodontic problems&#46; By eliminating the growth pattern confounding in this study and comparing patients according to their growth stage&#44; it was possible to detect if real differences exist between NB and OB children &#40;G1&#41; and teenagers &#40;G2&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has certain limitations&#46; First&#44; in a cross-sectional study&#44; associations do not imply causal relationships&#46; In fact&#44; Shanker et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> found that several children switched between oral and nasal respiratory mode during the four years of their investigation&#46; However&#44; as with any treatable or preventable condition&#44; the possibility of an observational longitudinal study without intervening once OB is detected is precluded for ethical reasons&#46; Second&#44; the small sample size resulting from the strict selection criteria may have limited the power of the analyses to detect further differences&#46; Third&#44; because this study did not recruit NB as OB participants&#44; the power of the analyses may have suffered from this substantial difference in the sizes of the subgroups being compared&#46; Despite these limitations&#44; these findings may help medical professionals better manage patients with breathing disturbances&#44; knowing that this might indicate a developmental imbalance&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study also has its strengths&#46; The highly precise selection criteria&#44; by including only patients with normal growth pattern&#44; reduced the potential bias of including children with a genetic predisposition for OB&#46; In addition&#44; occlusal maturation and the physiological decrease of the adenoids were taken into account when comparing the results&#46; Finally&#44; a sensor that supplied measurable data to better classify patients&#8217; mode of breathing was utilized&#46; To the best of the authors&#8217; knowledge&#44; this measurement device had never been used in this context&#46; This combined with the fact that a constant plane was used as reference for the airway measurements&#44; may prove these data to be more accurate than those of much of previous research&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After examining children and teenagers with a normal growth pattern&#44; this study shows that there are cephalometric differences between individuals with oral breathing and nasal breathing modes&#46; Compared to nasal breathers&#44; a lower anteroposterior dimension of the airway in oral breathing children is found&#59; whereas in teenage oral breathers&#44; there is a greater lower anterior facial height&#44; a longer palate&#44; and a lower position of the hyoid bone relative to the mandibular plane&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These findings are of practical interest to clinicians when diagnosing&#44; treating&#44; and&#47;or referring patients to specialists for breathing disturbances-related issues&#46; As these issues might indicate a development imbalance&#44; early diagnosis is important to correct or ameliorate any negative effects with timely treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Future research examining larger samples of patients with same selection criteria as used here is needed in order to examine their craniofacial development according to mode of breathing&#44; while taking into account growth pattern&#44; age&#44; and gender&#46; Such a study may provide further evidence of the substantial influence of breathing in craniofacial development and head posture&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2017-01-06"
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            0 => "Breathing"
            1 => "Craniofacial development"
            2 => "Head posture"
            3 => "Children"
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            0 => "Respira&#231;&#227;o"
            1 => "Desenvolvimento craniofacial"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of abnormal breathing and its consequences on craniofacial development is increasing&#44; and is not limited to children with adenoid faces&#46; The objective of this study was to evaluate the cephalometric differences in craniofacial structures and head posture between nasal breathing and oral breathing children and teenagers with a normal facial growth pattern&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ninety-eight 7&#8211;16 year-old patients with a normal facial growth pattern were clinically and radiographically evaluated&#46; They were classified as either nasal breathing or oral breathing patients according to the predominant mode of breathing through clinical and historical evaluation&#44; and breathing respiratory rate predomination as quantified by an airflow sensor&#46; They were divided in two age groups &#40;G1&#58; 7&#8211;9&#41; &#40;G2&#58; 10&#8211;16&#41; to account for normal age-related facial growth&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Oral breathing children &#40;8&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7 years&#41; showed less nasopharyngeal cross-sectional dimension &#40;MPP&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;030&#41;&#44; whereas other structures were similar to their nasal breathing counterparts &#40;7&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9 years&#41;&#46; However&#44; oral breathing teenagers &#40;12&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;0 years&#41; exhibited a greater palate length &#40;ANS-PNS&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;049&#41;&#44; a higher vertical dimension in the lower anterior face &#40;Xi-ANS-Pm&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;015&#41;&#44; and a lower position of the hyoid bone with respect to the mandibular plane &#40;H-MP&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;017&#41; than their nasal breathing counterparts &#40;12&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;9 years&#41;&#46; No statistically significant differences were found in head posture&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Even in individuals with a normal facial growth pattern&#44; when compared with nasal breathing individuals&#44; oral breathing children present differences in airway dimensions&#46; Among adolescents&#44; these dissimilarities include structures in the facial development and hyoid bone position&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Objective"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Method"
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          2 => array:2 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A incid&#234;ncia da respira&#231;&#227;o anormal e de suas consequ&#234;ncias no desenvolvimento craniofacial aumenta e n&#227;o &#233; limitada a crian&#231;as com f&#225;cies adenoideanas&#46; O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as diferen&#231;as cefalom&#233;tricas nas estruturas craniofaciais e na postura da cabe&#231;a entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes com respira&#231;&#227;o nasal e respira&#231;&#227;o bucal com padr&#227;o de crescimento facial normal&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">98 pacientes com idades entre 7-16 anos com padr&#227;o de crescimento facial normal foram avaliados de forma cl&#237;nica e radiol&#243;gica&#46; Eles foram classificados como pacientes com respira&#231;&#227;o nasal ou respira&#231;&#227;o bucal de acordo com a predomin&#226;ncia do modo de respira&#231;&#227;o por meio da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e hist&#243;rica e da predomin&#226;ncia da frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria conforme qualificado por um sensor de fluxo de ar&#46; Os pacientes foram divididos em duas faixas et&#225;rias &#40;G1&#58; 7 a 9&#41; &#40;G2&#58; 10 a 16&#41; para contabilizar o crescimento normal facial relacionado &#224; idade&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">As crian&#231;as com respira&#231;&#227;o bucal &#40;8&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;7 anos de idade&#41; mostraram menor dimens&#227;o transversal nasofar&#237;ngea &#40;MPP&#41; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;030&#41;&#44; ao passo que outras estruturas foram semelhantes a seus pares com respira&#231;&#227;o nasal &#40;7&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;9 anos de idade&#41;&#46; Contudo&#44; os adolescentes com respira&#231;&#227;o bucal &#40;12&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;0 anos de idade&#41; mostraram maior comprimento do palato &#40;espinha nasal anterior-espinha nasal posterior &#40;ENA-ENP&#41;&#41; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;049&#41;&#44; maior dimens&#227;o vertical na menor face anterior &#40;Xi-ENA-Pm&#41; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;015&#41; e menor posi&#231;&#227;o do osso hioide a respeito do plano mandibular &#40;H-PM&#41; &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;017&#41; que seus pares com respira&#231;&#227;o nasal &#40;12&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;9 anos de idade&#41;&#46; N&#227;o foram constatadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na postura da cabe&#231;a&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mesmo em indiv&#237;duos com padr&#227;o de crescimento facial normal&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos com respira&#231;&#227;o nasal&#44; as crian&#231;as com respira&#231;&#227;o bucal apresentam diferen&#231;as nas dimens&#245;es das vias a&#233;reas&#46; Entre os adolescentes&#44; essas dissimilaridades incluem estruturas no desenvolvimento facial e na posi&#231;&#227;o do osso hioide&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Please cite this article as&#58; Chambi-Rocha A&#44; Cabrera-Dom&#237;nguez ME&#44; Dom&#237;nguez-Reyes A&#46; Breathing mode influence on craniofacial development and head posture&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2018&#59;94&#58;123&#8211;130&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cephalometric landmarks&#44; angles&#44; and reference planes&#46; Growth pattern&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46; FP-MP</span> Angle formed by facial plane &#40;N-Pg&#41; and mandibular plane &#40;Gn-Go&#41;&#46; Facial plane is formed by nasion &#40;N&#41; and pgonion &#40;Pg&#41;&#46; Mandibular plane is formed by gnation &#40;Gn&#41; and gonion &#40;Go&#41;&#59; facial height&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">2&#46; FCNA</span> Angle formed by facial center point &#40;FC&#41; and line FC-nasion &#40;N&#41; and line FC-subspinale &#40;A&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">3&#46; Xi-ANS-Pm</span> Angle formed by center of the ramus point &#40;Xi&#41; and line Xi-anterior nasal spine &#40;ANS&#41; and Xi-suprapogonion &#40;Pm&#41;&#59; Maxilla&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">4&#46; SNA</span> Angle formed by skull base line &#40;SN&#41; and line N-subspinale &#40;A&#41;&#46; Skull base is a plane from sella &#40;S&#41; to nasion &#40;N&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">5&#46; ANS-PNS</span> Distance from anterior nasal spine &#40;ANS&#41; to posterior nasal spine &#40;PNS&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">6&#46; ANS-PNS-FhP</span> Angle formed by palatal plane &#40;ANS-PNS&#41; and Frankfurt plane &#40;FhP&#41;&#46; Frankfurt plane is formed by orbitale &#40;Or&#41; and ponion &#40;Po&#41;&#59; Mandible&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">7&#46; SNB</span> Angle formed by skull base line &#40;SN&#41; and line N-supramentale &#40;B&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">8&#46; MP-FhP</span> Angle formed by mandibular plane &#40;MP&#41; and Frankfurt plane &#40;FhP&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">9&#46; Go-FC</span> Distance from gonion &#40;Go&#41; to the facial center &#40;FC&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">10&#46; Xi-Pm</span> Distance from Xi to suprapogonion &#40;Pm&#41;&#59; Maxilla-Mandible&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">11&#46; ANB</span> Angle formed by subspinale &#40;A&#41; and nasion &#40;N&#41; line and line N-supramentale &#40;B&#41;&#59; Hyoid bone&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">12&#46; H-MP</span> Distance from the most anterior and superior point of hyoid bone &#40;H&#41; perpendicular to mandibular plane &#40;MP&#41;&#59; Craniocervical Posture&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">13&#46; OPT-SN</span> Angle formed by &#40;SN&#41; and odontoides &#40;OPT&#41;&#46; OPT is formed by a line through the postero-superior point and postero-inferior point of odontoides&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">14&#46; CVT-SN</span> Angle formed by &#40;SN&#41; and cervical &#40;CVT&#41;&#46; CVT is formed by a line through the postero-superior point and postero-inferior point of the four cervical&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Airway dimensions&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nasopharynx</span>&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46; Ad1-Ba</span> Distance of &#40;ad1&#41; to basion &#40;Ba&#41;&#59; Ad1 is the intersection point of posterior pharyngeal wall and the line from posterior nasal spine &#40;PNS&#41; to basion &#40;Ba&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">2&#46; ad2-S<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span></span> Distance of &#40;ad2&#41; to &#40;S<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#41;&#46; Ad2 is the intersection point of posterior pharyngeal wall and the line from the midpoint &#40;S<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#41; of the line from sella &#40;S&#41; to basion &#40;Ba&#41; to posterior nasal spine &#40;PNS&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">3&#46; PtV-Ad</span> Distance of &#40;PtV&#41; point to adenoid &#40;Ad&#41;&#46; PtV is a vertical line perpendicular to FhP passing through the most posterior point of the fossa pterigomaxilar&#46; PtV point is located 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm upper to PNS&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Oropharynx</span>&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">4&#46; USP</span> Distance of a point of soft palate &#40;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm under to the upper point of Soft Palate&#41; &#40;USP&#41; to the horizontal counterpoint on the posterior pharyngeal wall parallel to Frankfurt Plane &#40;FhP&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">5&#46; MPP</span> Distance of the intersection points on anterior and posterior pharyngeal wall of the middle of &#40;USP&#41; and &#40;IT&#41; parallel to FhP&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">6&#46; IT</span> Distance of the posterior and inferior point of tonsil &#40;T&#41; &#40;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm upper to the down point of the tonsil&#41; to horizontal counterpoint on posterior pharyngeal wall parallel to FhP&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">7&#46; MP<span class="elsevierStyleInf">P</span></span> Distance of the intersection points on anterior and posterior pharyngeal wall of the mandibular plane &#40;MP&#41; parallel to FhP&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hypopharynx</span>&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">8&#46; C3P</span> Distance between posterior pharyngeal since the most anterior and inferior point on the corpus of the third cervical vertebra &#40;C3&#41; and anterior pharyngeal&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
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