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    "titulo" => "Neonatal screening&#58; 9&#37; of children with filter paper thyroid-stimulating hormone levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL have congenital hypothyroidism"
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        "titulo" => "Triagem neonatal&#58; 9&#37; das crian&#231;as com TSH em papel filtro entre 5 e 10 &#956;UI&#47;mL t&#234;m hipotireoidismo cong&#234;nito"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flowchart of the screening for congenital hypothyroidism from April 2003 to September 2009&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Congenital hypothyroidism &#40;CH&#41;&#44; the most frequent congenital endocrine disorder and one of the main causes of preventable intellectual disability with early diagnosis and adequate treatment&#44; was one of the first diseases screened in neonatal screening &#40;NS&#41; programs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of CH before the creation of NS programs was estimated at 1&#58;6500&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> but soon after the start of NS programs&#44; it increased to approximately 1&#58;3000 to 1&#58;4000 live births &#40;LB&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In recent years&#44; there has been a further increase in CH incidence in several parts of the world&#44; ranging from 1&#58;1030 to 1&#58;2679 LB&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;10</span></a> This fact is probably associated with an increase in the survival of preterm newborns&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;7</span></a> environmental<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and ethnic factors&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> as well as the reduction in the cutoff values of thyroid-stimulating hormone &#40;TSH&#41; on filter-paper blood-spot &#40;b-TSH&#41; in NS programs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;12</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initially&#44; higher b-TSH cutoff values were adopted to avoid recalls and excessive costs&#44; with the justification that mild forms of CH would have no consequences for the neurological development&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However&#44; some authors suggested that there were insufficient studies to support this hypothesis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and the European Consensus on Congenital Hypothyroidism of 2014 highlighted&#44; as the primary objective of NS&#44; the detection of all cases of primary CH&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; several screening services have chosen to lower the cutoff value of b-TSH to reduce the number of cases of undiagnosed CH&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;13&#8211;17</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With this reduction&#44; several programs reported an increase in the number of children diagnosed with CH through NS programs&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;13&#8211;17</span></a> although there has also been an increase in the number of children with suspected CH and&#44; therefore&#44; a higher rate of recall&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;15&#44;16&#44;18</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since 2001&#44; the Neonatal Screening Program of Universidade Estadual de Campinas &#40;UNICAMP&#41; has used a cutoff of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL for b-TSH and has performed clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least the first two years of life of all children whose serum TSH levels do not normalize&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering this context&#44; the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of CH in children with b-TSH levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL in the NS&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Neonatal screening strategy for congenital hypothyroidism</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">UNICAMP&#39;S Neonatal Screening Reference Service &#40;Servi&#231;o de Refer&#234;ncia em Triagem Neonatal &#91;SRTN&#93;&#41; is currently responsible for neonatal screening&#44; diagnosis&#44; and comprehensive care of children in the VII &#40;Campinas&#41; and XIV &#40;S&#227;o Jo&#227;o da Boa Vista&#41; Regional Health Departments&#44; regions that have approximately 5000 LB per month&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since its creation&#44; UNICAMP SRTN has worked with the same team for the treatment and follow-up of the cases&#44; and the laboratory and imaging investigations have always been performed at the services of UNICAMP hospital complex&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">UNICAMP SRTN uses the cutoff value for b-TSH of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL in a dried whole-blood sample on filter paper&#44; equivalent to 11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL in serum&#44; and the analyses are performed by time-resolved fluorometry &#40;AutoDELFIA&#8211;Perkin Elmer Life Sciences&#44; MA&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">UNICAMP SRTN uses the following protocol for the diagnosis and treatment of CH&#58; children with b-TSH &#62;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL or &#8804;0&#46;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL are called in for serum TSH and free thyroxine &#40;T4L&#41; measurement&#46; If serum TSH and T4L levels are normal&#44; the children are discharged from the service&#46; Children with serum TSH values higher than the reference values for age&#44; but lower than 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; are monitored through clinical and laboratory examinations in UNICAMP SRTN for the first two years of life or until test normalization&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Those with serum TSH &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL are referred for follow-up at the Congenital Hypothyroidism Outpatient Clinic of Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas of UNICAMP&#44; where they are evaluated individually&#59; and those who persist with TSH &#62;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL or have T4L levels &#60;0&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;dL are diagnosed as having CH and start treatment with sodium levothyroxine &#40;L-T4&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Serum TSH and T4L collections are performed according to the technical standards of the Clinical Pathology Laboratory of UNICAMP&#59; the analyses are performed by electrochemiluminescence&#44; using TSH and T4L reference values of 0&#46;41&#8211;4&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL and 0&#46;9&#8211;1&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;dL&#44; respectively&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Study design</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective study was carried out using the UNICAMP SRTN database to obtain the number of LB screened from April 2003 to September 2009&#46; Children with b-TSH values between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL in samples collected in the first month of life were selected&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Primary CH was considered when the child had serum TSH &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL at any time during the first two years of life&#44; regardless of T4L concentration&#44; and received treatment with L-T4&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following information was obtained from the medical files of children with CH and b-TSH levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#58; b-TSH value&#59; age at NS collection&#59; gender&#59; initial&#44; confirmatory TSH and T4L levels&#44; as well as levels at the start of treatment&#59; and age at the start of treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following definitions of serum TSH and T4L values were considered for the study&#58; initial test &#40;the first test collected after b-TSH&#41;&#59; confirmatory test &#40;the first test for which serum TSH was &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL for each child&#41;&#59; and test at the start of treatment &#40;the last test collected prior to medication introduction&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were processed using the software SPSS&#44; &#40;SPSS Inc&#46; version 16&#46;0&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The results of the qualitative variables are shown as absolute and relative frequencies&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the TSH and T4L measurements&#44; the median&#44; minimum&#44; and maximum values&#44; range &#40;total range&#41;&#44; and interquartile range &#40;IQR&#41; were determined&#46; When assessing TSH concentrations&#44; the use of medians was chosen to avoid upper limit problems &#40;&#62;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#41; for some results&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the quantitative variables were expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation or median &#40;IQR&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of CH was determined based on the data of the study group with the respective 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;CI&#41;&#46; The Mann&#8211;Whitney test was used for comparisons in relation to gender&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value &#60;0&#46;05 was considered significant in all analyses&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Ethical aspects</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas of UNICAMP&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the period from April 2003 to September 2009&#44; 380&#44;741 LB were screened for CH through UNICAMP SRTN&#46; A total of 3&#44;961 newborns were enrolled to complement the investigation&#44; resulting in a recall frequency of 1&#46;04&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;01&#8211;1&#46;07&#41;&#46; Of these&#44; 248 &#40;6&#46;26&#37;&#41; had b-TSH &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL and 3&#44;713 &#40;93&#46;74&#37;&#41; had b-TSH between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Using the cutoff value of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; the recall rate would have been 0&#46;07&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;06&#8211;0&#46;08&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After clinical and laboratory follow-up of the 3713 children with b-TSH levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; 339 &#40;206 males and 133 females&#41; were diagnosed with CH and started hormone replacement therapy with L-T4&#44; which corresponds to a CH prevalence of 9&#46;13&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 8&#46;2&#8211;10&#46;1&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean and median ages at b-TSH collection were 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 days of life and 3 &#40;4&#41; days of life&#44; respectively&#44; and at the initial serum collection&#44; 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14 days of life and 20 &#40;13&#41; days of life&#46; The confirmatory examination was collected at a mean age of 77<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>121 days of life and a median of 28 &#40;48&#41; days of life&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#44; despite borderline values of b-TSH in the NS &#40;5&#46;01&#8211;9&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;UI&#47;mL&#41;&#44; TSH values at baseline showed a large variation in the studied group &#40;3&#46;02 to &#62;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#41;&#46; The initial TSH of 113 children was &#60;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; with a median of 7&#46;00 &#40;2&#46;75&#41; &#956;IU&#47;mL&#46; Confirmatory TSH in this group ranged from 10&#46;00 to &#62;100&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; with a median of 11&#46;50 &#40;2&#46;14&#41; &#956;IU&#47;mL&#46; The remaining 226 cases had an initial TSH<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; of which 190 initiated treatment immediately&#59; the remaining 36 patients&#44; all with initial TSH<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL and normal or high T4L levels&#44; were maintained without medication at the first moment&#44; with later introduction of hormonal replacement due to the persistence of TSH elevation&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Confirmatory serum TSH levels and levels at the start of treatment also showed significant variation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#44; and 63 &#40;18&#46;58&#37;&#41; of the children had TSH levels<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL at the start of the treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No differences were observed in relation to gender regarding the values of b-TSH &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;073&#41; and initial &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;777&#41; and confirmatory &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;376&#41; TSH levels&#44; as well as levels at the start of treatment &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;843&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is noteworthy that 15 of the 339 children presented T4L levels below the reference values in the first evaluation&#44; with 14 of them showing TSH values &#62;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL and only one&#44; with a TSH value of 6&#46;06<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL at the first collection&#44; showed elevation of TSH levels above 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL in subsequent collections&#46; Regarding the last laboratory evaluation performed prior to the start of treatment&#44; 17 of the 339 had T4L levels below the reference value&#44; whereas TSH ranged from 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL to &#62;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#59; in 13 of these 17 patients&#44; the values were &#62;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No differences were observed regarding gender in the initial &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;318&#41; and confirmatory &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;706&#41; T4L values&#44; as well as in values at the start of treatment &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;542&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis was confirmed between 2 and 695 days of life&#44; with a mean of 94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>143 days of life and a median of 32 &#40;68&#41;&#44; and 76&#46;11&#37; of the children with CH had the diagnosis confirmed before the age of three months&#46; However&#44; 23&#46;89&#37; of the cases that would later receive the diagnosis of CH had TSH values above the upper limit of normal&#44; but with no indication of treatment&#44; and remained on follow-up with periodic measurements of TSH and T4L&#44; being defined as having hypothyroidism between 3 and 24 months of age&#46; Among these children with CH&#44; 7&#46;96&#37; had a diagnosis confirmed between 1 and 2 years of age &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is a study with a significant sample&#44; based on the experience of a service&#44; among few in Brazil&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;19&#44;20</span></a> which uses a lower b-TSH cutoff value than most NS programs&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of a lower b-TSH cutoff value in the analyzed sample resulted in a 14&#46;8-fold increase in the recall rate&#44; which would be of 0&#46;07&#37; using the cutoff of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; whereas it was 1&#46;04&#37; with a cutoff of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#46; Another SRTN from Brazil showed a similar recall rate of 1&#46;08&#37;&#44; using a cutoff value of 4&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> while Korada et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> using a cutoff value of 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mIU&#47;L&#44; reported a recall rate of 0&#46;23&#37;&#46; These data suggest that there is no direct association between the cutoff values used in NS for CH and recall rates&#44; as concluded by Loeber<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> in the analysis of 37 European countries&#8217; NS in 2004&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of lower cutoff points&#44; with a consequent increase in the number of recalled children&#44; leads to higher costs with NS&#44; in addition to generating anxiety for parents and relatives of healthy children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> During the study period&#44; children with b-TSH between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL were submitted to at least one venous blood collection to evaluate thyroid function and&#44; after follow-up&#44; approximately 90&#37; of them were defined as false-positive cases&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; during the evaluation of these six years of NS with an b-TSH cutoff value of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; 339 children who would not have been detected with a cutoff point of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL were diagnosed with CH&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other NS programs also detected additional cases of CH with a lower cutoff value&#44; as observed in the study by Barone et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> in which 63&#37; of the 475 identified cases of CH had b-TSH between 4&#46;5 and 9&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mIU&#47;L&#44; and in the study by Korada et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> which confirmed two cases of CH among the 67 full-term infants with b-TSH between 6 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mIU&#47;L&#46; One of the SRTNs in the state of S&#227;o Paulo&#44; which reduced the cutoff value for b-TSH between 2005 and 2008&#44; also detected six cases of CH among 1181 children with initial b-TSH levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Recently&#44; Jones et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> observed&#44; among the 304 diagnosed CH cases&#44; 26 children with b-TSH between 8 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mIU&#47;L&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; in this study&#44; as well as in others&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;13&#8211;17</span></a> it has been demonstrated that children with CH might not be detected with the higher cutoff points that are usually used&#44; and these additional diagnosed cases justify&#44; in the present authors&#8217; opinion and in that of other authors&#44; the reduction in the cutoff value of b-TSH&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;13</span></a></p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of the thyroid function in this group detected children with serum TSH levels &#62;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL or T4L levels below the reference value&#44; for whom immediate treatment is recommended&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is not yet clear in the literature whether patients with mild elevations in TSH levels are at risk for cognitive impairment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5&#44;8&#44;22</span></a> It has been suggested that cases of neurological disorders that result in decreased school performance are related to mild forms of CH&#44; not detected by NS due to elevated b-TSH cutoff values&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;23</span></a> A recent study showed that children with b-TSH between the 75th and 99&#46;95th percentiles are more likely to have poor school performance&#44; when compared to those with b-TSH below the 75th percentile&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Thus&#44; many have argued that until there is evidence of absence of risk of intellectual disability without the use of L-T4&#44; the treatment of these cases is preferable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;25</span></a></p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although most of the group was diagnosed with CH and started treatment early&#44; many children who remained on follow-up due to non-normalization of TSH values developed hypothyroidism between 3 months and 2 years of age&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One factor possibly involved in the late confirmation of CH is breastfeeding&#44; since breast milk may be an exogenous source of T4&#44; sometimes even masking clinical signs of CH&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a> There is a chance that&#44; given the usual recommendation of exclusive breastfeeding until the sixth month&#44; some children with mild CH may have shown a more marked elevation in TSH levels after weaning or reduced breastfeeding&#46; Another possibility is that they are due to thyroid hormone synthesis defect that often take some time for hypothyroidism to be established&#44; as previously reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In brief&#44; the results of this study demonstrated that the use of the b-TSH cutoff value of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL in NS allowed the detection of additional CH cases and many of these children only had the diagnosis confirmed later&#46; Considering that among the different countries and even within the same country there is no homogeneity in diagnostic and follow-up criteria&#44; more studies are needed to provide evidence for an ideal cutoff value for b-TSH and to establish more specific diagnostic and treatment protocols&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;29</span></a> Based on the findings of the present study&#44; the authors suggest the use of a cutoff value of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL and long-term follow-up for these children&#44; aiming to detect all CH cases&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism in children with filter-paper blood-spot TSH &#40;b-TSH&#41; between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL in the neonatal screening&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This was a retrospective study including children screened from 2003 to 2010&#44; with b-TSH levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; who were followed-up during the first two years of life when there was no serum TSH normalization&#46; The diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism was defined as serum TSH &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL and start of levothyroxine treatment up to 2 years of age&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Of the 380&#44;741 live births&#44; 3713 &#40;1&#46;04&#37;&#41; had filter paper TSH levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL and&#44; of these&#44; 339 &#40;9&#46;13&#37;&#41; had congenital hypothyroidism&#46; Of these&#44; 76&#46;11&#37; of the cases were diagnosed in the first three months of life and 7&#46;96&#37; between 1 and 2 years of age&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study showed that 9&#46;13&#37; of the children with b-TSH levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL developed hypothyroidism and that in approximately one-quarter of them&#44; the diagnosis was confirmed only after the third month of life&#46; Based on these findings&#44; the authors suggest the use of a 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL cutoff for b-TSH levels and long-term follow-up of infants whose serum TSH has not normalized to rule out congenital hypothyroidism&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objectives"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de hipotireoidismo cong&#234;nito em crian&#231;as com TSH em papel filtro &#40;TSH-f&#41; entre 5 e 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;UI&#47;mL na triagem neonatal&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudo retrospectivo incluindo crian&#231;as triadas de 2003 a 2010&#44; com TSH-f entre 5 e 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;UI&#47;mL&#44; que foram acompanhadas nos dois primeiros anos de vida quando n&#227;o houve normaliza&#231;&#227;o do TSH s&#233;rico&#46; O diagn&#243;stico de hipotireoidismo cong&#234;nito foi definido como TSH s&#233;rico igual ou superior a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;UI&#47;mL e in&#237;cio de tratamento com levotiroxina at&#233; os dois anos de idade&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dos 380&#46;741 nascidos vivos triados&#44; 3&#46;713 &#40;1&#44;04&#37;&#41; apresentaram TSH-f entre 5 e 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;UI&#47;mL e&#44; destes&#44; 339 &#40;9&#44;13&#37;&#41; tinham hipotireoidismo cong&#234;nito&#46; Destes&#44; 76&#44;11&#37; dos casos foram diagnosticados nos primeiros tr&#234;s meses de vida e 7&#44;96&#37; entre um e dois anos de idade&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O estudo mostra que 9&#44;13&#37; das crian&#231;as com TSH-f entre 5 e 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;UI&#47;mL desenvolveram hipotireoidismo e que em cerca de um quarto delas o diagn&#243;stico s&#243; se confirmou ap&#243;s o terceiro m&#234;s de vida&#46; Com base nestes achados&#44; sugere-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ponto de corte de TSH-f de 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;UI&#47;mL e o acompanhamento em longo prazo dos lactentes cujo TSH s&#233;rico n&#227;o tenha se normalizado para descartar o hipotireoidismo cong&#234;nito&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Objetivos"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclus&#227;o"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035">Please cite this article as&#58; Christensen-Adad FC&#44; Mendes-dos-Santos CT&#44; Goto MM&#44; Sewaybricker LE&#44; D&#39;Souza-Li LF&#44; Guerra-Junior G&#44; et al&#46; Neonatal screening&#58; 9&#37; of children with filter paper thyroid-stimulating hormone levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL have congenital hypothyroidism&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2017&#59;93&#58;649&#8211;54&#46;</p>"
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    ]
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Median&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IQR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Minimum&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Maximum&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Screening&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">339&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Initial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">339&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#62;100&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Confirmatory&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">339&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#62;100&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">339&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#62;100&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Maximum&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">338&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Age at diagnosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;Cum&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">b-TSH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Original article
Neonatal screening: 9% of children with filter paper thyroid-stimulating hormone levels between 5 and 10μIU/mL have congenital hypothyroidism
Triagem neonatal: 9% das crianças com TSH em papel filtro entre 5 e 10 μUI/mL têm hipotireoidismo congênito
Flávia C. Christensen-Adad
Corresponding author
flachristensen@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Carolina T. Mendes-dos-Santos, Maura M.F. Goto, Letícia E. Sewaybricker, Lília F.R. D'Souza-Li, Gil Guerra-Junior, André M. Morcillo, Sofia Helena V. Lemos-Marini
Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Pediatria, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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    "titulo" => "Neonatal screening&#58; 9&#37; of children with filter paper thyroid-stimulating hormone levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL have congenital hypothyroidism"
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        "titulo" => "Triagem neonatal&#58; 9&#37; das crian&#231;as com TSH em papel filtro entre 5 e 10 &#956;UI&#47;mL t&#234;m hipotireoidismo cong&#234;nito"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flowchart of the screening for congenital hypothyroidism from April 2003 to September 2009&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Congenital hypothyroidism &#40;CH&#41;&#44; the most frequent congenital endocrine disorder and one of the main causes of preventable intellectual disability with early diagnosis and adequate treatment&#44; was one of the first diseases screened in neonatal screening &#40;NS&#41; programs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of CH before the creation of NS programs was estimated at 1&#58;6500&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> but soon after the start of NS programs&#44; it increased to approximately 1&#58;3000 to 1&#58;4000 live births &#40;LB&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In recent years&#44; there has been a further increase in CH incidence in several parts of the world&#44; ranging from 1&#58;1030 to 1&#58;2679 LB&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;10</span></a> This fact is probably associated with an increase in the survival of preterm newborns&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;7</span></a> environmental<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and ethnic factors&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> as well as the reduction in the cutoff values of thyroid-stimulating hormone &#40;TSH&#41; on filter-paper blood-spot &#40;b-TSH&#41; in NS programs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;12</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initially&#44; higher b-TSH cutoff values were adopted to avoid recalls and excessive costs&#44; with the justification that mild forms of CH would have no consequences for the neurological development&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However&#44; some authors suggested that there were insufficient studies to support this hypothesis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and the European Consensus on Congenital Hypothyroidism of 2014 highlighted&#44; as the primary objective of NS&#44; the detection of all cases of primary CH&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; several screening services have chosen to lower the cutoff value of b-TSH to reduce the number of cases of undiagnosed CH&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;13&#8211;17</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With this reduction&#44; several programs reported an increase in the number of children diagnosed with CH through NS programs&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;13&#8211;17</span></a> although there has also been an increase in the number of children with suspected CH and&#44; therefore&#44; a higher rate of recall&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;15&#44;16&#44;18</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since 2001&#44; the Neonatal Screening Program of Universidade Estadual de Campinas &#40;UNICAMP&#41; has used a cutoff of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL for b-TSH and has performed clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least the first two years of life of all children whose serum TSH levels do not normalize&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering this context&#44; the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of CH in children with b-TSH levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL in the NS&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Neonatal screening strategy for congenital hypothyroidism</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">UNICAMP&#39;S Neonatal Screening Reference Service &#40;Servi&#231;o de Refer&#234;ncia em Triagem Neonatal &#91;SRTN&#93;&#41; is currently responsible for neonatal screening&#44; diagnosis&#44; and comprehensive care of children in the VII &#40;Campinas&#41; and XIV &#40;S&#227;o Jo&#227;o da Boa Vista&#41; Regional Health Departments&#44; regions that have approximately 5000 LB per month&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since its creation&#44; UNICAMP SRTN has worked with the same team for the treatment and follow-up of the cases&#44; and the laboratory and imaging investigations have always been performed at the services of UNICAMP hospital complex&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">UNICAMP SRTN uses the cutoff value for b-TSH of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL in a dried whole-blood sample on filter paper&#44; equivalent to 11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL in serum&#44; and the analyses are performed by time-resolved fluorometry &#40;AutoDELFIA&#8211;Perkin Elmer Life Sciences&#44; MA&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">UNICAMP SRTN uses the following protocol for the diagnosis and treatment of CH&#58; children with b-TSH &#62;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL or &#8804;0&#46;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL are called in for serum TSH and free thyroxine &#40;T4L&#41; measurement&#46; If serum TSH and T4L levels are normal&#44; the children are discharged from the service&#46; Children with serum TSH values higher than the reference values for age&#44; but lower than 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; are monitored through clinical and laboratory examinations in UNICAMP SRTN for the first two years of life or until test normalization&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Those with serum TSH &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL are referred for follow-up at the Congenital Hypothyroidism Outpatient Clinic of Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas of UNICAMP&#44; where they are evaluated individually&#59; and those who persist with TSH &#62;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL or have T4L levels &#60;0&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;dL are diagnosed as having CH and start treatment with sodium levothyroxine &#40;L-T4&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Serum TSH and T4L collections are performed according to the technical standards of the Clinical Pathology Laboratory of UNICAMP&#59; the analyses are performed by electrochemiluminescence&#44; using TSH and T4L reference values of 0&#46;41&#8211;4&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL and 0&#46;9&#8211;1&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;dL&#44; respectively&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Study design</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective study was carried out using the UNICAMP SRTN database to obtain the number of LB screened from April 2003 to September 2009&#46; Children with b-TSH values between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL in samples collected in the first month of life were selected&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Primary CH was considered when the child had serum TSH &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL at any time during the first two years of life&#44; regardless of T4L concentration&#44; and received treatment with L-T4&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following information was obtained from the medical files of children with CH and b-TSH levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#58; b-TSH value&#59; age at NS collection&#59; gender&#59; initial&#44; confirmatory TSH and T4L levels&#44; as well as levels at the start of treatment&#59; and age at the start of treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following definitions of serum TSH and T4L values were considered for the study&#58; initial test &#40;the first test collected after b-TSH&#41;&#59; confirmatory test &#40;the first test for which serum TSH was &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL for each child&#41;&#59; and test at the start of treatment &#40;the last test collected prior to medication introduction&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were processed using the software SPSS&#44; &#40;SPSS Inc&#46; version 16&#46;0&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The results of the qualitative variables are shown as absolute and relative frequencies&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the TSH and T4L measurements&#44; the median&#44; minimum&#44; and maximum values&#44; range &#40;total range&#41;&#44; and interquartile range &#40;IQR&#41; were determined&#46; When assessing TSH concentrations&#44; the use of medians was chosen to avoid upper limit problems &#40;&#62;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#41; for some results&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the quantitative variables were expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation or median &#40;IQR&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of CH was determined based on the data of the study group with the respective 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;CI&#41;&#46; The Mann&#8211;Whitney test was used for comparisons in relation to gender&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value &#60;0&#46;05 was considered significant in all analyses&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Ethical aspects</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas of UNICAMP&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the period from April 2003 to September 2009&#44; 380&#44;741 LB were screened for CH through UNICAMP SRTN&#46; A total of 3&#44;961 newborns were enrolled to complement the investigation&#44; resulting in a recall frequency of 1&#46;04&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;01&#8211;1&#46;07&#41;&#46; Of these&#44; 248 &#40;6&#46;26&#37;&#41; had b-TSH &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL and 3&#44;713 &#40;93&#46;74&#37;&#41; had b-TSH between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Using the cutoff value of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; the recall rate would have been 0&#46;07&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;06&#8211;0&#46;08&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After clinical and laboratory follow-up of the 3713 children with b-TSH levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; 339 &#40;206 males and 133 females&#41; were diagnosed with CH and started hormone replacement therapy with L-T4&#44; which corresponds to a CH prevalence of 9&#46;13&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 8&#46;2&#8211;10&#46;1&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean and median ages at b-TSH collection were 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 days of life and 3 &#40;4&#41; days of life&#44; respectively&#44; and at the initial serum collection&#44; 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14 days of life and 20 &#40;13&#41; days of life&#46; The confirmatory examination was collected at a mean age of 77<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>121 days of life and a median of 28 &#40;48&#41; days of life&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#44; despite borderline values of b-TSH in the NS &#40;5&#46;01&#8211;9&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;UI&#47;mL&#41;&#44; TSH values at baseline showed a large variation in the studied group &#40;3&#46;02 to &#62;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#41;&#46; The initial TSH of 113 children was &#60;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; with a median of 7&#46;00 &#40;2&#46;75&#41; &#956;IU&#47;mL&#46; Confirmatory TSH in this group ranged from 10&#46;00 to &#62;100&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; with a median of 11&#46;50 &#40;2&#46;14&#41; &#956;IU&#47;mL&#46; The remaining 226 cases had an initial TSH<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; of which 190 initiated treatment immediately&#59; the remaining 36 patients&#44; all with initial TSH<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL and normal or high T4L levels&#44; were maintained without medication at the first moment&#44; with later introduction of hormonal replacement due to the persistence of TSH elevation&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Confirmatory serum TSH levels and levels at the start of treatment also showed significant variation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#44; and 63 &#40;18&#46;58&#37;&#41; of the children had TSH levels<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL at the start of the treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No differences were observed in relation to gender regarding the values of b-TSH &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;073&#41; and initial &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;777&#41; and confirmatory &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;376&#41; TSH levels&#44; as well as levels at the start of treatment &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;843&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is noteworthy that 15 of the 339 children presented T4L levels below the reference values in the first evaluation&#44; with 14 of them showing TSH values &#62;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL and only one&#44; with a TSH value of 6&#46;06<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL at the first collection&#44; showed elevation of TSH levels above 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL in subsequent collections&#46; Regarding the last laboratory evaluation performed prior to the start of treatment&#44; 17 of the 339 had T4L levels below the reference value&#44; whereas TSH ranged from 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL to &#62;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#59; in 13 of these 17 patients&#44; the values were &#62;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No differences were observed regarding gender in the initial &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;318&#41; and confirmatory &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;706&#41; T4L values&#44; as well as in values at the start of treatment &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;542&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis was confirmed between 2 and 695 days of life&#44; with a mean of 94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>143 days of life and a median of 32 &#40;68&#41;&#44; and 76&#46;11&#37; of the children with CH had the diagnosis confirmed before the age of three months&#46; However&#44; 23&#46;89&#37; of the cases that would later receive the diagnosis of CH had TSH values above the upper limit of normal&#44; but with no indication of treatment&#44; and remained on follow-up with periodic measurements of TSH and T4L&#44; being defined as having hypothyroidism between 3 and 24 months of age&#46; Among these children with CH&#44; 7&#46;96&#37; had a diagnosis confirmed between 1 and 2 years of age &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is a study with a significant sample&#44; based on the experience of a service&#44; among few in Brazil&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;19&#44;20</span></a> which uses a lower b-TSH cutoff value than most NS programs&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of a lower b-TSH cutoff value in the analyzed sample resulted in a 14&#46;8-fold increase in the recall rate&#44; which would be of 0&#46;07&#37; using the cutoff of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; whereas it was 1&#46;04&#37; with a cutoff of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#46; Another SRTN from Brazil showed a similar recall rate of 1&#46;08&#37;&#44; using a cutoff value of 4&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> while Korada et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> using a cutoff value of 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mIU&#47;L&#44; reported a recall rate of 0&#46;23&#37;&#46; These data suggest that there is no direct association between the cutoff values used in NS for CH and recall rates&#44; as concluded by Loeber<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> in the analysis of 37 European countries&#8217; NS in 2004&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of lower cutoff points&#44; with a consequent increase in the number of recalled children&#44; leads to higher costs with NS&#44; in addition to generating anxiety for parents and relatives of healthy children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> During the study period&#44; children with b-TSH between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL were submitted to at least one venous blood collection to evaluate thyroid function and&#44; after follow-up&#44; approximately 90&#37; of them were defined as false-positive cases&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; during the evaluation of these six years of NS with an b-TSH cutoff value of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; 339 children who would not have been detected with a cutoff point of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL were diagnosed with CH&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other NS programs also detected additional cases of CH with a lower cutoff value&#44; as observed in the study by Barone et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> in which 63&#37; of the 475 identified cases of CH had b-TSH between 4&#46;5 and 9&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mIU&#47;L&#44; and in the study by Korada et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> which confirmed two cases of CH among the 67 full-term infants with b-TSH between 6 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mIU&#47;L&#46; One of the SRTNs in the state of S&#227;o Paulo&#44; which reduced the cutoff value for b-TSH between 2005 and 2008&#44; also detected six cases of CH among 1181 children with initial b-TSH levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Recently&#44; Jones et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> observed&#44; among the 304 diagnosed CH cases&#44; 26 children with b-TSH between 8 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mIU&#47;L&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; in this study&#44; as well as in others&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;13&#8211;17</span></a> it has been demonstrated that children with CH might not be detected with the higher cutoff points that are usually used&#44; and these additional diagnosed cases justify&#44; in the present authors&#8217; opinion and in that of other authors&#44; the reduction in the cutoff value of b-TSH&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;13</span></a></p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of the thyroid function in this group detected children with serum TSH levels &#62;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL or T4L levels below the reference value&#44; for whom immediate treatment is recommended&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is not yet clear in the literature whether patients with mild elevations in TSH levels are at risk for cognitive impairment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5&#44;8&#44;22</span></a> It has been suggested that cases of neurological disorders that result in decreased school performance are related to mild forms of CH&#44; not detected by NS due to elevated b-TSH cutoff values&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;23</span></a> A recent study showed that children with b-TSH between the 75th and 99&#46;95th percentiles are more likely to have poor school performance&#44; when compared to those with b-TSH below the 75th percentile&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Thus&#44; many have argued that until there is evidence of absence of risk of intellectual disability without the use of L-T4&#44; the treatment of these cases is preferable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;25</span></a></p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although most of the group was diagnosed with CH and started treatment early&#44; many children who remained on follow-up due to non-normalization of TSH values developed hypothyroidism between 3 months and 2 years of age&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One factor possibly involved in the late confirmation of CH is breastfeeding&#44; since breast milk may be an exogenous source of T4&#44; sometimes even masking clinical signs of CH&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a> There is a chance that&#44; given the usual recommendation of exclusive breastfeeding until the sixth month&#44; some children with mild CH may have shown a more marked elevation in TSH levels after weaning or reduced breastfeeding&#46; Another possibility is that they are due to thyroid hormone synthesis defect that often take some time for hypothyroidism to be established&#44; as previously reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In brief&#44; the results of this study demonstrated that the use of the b-TSH cutoff value of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL in NS allowed the detection of additional CH cases and many of these children only had the diagnosis confirmed later&#46; Considering that among the different countries and even within the same country there is no homogeneity in diagnostic and follow-up criteria&#44; more studies are needed to provide evidence for an ideal cutoff value for b-TSH and to establish more specific diagnostic and treatment protocols&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;29</span></a> Based on the findings of the present study&#44; the authors suggest the use of a cutoff value of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL and long-term follow-up for these children&#44; aiming to detect all CH cases&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Neonatal screening strategy for congenital hypothyroidism"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-10-10"
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            0 => "Congenital hypothyroidism"
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            0 => "Hipotireoidismo cong&#234;nito"
            1 => "Triagem neonatal"
            2 => "Lactente"
            3 => "Rec&#233;m-nascido"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism in children with filter-paper blood-spot TSH &#40;b-TSH&#41; between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL in the neonatal screening&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This was a retrospective study including children screened from 2003 to 2010&#44; with b-TSH levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL&#44; who were followed-up during the first two years of life when there was no serum TSH normalization&#46; The diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism was defined as serum TSH &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL and start of levothyroxine treatment up to 2 years of age&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Of the 380&#44;741 live births&#44; 3713 &#40;1&#46;04&#37;&#41; had filter paper TSH levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL and&#44; of these&#44; 339 &#40;9&#46;13&#37;&#41; had congenital hypothyroidism&#46; Of these&#44; 76&#46;11&#37; of the cases were diagnosed in the first three months of life and 7&#46;96&#37; between 1 and 2 years of age&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study showed that 9&#46;13&#37; of the children with b-TSH levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL developed hypothyroidism and that in approximately one-quarter of them&#44; the diagnosis was confirmed only after the third month of life&#46; Based on these findings&#44; the authors suggest the use of a 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL cutoff for b-TSH levels and long-term follow-up of infants whose serum TSH has not normalized to rule out congenital hypothyroidism&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de hipotireoidismo cong&#234;nito em crian&#231;as com TSH em papel filtro &#40;TSH-f&#41; entre 5 e 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;UI&#47;mL na triagem neonatal&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudo retrospectivo incluindo crian&#231;as triadas de 2003 a 2010&#44; com TSH-f entre 5 e 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;UI&#47;mL&#44; que foram acompanhadas nos dois primeiros anos de vida quando n&#227;o houve normaliza&#231;&#227;o do TSH s&#233;rico&#46; O diagn&#243;stico de hipotireoidismo cong&#234;nito foi definido como TSH s&#233;rico igual ou superior a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;UI&#47;mL e in&#237;cio de tratamento com levotiroxina at&#233; os dois anos de idade&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dos 380&#46;741 nascidos vivos triados&#44; 3&#46;713 &#40;1&#44;04&#37;&#41; apresentaram TSH-f entre 5 e 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;UI&#47;mL e&#44; destes&#44; 339 &#40;9&#44;13&#37;&#41; tinham hipotireoidismo cong&#234;nito&#46; Destes&#44; 76&#44;11&#37; dos casos foram diagnosticados nos primeiros tr&#234;s meses de vida e 7&#44;96&#37; entre um e dois anos de idade&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O estudo mostra que 9&#44;13&#37; das crian&#231;as com TSH-f entre 5 e 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;UI&#47;mL desenvolveram hipotireoidismo e que em cerca de um quarto delas o diagn&#243;stico s&#243; se confirmou ap&#243;s o terceiro m&#234;s de vida&#46; Com base nestes achados&#44; sugere-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ponto de corte de TSH-f de 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;UI&#47;mL e o acompanhamento em longo prazo dos lactentes cujo TSH s&#233;rico n&#227;o tenha se normalizado para descartar o hipotireoidismo cong&#234;nito&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035">Please cite this article as&#58; Christensen-Adad FC&#44; Mendes-dos-Santos CT&#44; Goto MM&#44; Sewaybricker LE&#44; D&#39;Souza-Li LF&#44; Guerra-Junior G&#44; et al&#46; Neonatal screening&#58; 9&#37; of children with filter paper thyroid-stimulating hormone levels between 5 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;IU&#47;mL have congenital hypothyroidism&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2017&#59;93&#58;649&#8211;54&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">339&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                      "titulo" => "European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology consensus guidelines on screening&#44; diagnosis&#44; and management of congenital hypothyroidism"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; L&#233;ger"
                            1 => "A&#46; Olivieri"
                            2 => "M&#46; Donaldson"
                            3 => "T&#46; Torresani"
                            4 => "H&#46; Krude"
                            5 => "G&#46; van Vliet"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Endocrinol Metab"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "99"
                        "paginaInicial" => "363"
                        "paginaFinal" => "384"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24446653"
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                        ]
                      ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0155"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Update of newborn screening and therapy for congenital hypothyroidism"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46;R&#46; Rose"
                            1 => "R&#46;S&#46; Brown"
                            2 => "T&#46; Foley"
                            3 => "P&#46;B&#46; Kaplowitz"
                            4 => "C&#46;I&#46; Kaye"
                            5 => "S&#46; Sundararajan"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1542/peds.2006-0915"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "117"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2290"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2303"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Congenital hypothyroidism&#58; recommendations of the Thyroid Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism"
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "L&#46;M&#46; Maciel"
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                            2 => "C&#46;R&#46; Nogueira"
                            3 => "G&#46;M&#46; Mazeto"
                            4 => "P&#46;K&#46; Magalh&#227;es"
                            5 => "M&#46;L&#46; Nascimento"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol"
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Article information
ISSN: 00217557
Original language: English
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