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especially cerebral palsy &#40;CP&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3&#44;5&#8211;13</span></a> It is based on visual gestalt perception of normal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; abnormal movements of the entire body&#46; GMA is non-invasive&#44; even non-intrusive&#44; cost-efficient&#44; and easy to learn within three to five days of training&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5</span></a> Bosanquet et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> recently compared different structural and functional assessments used for early identification of CP risk and found that GMA had the best predictive power and accuracy&#46; Summary estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of GMA were 98&#37; and 91&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Apart from normal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; abnormal &#40;cramped-synchronized&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> writhing GMs&#44; it is mainly FMs that contribute to excellent predictive values&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;9&#44;12&#44;13</span></a></p><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Normal FMs</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FMs are small movements of moderate speed with variable acceleration of the neck&#44; trunk&#44; and limbs in all directions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> They may appear as early as six weeks after term&#44; but usually occur from around 9 weeks until 16&#8211;20 weeks&#44; occasionally even a few weeks longer&#46; They fade out when antigravity and intentional movements start to dominate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;5&#44;6</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FMs occur regardless of the position of the infant&#44; but can be best observed if the infant is in supine or in a semi-upright position in a relaxing chair&#46; It is important to note that FMs are state-dependent&#46; They are only present if the infant is awake&#59; they disappear when the infant starts being fussy or cries&#44; is drowsy or sleeps&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The temporal organization of FMs varies with age&#46; At first &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span>&#44; at 6&#8211;8 weeks&#41; they occur as isolated events&#59; their frequency then increases&#44; only to decrease again after 15&#8211;18 weeks&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> The temporal organization of FMs can be defined as follows&#58;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Continual FMs &#40;score&#58; &#43;&#43;&#41;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Continual FMs are frequent&#44; though interspersed with very short &#40;1&#8211;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#41; pauses&#46; As they are by definition GMs&#44; they involve the whole body&#44; particularly the neck&#44; shoulders&#44; wrists&#44; hips&#44; and ankles&#46; Depending on the actual body posture&#44; especially the position of the head&#44; FMs may occur asymmetrically&#46; When infants focus on the environment&#44; their FMs are mainly displayed in the hips and ankles&#44; not so much in the shoulders and wrists&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Intermittent FMs &#40;score&#58; &#43;&#41;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intermittent FMs occur in all body parts&#44; though with longer pauses &#40;up to 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#41;&#44; which creates the impression that FMs are only present during half of the observation time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Sporadic FMs &#40;score&#58; &#43;&#8722;&#41;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isolated fidgety bursts of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s to 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s are interspersed with long pauses of up to 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; Sporadic FMs are age-adequate between 6 and 8 weeks post term age and during the 5th month when FMs fade out&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After Prechtl had described FMs as an age-specific&#44; distinct form of GMs&#44; he speculated about the potential biological function of this transient movement pattern&#46; One ontogenetic adaptive function of these tiny movements might be the postnatal calibration of the proprioceptive system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;16</span></a> It takes an optimal re-calibration of this sensory domain to achieve proper control of the co-occurring visual hand regard&#44; of intentional reaching and visually controlled manipulation of objects&#44; and&#44; eventually&#44; fine motor activity&#46; As a matter of fact&#44; children and adolescents with fine motor dysfunction had less pronounced or even abnormal FMs during infancy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FMs may also enhance bonding&#46; A recent study has demonstrated that mothers of infants with well-pronounced and continual FMs &#40;as compared to less well-pronounced and intermittent FMs&#41; are more affectionate when touching their infants and more cautious when putting them down&#46; They hold them closer to their own body and cradle them so as to keep the infant&#39;s head&#44; trunk&#44; and limbs in midline&#46; Furthermore&#44; infants who display smooth and fluent movements engage more easily with their mother&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To sum up&#44; infants with normal FMs are very likely to show a neurologically normal development&#46; This is irrespective of pre- or perinatal complications and is therefore vital for their parents&#8217; comfort&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;6</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Abnormal&#44; absent&#44; or abnormally sporadic FMs and their clinical significance</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Abnormal FMs &#40;score&#58; AF&#41;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Abnormal FMs look like normal FMs&#44; though with a greater amplitude&#44; speed&#44; and jerkiness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5&#44;6</span></a> Abnormal FMs are rare&#59; they occur more often in infants born preterm who show uncoordinated sucking&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Abnormal FMs have been described in infants with trisomy 21 &#40;Down syndrome&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a> and infants intra-uterinely exposed to maternal opiate abuse and&#47;or HIV&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> The predictive value of abnormal FMs is low&#46; Infants with abnormal FMs may develop normally&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;18&#44;24&#44;25</span></a> but could also develop CP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;15</span></a> Some studies documented an association between abnormal FMs and coordination difficulties and&#47;or fine manipulative disabilities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18&#44;25</span></a> Recently&#44; an exceedingly high rate of abnormal FMs was described in infants who were later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;26&#8211;28</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Absent FMs &#40;score&#58; F&#8722;&#41;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Whenever FMs are missing altogether from 9 to 20 weeks post term age&#44; this abnormality is called &#8220;absent FMs&#46;&#8221; Infants with absent FMs show other normal or abnormal movements&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Absent FMs with a positive likelihood ratio &#40;LR&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51&#41; are highly predictive of later neurological deficits&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> particularly of CP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;6&#44;9&#8211;13&#44;15&#44;22&#44;24&#8211;35</span></a> Further observation allows for determination of the eventual type of CP as well as the anatomical distribution and severity of the activity limitation&#46; Quite apart from the lack of FMs&#44; infants with an increased risk of non-spastic CP showed circular arm movements with or without spread fingers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;36</span></a> Infants who went on to develop unilateral CP showed an asymmetry of distal segmental movements&#44; which were reduced or absent on the contralateral side of the lesion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37&#8211;39</span></a> A cramped-synchronized movement character&#44; repetitive opening and closing of the mouth&#44; repetitive kicking&#44; and abnormal finger postures characterized children who would later demonstrate poor self-mobility&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;34</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Sporadic FMs &#40;score&#58; F&#43;&#47;&#8722;&#41;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FMs are confined to a few body parts and never last longer than 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s &#40;median&#58; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#41;&#46; There is no evidence that occasional isolated fidgety bursts &#40;from 9 to 16 weeks post term age&#41; indicate&#44; for example&#44; a milder type of CP&#46; The functional mobility and activity limitation of 3&#8211;5-year-old children with CP was consistent&#44; regardless of whether the child had had sporadic or no FMs as an infant&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Observers are able to reliably differentiate between normal and abnormal&#47;absent FMs &#40;Kappa values between 0&#46;75 and 0&#46;92&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;11&#44;40&#44;41</span></a> A 3&#8211;4-day course proved sufficient for more than 700 trainees to correctly assess 87&#37; of 3750 video clips of FMs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> Yet in spite of its high objectivity and reliability&#44; GMA remains prone to the observers&#8217; fatigue and their failure to re-calibrate according to given standards of normal and abnormal patterns&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> Hence&#44; a number of computer-based movement assessment tools have been developed for FM analysis&#44; using optical flow meters<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> or electromagnetic tracking systems&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> The so-called General Movement Toolbox by Adde et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> revealed that the variability in displacement of a spatial center of active pixels in the image had the highest sensitivity &#40;81&#46;5&#37;&#41; and specificity &#40;70&#37;&#41; in classifying FMs&#46; A recent study carried out by the same group showed that this kind of computer-based analysis can differentiate reliably between intermittent and continual FMs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Does sensory stimulation affect FMs&#63;</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A series of experiments have been conducted to investigate the effects of visual&#44; acoustic&#44; social&#44; and proprioceptive stimulation on FMs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;47</span></a> Neither stimulation with a red ring nor unanimated acoustic stimulation &#40;68&#44; 77&#44; 88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&#41; or interaction with the mother had any influence on the appearance or temporal organization of FMs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Only when presented with a red puppet with a white face rich in contrast &#40;black eyes and mouth&#44; red nose&#41; did the infants show a significant level of focused attention with a decrease of FMs for a maximum of 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; followed by a subsequent increase of FMs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> It is frequently observed that FMs concentrate at the hips and ankles rather than the shoulders and wrists when infants focus their attention on something particular&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To better understand the role vision plays in the development of movements and postures&#44; Prechtl et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> studied the effects of early blindness by longitudinally assessing video recordings of 14 totally blind infants who showed no evidence of brain injury&#46; Interestingly&#44; all infants had exaggerated FMs&#46; The authors speculated that these exaggerated movements might indicate some kind of compensation for the lack of visual integration and proprioception&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As already mentioned&#44; the authors regard FMs as an age-specific fine-tuning of the proprioceptive system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;16</span></a> This raised the question whether FMs change during or after uni- or bilateral proprioceptive stimulation&#46; A study was carried out in which&#44; surprisingly&#44; FMs remained identical even when the infant was hemi-loaded with up to 280 grams&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> Yet&#44; in a more recent study on infants with obstetric brachial plexus lesion&#44; a significant number of infants with severe lesions had abnormal GMs at 3 months&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">FMs in neurological examinations of infants born preterm</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Children born preterm have higher rates of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> Identifying increased-risk infants is still a challenge today&#46; In various preterm cohorts GMA has proved a reliable early predictor of the motor outcome&#44; especially of CP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6&#8211;8&#44;11&#8211;13&#44;29&#8211;34&#44;37&#44;51&#44;52</span></a> A significant relationship between white matter abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#41; and absent FMs in infants born at &#60;30 weeks of gestation supports the idea that abnormal GMs reflect white matter injury&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a> MRI at term equivalent age revealed reduced bifrontal&#44; biparietal&#44; and cerebellar transverse diameters&#44; along with an increase in lateral ventricle sizes if the infant did not develop FMs&#46; However&#44; when controlling for white matter abnormality and grade III&#47;IV intraventricular hemorrhage&#44; only the cerebellar transverse diameter was predictive of absent FMs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A frequently asked question is whether preterm infants with normal FMs can also have an adverse developmental outcome&#46; The answer is yes&#59; in rare cases&#44; FMs do not preclude an adverse outcome&#46; Mild&#44; usually unilateral CP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;15&#44;32</span></a> and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder &#40;ADHD&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;28</span></a> were reported in high-risk infants who had shown normal FMs&#46; As a rule&#44; however&#44; normal FMs along with a smooth concurrent motor performance indicate a normal neurological outcome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;55</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">A special case&#58; normal FMs with abnormal concurrent movements</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among high-risk children who developed FMs&#44; abnormal concurrent movements &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span>&#44; monotonous&#44; jerky&#44; and&#47;or stiff gross movements at 3&#8211;4 months after term &#8211; predicted a poor motor outcome at 10 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> Children born with an extremely low birth weight who had normal FMs but abnormal monotonous&#44; jerky&#44; and&#47;or stiff co-occurring gross movements had lower scores on the working memory and processing speed indices at age 10&#46; They also had poorer balance and total motor skills on the Motor Assessment Battery for Children&#44; and their parents reported more hyperactivity&#44; inattention&#44; and behavioral problems than those of infants with smooth and fluent concurrent movements&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> If&#44; apart from normal FMs and abnormal concurrent movements&#44; the asymmetric tonic neck response &#40;ATNR&#41; was still obligatory&#44; the risk of developing complex minor neurological dysfunctions increased to 75&#37; &#8211; as opposed to a mere 15&#37; if the ATNR was no longer obligatory&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a> An obligatory ATNR combined with monotonous finger movements and normal FMs was associated with a lower intelligence quotient at elementary school&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> All these studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#44;55&#8211;57</span></a> included only infants born preterm&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">FM in high-risk infants born at term</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As early as 1993&#44; Prechtl et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> reported on GMs in a sample of term-born infants affected by mild&#47;moderate&#47;severe hypoxic&#8211;ischemic encephalopathies &#40;HIE&#41;&#46; Longitudinal video recordings showed that hypokinesis occurred very frequently during the first days of life&#44; followed by transient or prolonged abnormal GMs&#46; Alterations in GMs&#44; and especially the presence or absence of FMs&#44; were good predictors of the neurological outcome&#46; The predictive value of GMA was found to be similar to that of EEG and neuro-imaging&#44; and better than that of neurological examinations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> These results were confirmed by a recent study conducted in Iran on term-born infants with HIE&#58; the assessment of FMs revealed a sensitivity of 80&#37; and a specificity of 100&#37;&#46; The authors pointed out that the results of their study facilitated the decision as to who required early intervention in a country with limited health care resources&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Basal ganglia and thalami damage associated with mild&#47;moderate&#47;severe white matter changes with or without cortical injury is usually associated with an adverse neurological outcome&#46; These MRI findings correlate with absent FMs&#46; If&#44; however&#44; an infant with such a brain injury has normal FMs&#44; there is a fair chance of a normal neurological outcome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MRI is not available at all times and in all places&#46; Hence&#44; early identification of a high risk for hemiplegia in infants with cerebral infarction on the basis of MRI is not always feasible&#46; Here&#44; too&#44; observation comes into play&#58; absent FMs and the presence of asymmetrical wrist movements indicate a need for early rehabilitation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">FMs associated with genetic disorders</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A case report of an infant with DiGeorge syndrome &#40;del22q11&#46;2&#41; revealed that this infant had normal FMs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> However&#44; many infants with trisomy 21 &#40;Down syndrome&#41; show abnormal FMs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fact that none of the 14 &#40;published&#41; individuals later diagnosed with Rett syndrome had had normal FMs was certainly surprising&#44; as a normal early development had been considered as one of the criteria for typical Rett syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a> FMs were either absent&#59; abnormally jerky and too slow&#59; or abnormally jerky&#44; abrupt&#44; and disorganized&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;62&#8211;64</span></a> FMs were also missing in a 4-month-old boy who was later diagnosed with Smith-Magenis syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a> An absence of FMs associated with subtle dysmorphic features justifies referral for genetic evaluation&#44; which may facilitate earlier diagnosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">FMs in infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various authors have published on the assessment of FMs in&#44; individuals later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23&#44;26&#8211;28</span></a> Ten individuals were reported to have normal FMs&#44; 12 had abnormal FMs&#44; and four showed no FMs at all&#46; The rate of abnormal FMs was exceedingly high in infants later diagnosed with autism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> The present authors endorse further studies on GMs in high-risk siblings to evaluate the predictive power of abnormal FMs that are otherwise rare&#44; even in infants with brain injury&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conclusion and perspective</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FMs are tiny in appearance but have frequently proved enormously valuable as a reliable predictor of neurodevelopment&#46; New efforts are being made for automated detection of deviations in the early motor repertoire using state-of-the-art sensor technologies and machine learning&#46; Nonetheless&#44; gestalt perception is efficient and well-established&#44; and therefore remains the classical GMA&#44; with smartphone-based solutions currently under development to further disseminate it as a method&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Funding</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Robert Peharz was supported by BEE-PRI&#44; Brain&#44; Ears &#38; Eyes &#8211; Pattern Recognition Initiative&#44; funded by BioTechMed Graz&#46; Research for a smartphone-based GMA tool&#44; the GMApp &#40;gmapp&#46;idn-research&#46;org&#41;&#44; was funded by the Grand Challenges Explorations grant of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation &#40;OPP112887&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Paralisia cerebral"
            1 => "Movimentos irregulares"
            2 => "Movimentos gerais"
            3 => "Neonato"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe fidgety movements &#40;FMs&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span>&#44; the spontaneous movement pattern that typically occurs at 3&#8211;5 months after term age&#44; and discuss its clinical relevance&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Sources</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A comprehensive literature search was performed using the following databases&#58; MEDLINE&#47;PubMed&#44; CINAHL&#44; The Cochrane Library&#44; Science Direct&#44; PsycINFO&#44; and EMBASE&#46; The search strategy included the MeSH terms and search strings &#40;&#8216;fidgety movement&#42;&#8217;&#41; OR &#91;&#40;&#8216;general movement&#42;&#8217;&#41; AND &#40;&#8216;three month&#42;&#8217;&#41; OR &#40;&#8216;3 month&#42;&#8217;&#41;&#93;&#44; as well as studies published on the General Movements Trust website &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0010" href="http://www.general-movements-trust.info/">www&#46;general-movements-trust&#46;info</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Summary of the data</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Virtually all infants develop normally if FMs are present and normal&#44; even if their brain ultrasound findings and&#47;or clinical histories indicate a disposition to later neurological deficits&#46; Conversely&#44; almost all infants who never develop FMs have a high risk for neurological deficits such as cerebral palsy&#44; and for genetic disorders with a late onset&#46; If FMs are normal but concurrent postural patterns are not age-adequate or the overall movement character is monotonous&#44; cognitive and&#47;or language skills at school age will be suboptimal&#46; Abnormal FMs are unspecific and have a low predictive power&#44; but occur exceedingly in infants later diagnosed with autism&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abnormal&#44; absent&#44; or sporadic FMs indicate an increased risk for later neurological dysfunction&#44; whereas normal FMs are highly predictive of normal development&#44; especially if they co-occur with other smooth and fluent movements&#46; Early recognition of neurological signs facilitates early intervention&#46; It is important to re-assure parents of infants with clinical risk factors that the neurological outcome will be adequate if FMs develop normally&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descrever os movimentos irregulares &#40;FMs&#41;&#44; ou seja&#44; o padr&#227;o de movimentos espont&#226;neos que normalmente ocorrem entre 3 e 5 meses ap&#243;s o nascimento e discutir sua relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Fontes</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Uma pesquisa abrangente na literatura foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados&#58; MEDLINE&#47;PubMed&#44; CINAHL&#44; The Cochrane Library&#44; Science Direct&#44; PsycINFO e EMBASE&#46; A estrat&#233;gia de busca incluiu os termos e cadeias de pesquisa do MeSH &#91;&#40;&#8220;fidgety movement&#42;&#8221;&#41; OU &#91;&#40;&#8220;general movement&#42;&#8221;&#41; E &#40;&#8220;three month&#42;&#8221;&#41; OU &#40;&#8220;3 month&#42;&#8221;&#41;&#93;&#44; bem como estudos publicados no website da General Movements Trust &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0015" href="http://www.general-movements-trust.info/">www&#46;general-movements-trust&#46;info</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resumo dos dados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Praticamente todos os neonatos se desenvolveram normalmente se os FMs estiveram presentes e foram normais&#44; mesmo se seus resultados do ultrassom do c&#233;rebro e&#47;ou hist&#243;ricos cl&#237;nicos indicassem tend&#234;ncia a d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos posteriores&#46; Por outro lado&#44; quase todos os neonatos que nunca desenvolveram FMs apresentaram maior risco de d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos&#44; como paralisia cerebral&#44; e doen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas de in&#237;cio tardio&#46; Caso os FMs fossem normais&#44; por&#233;m simult&#226;neos a padr&#245;es posturais n&#227;o adequados para a idade&#44; ou o car&#225;ter geral dos movimentos fosse mon&#243;tono&#44; as capacidades cognitivas e&#47;ou de linguagem na idade escolar seriam abaixo do ideal&#46; Os FMs anormais n&#227;o s&#227;o espec&#237;ficos e t&#234;m baixo poder preditivo&#44; por&#233;m ocorrem em grande parte em neonatos posteriormente diagnosticados com autismo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FMs anormais&#44; ausentes ou espor&#225;dicos indicam um risco maior de disfun&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas posteriores&#44; ao passo que FMs normais s&#227;o altamente preditivos de desenvolvimento normal&#44; principalmente se forem simult&#226;neos a outros movimentos suaves e fluentes&#46; O reconhecimento precoce de sinais neurol&#243;gicos facilita a interven&#231;&#227;o antecipada&#46; &#201; importante garantir aos pais de neonatos com fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos que o resultado neurol&#243;gico ser&#225; adequado se os FMs se desenvolverem normalmente&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Einspieler C&#44; Peharz R&#44; Marschik PB&#46; Fidgety movements &#8211; tiny in appearance&#44; but huge in impact&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2016&#59;92&#40;3 Suppl 1&#41;&#58;S64&#8211;70&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Video print of a 14-week-old infant showing fidgety movements as time evolves from left to right and from top to bottom&#46; A frame rate of 12&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz is used&#44; yielding a total time of 1&#46;92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46;</p>"
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Review article
Fidgety movements – tiny in appearance, but huge in impact
Movimentos irregulares – pequenos na aparência, porém enormes no impacto
Christa Einspieler
Corresponding author
, Robert Peharz, Peter B. Marschik
Research Unit Interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience (iDN), Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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especially cerebral palsy &#40;CP&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3&#44;5&#8211;13</span></a> It is based on visual gestalt perception of normal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; abnormal movements of the entire body&#46; GMA is non-invasive&#44; even non-intrusive&#44; cost-efficient&#44; and easy to learn within three to five days of training&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5</span></a> Bosanquet et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> recently compared different structural and functional assessments used for early identification of CP risk and found that GMA had the best predictive power and accuracy&#46; Summary estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of GMA were 98&#37; and 91&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Apart from normal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span>&#46; abnormal &#40;cramped-synchronized&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> writhing GMs&#44; it is mainly FMs that contribute to excellent predictive values&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;9&#44;12&#44;13</span></a></p><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Normal FMs</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FMs are small movements of moderate speed with variable acceleration of the neck&#44; trunk&#44; and limbs in all directions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> They may appear as early as six weeks after term&#44; but usually occur from around 9 weeks until 16&#8211;20 weeks&#44; occasionally even a few weeks longer&#46; They fade out when antigravity and intentional movements start to dominate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;5&#44;6</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FMs occur regardless of the position of the infant&#44; but can be best observed if the infant is in supine or in a semi-upright position in a relaxing chair&#46; It is important to note that FMs are state-dependent&#46; They are only present if the infant is awake&#59; they disappear when the infant starts being fussy or cries&#44; is drowsy or sleeps&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The temporal organization of FMs varies with age&#46; At first &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span>&#44; at 6&#8211;8 weeks&#41; they occur as isolated events&#59; their frequency then increases&#44; only to decrease again after 15&#8211;18 weeks&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> The temporal organization of FMs can be defined as follows&#58;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Continual FMs &#40;score&#58; &#43;&#43;&#41;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Continual FMs are frequent&#44; though interspersed with very short &#40;1&#8211;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#41; pauses&#46; As they are by definition GMs&#44; they involve the whole body&#44; particularly the neck&#44; shoulders&#44; wrists&#44; hips&#44; and ankles&#46; Depending on the actual body posture&#44; especially the position of the head&#44; FMs may occur asymmetrically&#46; When infants focus on the environment&#44; their FMs are mainly displayed in the hips and ankles&#44; not so much in the shoulders and wrists&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Intermittent FMs &#40;score&#58; &#43;&#41;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intermittent FMs occur in all body parts&#44; though with longer pauses &#40;up to 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#41;&#44; which creates the impression that FMs are only present during half of the observation time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Sporadic FMs &#40;score&#58; &#43;&#8722;&#41;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isolated fidgety bursts of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s to 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s are interspersed with long pauses of up to 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; Sporadic FMs are age-adequate between 6 and 8 weeks post term age and during the 5th month when FMs fade out&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After Prechtl had described FMs as an age-specific&#44; distinct form of GMs&#44; he speculated about the potential biological function of this transient movement pattern&#46; One ontogenetic adaptive function of these tiny movements might be the postnatal calibration of the proprioceptive system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;16</span></a> It takes an optimal re-calibration of this sensory domain to achieve proper control of the co-occurring visual hand regard&#44; of intentional reaching and visually controlled manipulation of objects&#44; and&#44; eventually&#44; fine motor activity&#46; As a matter of fact&#44; children and adolescents with fine motor dysfunction had less pronounced or even abnormal FMs during infancy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FMs may also enhance bonding&#46; A recent study has demonstrated that mothers of infants with well-pronounced and continual FMs &#40;as compared to less well-pronounced and intermittent FMs&#41; are more affectionate when touching their infants and more cautious when putting them down&#46; They hold them closer to their own body and cradle them so as to keep the infant&#39;s head&#44; trunk&#44; and limbs in midline&#46; Furthermore&#44; infants who display smooth and fluent movements engage more easily with their mother&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To sum up&#44; infants with normal FMs are very likely to show a neurologically normal development&#46; This is irrespective of pre- or perinatal complications and is therefore vital for their parents&#8217; comfort&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;6</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Abnormal&#44; absent&#44; or abnormally sporadic FMs and their clinical significance</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Abnormal FMs &#40;score&#58; AF&#41;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Abnormal FMs look like normal FMs&#44; though with a greater amplitude&#44; speed&#44; and jerkiness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5&#44;6</span></a> Abnormal FMs are rare&#59; they occur more often in infants born preterm who show uncoordinated sucking&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Abnormal FMs have been described in infants with trisomy 21 &#40;Down syndrome&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a> and infants intra-uterinely exposed to maternal opiate abuse and&#47;or HIV&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> The predictive value of abnormal FMs is low&#46; Infants with abnormal FMs may develop normally&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;18&#44;24&#44;25</span></a> but could also develop CP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;15</span></a> Some studies documented an association between abnormal FMs and coordination difficulties and&#47;or fine manipulative disabilities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18&#44;25</span></a> Recently&#44; an exceedingly high rate of abnormal FMs was described in infants who were later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;26&#8211;28</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Absent FMs &#40;score&#58; F&#8722;&#41;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Whenever FMs are missing altogether from 9 to 20 weeks post term age&#44; this abnormality is called &#8220;absent FMs&#46;&#8221; Infants with absent FMs show other normal or abnormal movements&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Absent FMs with a positive likelihood ratio &#40;LR&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>51&#41; are highly predictive of later neurological deficits&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> particularly of CP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;6&#44;9&#8211;13&#44;15&#44;22&#44;24&#8211;35</span></a> Further observation allows for determination of the eventual type of CP as well as the anatomical distribution and severity of the activity limitation&#46; Quite apart from the lack of FMs&#44; infants with an increased risk of non-spastic CP showed circular arm movements with or without spread fingers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;36</span></a> Infants who went on to develop unilateral CP showed an asymmetry of distal segmental movements&#44; which were reduced or absent on the contralateral side of the lesion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37&#8211;39</span></a> A cramped-synchronized movement character&#44; repetitive opening and closing of the mouth&#44; repetitive kicking&#44; and abnormal finger postures characterized children who would later demonstrate poor self-mobility&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;34</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Sporadic FMs &#40;score&#58; F&#43;&#47;&#8722;&#41;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FMs are confined to a few body parts and never last longer than 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s &#40;median&#58; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#41;&#46; There is no evidence that occasional isolated fidgety bursts &#40;from 9 to 16 weeks post term age&#41; indicate&#44; for example&#44; a milder type of CP&#46; The functional mobility and activity limitation of 3&#8211;5-year-old children with CP was consistent&#44; regardless of whether the child had had sporadic or no FMs as an infant&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Observers are able to reliably differentiate between normal and abnormal&#47;absent FMs &#40;Kappa values between 0&#46;75 and 0&#46;92&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;11&#44;40&#44;41</span></a> A 3&#8211;4-day course proved sufficient for more than 700 trainees to correctly assess 87&#37; of 3750 video clips of FMs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> Yet in spite of its high objectivity and reliability&#44; GMA remains prone to the observers&#8217; fatigue and their failure to re-calibrate according to given standards of normal and abnormal patterns&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> Hence&#44; a number of computer-based movement assessment tools have been developed for FM analysis&#44; using optical flow meters<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> or electromagnetic tracking systems&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> The so-called General Movement Toolbox by Adde et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> revealed that the variability in displacement of a spatial center of active pixels in the image had the highest sensitivity &#40;81&#46;5&#37;&#41; and specificity &#40;70&#37;&#41; in classifying FMs&#46; A recent study carried out by the same group showed that this kind of computer-based analysis can differentiate reliably between intermittent and continual FMs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Does sensory stimulation affect FMs&#63;</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A series of experiments have been conducted to investigate the effects of visual&#44; acoustic&#44; social&#44; and proprioceptive stimulation on FMs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;47</span></a> Neither stimulation with a red ring nor unanimated acoustic stimulation &#40;68&#44; 77&#44; 88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB&#41; or interaction with the mother had any influence on the appearance or temporal organization of FMs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Only when presented with a red puppet with a white face rich in contrast &#40;black eyes and mouth&#44; red nose&#41; did the infants show a significant level of focused attention with a decrease of FMs for a maximum of 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; followed by a subsequent increase of FMs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> It is frequently observed that FMs concentrate at the hips and ankles rather than the shoulders and wrists when infants focus their attention on something particular&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To better understand the role vision plays in the development of movements and postures&#44; Prechtl et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> studied the effects of early blindness by longitudinally assessing video recordings of 14 totally blind infants who showed no evidence of brain injury&#46; Interestingly&#44; all infants had exaggerated FMs&#46; The authors speculated that these exaggerated movements might indicate some kind of compensation for the lack of visual integration and proprioception&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As already mentioned&#44; the authors regard FMs as an age-specific fine-tuning of the proprioceptive system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;16</span></a> This raised the question whether FMs change during or after uni- or bilateral proprioceptive stimulation&#46; A study was carried out in which&#44; surprisingly&#44; FMs remained identical even when the infant was hemi-loaded with up to 280 grams&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> Yet&#44; in a more recent study on infants with obstetric brachial plexus lesion&#44; a significant number of infants with severe lesions had abnormal GMs at 3 months&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">FMs in neurological examinations of infants born preterm</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Children born preterm have higher rates of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> Identifying increased-risk infants is still a challenge today&#46; In various preterm cohorts GMA has proved a reliable early predictor of the motor outcome&#44; especially of CP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6&#8211;8&#44;11&#8211;13&#44;29&#8211;34&#44;37&#44;51&#44;52</span></a> A significant relationship between white matter abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#41; and absent FMs in infants born at &#60;30 weeks of gestation supports the idea that abnormal GMs reflect white matter injury&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a> MRI at term equivalent age revealed reduced bifrontal&#44; biparietal&#44; and cerebellar transverse diameters&#44; along with an increase in lateral ventricle sizes if the infant did not develop FMs&#46; However&#44; when controlling for white matter abnormality and grade III&#47;IV intraventricular hemorrhage&#44; only the cerebellar transverse diameter was predictive of absent FMs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A frequently asked question is whether preterm infants with normal FMs can also have an adverse developmental outcome&#46; The answer is yes&#59; in rare cases&#44; FMs do not preclude an adverse outcome&#46; Mild&#44; usually unilateral CP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;15&#44;32</span></a> and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder &#40;ADHD&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;28</span></a> were reported in high-risk infants who had shown normal FMs&#46; As a rule&#44; however&#44; normal FMs along with a smooth concurrent motor performance indicate a normal neurological outcome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;55</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">A special case&#58; normal FMs with abnormal concurrent movements</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among high-risk children who developed FMs&#44; abnormal concurrent movements &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span>&#44; monotonous&#44; jerky&#44; and&#47;or stiff gross movements at 3&#8211;4 months after term &#8211; predicted a poor motor outcome at 10 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> Children born with an extremely low birth weight who had normal FMs but abnormal monotonous&#44; jerky&#44; and&#47;or stiff co-occurring gross movements had lower scores on the working memory and processing speed indices at age 10&#46; They also had poorer balance and total motor skills on the Motor Assessment Battery for Children&#44; and their parents reported more hyperactivity&#44; inattention&#44; and behavioral problems than those of infants with smooth and fluent concurrent movements&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> If&#44; apart from normal FMs and abnormal concurrent movements&#44; the asymmetric tonic neck response &#40;ATNR&#41; was still obligatory&#44; the risk of developing complex minor neurological dysfunctions increased to 75&#37; &#8211; as opposed to a mere 15&#37; if the ATNR was no longer obligatory&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a> An obligatory ATNR combined with monotonous finger movements and normal FMs was associated with a lower intelligence quotient at elementary school&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> All these studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#44;55&#8211;57</span></a> included only infants born preterm&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">FM in high-risk infants born at term</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As early as 1993&#44; Prechtl et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> reported on GMs in a sample of term-born infants affected by mild&#47;moderate&#47;severe hypoxic&#8211;ischemic encephalopathies &#40;HIE&#41;&#46; Longitudinal video recordings showed that hypokinesis occurred very frequently during the first days of life&#44; followed by transient or prolonged abnormal GMs&#46; Alterations in GMs&#44; and especially the presence or absence of FMs&#44; were good predictors of the neurological outcome&#46; The predictive value of GMA was found to be similar to that of EEG and neuro-imaging&#44; and better than that of neurological examinations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> These results were confirmed by a recent study conducted in Iran on term-born infants with HIE&#58; the assessment of FMs revealed a sensitivity of 80&#37; and a specificity of 100&#37;&#46; The authors pointed out that the results of their study facilitated the decision as to who required early intervention in a country with limited health care resources&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Basal ganglia and thalami damage associated with mild&#47;moderate&#47;severe white matter changes with or without cortical injury is usually associated with an adverse neurological outcome&#46; These MRI findings correlate with absent FMs&#46; If&#44; however&#44; an infant with such a brain injury has normal FMs&#44; there is a fair chance of a normal neurological outcome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MRI is not available at all times and in all places&#46; Hence&#44; early identification of a high risk for hemiplegia in infants with cerebral infarction on the basis of MRI is not always feasible&#46; Here&#44; too&#44; observation comes into play&#58; absent FMs and the presence of asymmetrical wrist movements indicate a need for early rehabilitation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">FMs associated with genetic disorders</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A case report of an infant with DiGeorge syndrome &#40;del22q11&#46;2&#41; revealed that this infant had normal FMs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> However&#44; many infants with trisomy 21 &#40;Down syndrome&#41; show abnormal FMs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fact that none of the 14 &#40;published&#41; individuals later diagnosed with Rett syndrome had had normal FMs was certainly surprising&#44; as a normal early development had been considered as one of the criteria for typical Rett syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a> FMs were either absent&#59; abnormally jerky and too slow&#59; or abnormally jerky&#44; abrupt&#44; and disorganized&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;62&#8211;64</span></a> FMs were also missing in a 4-month-old boy who was later diagnosed with Smith-Magenis syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a> An absence of FMs associated with subtle dysmorphic features justifies referral for genetic evaluation&#44; which may facilitate earlier diagnosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">FMs in infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various authors have published on the assessment of FMs in&#44; individuals later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23&#44;26&#8211;28</span></a> Ten individuals were reported to have normal FMs&#44; 12 had abnormal FMs&#44; and four showed no FMs at all&#46; The rate of abnormal FMs was exceedingly high in infants later diagnosed with autism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> The present authors endorse further studies on GMs in high-risk siblings to evaluate the predictive power of abnormal FMs that are otherwise rare&#44; even in infants with brain injury&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conclusion and perspective</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FMs are tiny in appearance but have frequently proved enormously valuable as a reliable predictor of neurodevelopment&#46; New efforts are being made for automated detection of deviations in the early motor repertoire using state-of-the-art sensor technologies and machine learning&#46; Nonetheless&#44; gestalt perception is efficient and well-established&#44; and therefore remains the classical GMA&#44; with smartphone-based solutions currently under development to further disseminate it as a method&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Funding</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Robert Peharz was supported by BEE-PRI&#44; Brain&#44; Ears &#38; Eyes &#8211; Pattern Recognition Initiative&#44; funded by BioTechMed Graz&#46; Research for a smartphone-based GMA tool&#44; the GMApp &#40;gmapp&#46;idn-research&#46;org&#41;&#44; was funded by the Grand Challenges Explorations grant of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation &#40;OPP112887&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe fidgety movements &#40;FMs&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span>&#44; the spontaneous movement pattern that typically occurs at 3&#8211;5 months after term age&#44; and discuss its clinical relevance&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Sources</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A comprehensive literature search was performed using the following databases&#58; MEDLINE&#47;PubMed&#44; CINAHL&#44; The Cochrane Library&#44; Science Direct&#44; PsycINFO&#44; and EMBASE&#46; The search strategy included the MeSH terms and search strings &#40;&#8216;fidgety movement&#42;&#8217;&#41; OR &#91;&#40;&#8216;general movement&#42;&#8217;&#41; AND &#40;&#8216;three month&#42;&#8217;&#41; OR &#40;&#8216;3 month&#42;&#8217;&#41;&#93;&#44; as well as studies published on the General Movements Trust website &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0010" href="http://www.general-movements-trust.info/">www&#46;general-movements-trust&#46;info</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Summary of the data</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Virtually all infants develop normally if FMs are present and normal&#44; even if their brain ultrasound findings and&#47;or clinical histories indicate a disposition to later neurological deficits&#46; Conversely&#44; almost all infants who never develop FMs have a high risk for neurological deficits such as cerebral palsy&#44; and for genetic disorders with a late onset&#46; If FMs are normal but concurrent postural patterns are not age-adequate or the overall movement character is monotonous&#44; cognitive and&#47;or language skills at school age will be suboptimal&#46; Abnormal FMs are unspecific and have a low predictive power&#44; but occur exceedingly in infants later diagnosed with autism&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abnormal&#44; absent&#44; or sporadic FMs indicate an increased risk for later neurological dysfunction&#44; whereas normal FMs are highly predictive of normal development&#44; especially if they co-occur with other smooth and fluent movements&#46; Early recognition of neurological signs facilitates early intervention&#46; It is important to re-assure parents of infants with clinical risk factors that the neurological outcome will be adequate if FMs develop normally&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "titulo" => "Objectives"
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            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Summary of the data"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descrever os movimentos irregulares &#40;FMs&#41;&#44; ou seja&#44; o padr&#227;o de movimentos espont&#226;neos que normalmente ocorrem entre 3 e 5 meses ap&#243;s o nascimento e discutir sua relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Fontes</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Uma pesquisa abrangente na literatura foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados&#58; MEDLINE&#47;PubMed&#44; CINAHL&#44; The Cochrane Library&#44; Science Direct&#44; PsycINFO e EMBASE&#46; A estrat&#233;gia de busca incluiu os termos e cadeias de pesquisa do MeSH &#91;&#40;&#8220;fidgety movement&#42;&#8221;&#41; OU &#91;&#40;&#8220;general movement&#42;&#8221;&#41; E &#40;&#8220;three month&#42;&#8221;&#41; OU &#40;&#8220;3 month&#42;&#8221;&#41;&#93;&#44; bem como estudos publicados no website da General Movements Trust &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0015" href="http://www.general-movements-trust.info/">www&#46;general-movements-trust&#46;info</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resumo dos dados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Praticamente todos os neonatos se desenvolveram normalmente se os FMs estiveram presentes e foram normais&#44; mesmo se seus resultados do ultrassom do c&#233;rebro e&#47;ou hist&#243;ricos cl&#237;nicos indicassem tend&#234;ncia a d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos posteriores&#46; Por outro lado&#44; quase todos os neonatos que nunca desenvolveram FMs apresentaram maior risco de d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos&#44; como paralisia cerebral&#44; e doen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas de in&#237;cio tardio&#46; Caso os FMs fossem normais&#44; por&#233;m simult&#226;neos a padr&#245;es posturais n&#227;o adequados para a idade&#44; ou o car&#225;ter geral dos movimentos fosse mon&#243;tono&#44; as capacidades cognitivas e&#47;ou de linguagem na idade escolar seriam abaixo do ideal&#46; Os FMs anormais n&#227;o s&#227;o espec&#237;ficos e t&#234;m baixo poder preditivo&#44; por&#233;m ocorrem em grande parte em neonatos posteriormente diagnosticados com autismo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FMs anormais&#44; ausentes ou espor&#225;dicos indicam um risco maior de disfun&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas posteriores&#44; ao passo que FMs normais s&#227;o altamente preditivos de desenvolvimento normal&#44; principalmente se forem simult&#226;neos a outros movimentos suaves e fluentes&#46; O reconhecimento precoce de sinais neurol&#243;gicos facilita a interven&#231;&#227;o antecipada&#46; &#201; importante garantir aos pais de neonatos com fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos que o resultado neurol&#243;gico ser&#225; adequado se os FMs se desenvolverem normalmente&#46;</p></span>"
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    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Einspieler C&#44; Peharz R&#44; Marschik PB&#46; Fidgety movements &#8211; tiny in appearance&#44; but huge in impact&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2016&#59;92&#40;3 Suppl 1&#41;&#58;S64&#8211;70&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Video print of a 14-week-old infant showing fidgety movements as time evolves from left to right and from top to bottom&#46; A frame rate of 12&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz is used&#44; yielding a total time of 1&#46;92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46;</p>"
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ISSN: 00217557
Original language: English
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2019 February 5 13 18
2019 January 20 5 25
2018 December 23 11 34
2018 November 16 10 26
2018 October 33 20 53
2018 September 14 8 22
2018 August 31 9 40
2018 July 25 13 38
2018 June 12 3 15
2018 May 56 3 59
2018 April 8 1 9
2018 March 14 1 15
2018 February 5 5 10
2018 January 14 1 15
2017 December 5 0 5
2017 November 15 3 18
2017 October 14 4 18
2017 September 16 10 26
2017 August 8 0 8
2017 July 8 1 9
2017 June 8 2 10
2017 May 7 1 8
2017 April 9 20 29
2017 March 9 1 10
2017 February 1 2 3
2017 January 5 3 8
2016 December 13 11 24
2016 November 6 8 14
2016 October 9 25 34
2016 September 7 14 21
2016 August 8 3 11
2016 July 10 18 28
2016 June 3 16 19
2016 May 18 21 39
2016 April 19 11 30
2016 March 5 4 9
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