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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="para0001" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a recent paper&#44; Penso et&#160;al&#46; described postmortem findings of infants who died while being admitted to a large neonatal intensive care unit in the southern part of Brazil&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="para0002" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While rates of autopsy in high-income countries appeared to be declining in particular following the discussion on retained tissue after pediatric autopsy in the United Kingdom&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> the authors have been able to stabilize and even increase the rate of neonatal autopsies&#46;</p><p id="para0003" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; the suggestion that improved non-invasive diagnostics such as postmortem MRI could replace autopsies has influenced the discussion on the value of autopsies&#46; Although the postmortem MRI added valuable information to the autopsy&#44; the current opinion is that it cannot fully replace autopsies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In practice&#44; tissue or organs that have been retained for further examinations such as the heart or brain is sometimes collected by the parents at a later stage to be buried&#46;</p><p id="para0004" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Penso and co-authors have demonstrated that in more than one-third of cases additional findings were obtained from neonatal autopsies&#44; which contributed to subsequent genetic counseling or would have changed patient management if the knowledge had been present antemortem&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="para0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Their findings are highly relevant and the authors must be applauded for performing this thorough study&#46; Interestingly&#44; the findings are not very dissimilar from a recent study in a level III NICU in a high-income country&#46; In 24&#37; of the patients&#44; the autopsy revealed major additional findings &#40;Goldman<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> class I or class II&#41;&#44; most frequently in the circulatory system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Differences between this study and the study by Penso might be explained by the postnatal age at death&#46; When infants die at a later time point after birth&#44; there are more opportunities for advanced diagnostic procedures&#46;</p><p id="para0006" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In neonatal intensive care&#44; the questions from clinicians and parents that can be answered by autopsy are reaching far beyond establishing the cause of death&#46; In most neonates who pass away while being admitted to a NICU the cause of death is known&#44; and in many high-income countries death follows redirection of care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="para0007" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; neonatal autopsies also answer questions that are extremely relevant for improving neonatal care&#44; such as disclosing diseases or malformations of the infant that otherwise would have stayed undetected&#46;</p><p id="para0008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infants in the study by Penso et&#160;al died at a median age of 1 day&#44; so these infants may not have lived long enough to undergo relevant postnatal examinations such as cardiac ultrasonography&#46; However&#44; the results of the autopsies may serve as a guide for the development of obstetric diagnostics including fetal ultrasonography in that particular area of the country&#46;</p><p id="para0009" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In other settings&#44; postmortem findings may support or contradict radiological or microbiological test results and therefore serve to improve clinical care&#46;</p><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to providing information for parents and medical staff&#44; autopsies may also provide scientific data&#46; A few decades ago&#44; the authors published discordance of congenital malformations in genotypically identical twins with trisomy 18&#46; These findings suggested that nongenetic factors played an important role in the etiology of congenital malformations in these twins&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Some parents give permission for an autopsy to &#8220;help other parents&#8221; and to &#8220;advance medical knowledge&#8221;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the report of Penso et&#160;al is important&#44; a few aspects have not been addressed in much detail&#46; Consent to perform an autopsy was obtained by 19&#46;1&#37;&#46; The authors do not provide the backgrounds of the parents who did not give permission&#44; and what potential bias this could create&#46; The attitude of doctors and nurses toward autopsies&#44; the duration of admission to the NICU&#44; the religion of the parents&#44; or financial aspects could all influence the rate of consent for autopsy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="para0012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Informing the parents of the deceased infant by means of written or digital information can assist in obtaining permission for an autopsy&#46;</p><p id="para0013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important that the parents receive information that they understand and from a person they trust&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;11</span></a> In most settings&#44; the neonatologist will provide the information obtained to the parents&#44; but in adults&#44; direct communication between pathologists and family has been shown to be very effective&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Most studies indicate that the number of parents who regret <span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">not</span></span> giving consent is much larger than the percentage of parents who did give consent for autopsy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;11</span></a> This is also shown in autopsies of stillborn infants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="para0014" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medical and nursing staff is much more positive towards autopsies and therefore ask permission when the results of autopsies are discussed in regular audits&#46;</p><p id="para0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The value of autopsies has been summarized by Burton and Underwood in 2007&#44; and is still relevant&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="para0016" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; the medical community must continue to convince governments and insurers that autopsies are part of routine medical care and that adequate funding for autopsies is mandatory&#46; In some countries like the Netherlands&#44; medical insurance stops when a person dies and the costs of autopsies must be covered by the hospital&#46; Needless to say that this will limit autopsy rates&#44; in particular for people who died at home&#46;</p><p id="para0017" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Optimal neonatal care in the 21<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> century still needs autopsies&#46; As Rankin et&#160;al&#46; state&#58; &#8220;Every family should be offered the opportunity for a postmortem examination&#8221; after the death of their newborn baby&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The paper by Penso et&#160;al&#46; provides an excellent example of this policy&#46;</p></span>"
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Editorial
Autopsy in a neonatal intensive care unit: do we still need it in 2022?
Floris Groenendaala,
Corresponding author
F.Groenendaal@umcutrecht.nl

Corresponding author.
, Peter G.J. Nikkelsb
a Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
b Department of Pathology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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    "titulo" => "Autopsy in a neonatal intensive care unit&#58; do we still need it in 2022&#63;"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="para0001" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a recent paper&#44; Penso et&#160;al&#46; described postmortem findings of infants who died while being admitted to a large neonatal intensive care unit in the southern part of Brazil&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="para0002" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While rates of autopsy in high-income countries appeared to be declining in particular following the discussion on retained tissue after pediatric autopsy in the United Kingdom&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> the authors have been able to stabilize and even increase the rate of neonatal autopsies&#46;</p><p id="para0003" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; the suggestion that improved non-invasive diagnostics such as postmortem MRI could replace autopsies has influenced the discussion on the value of autopsies&#46; Although the postmortem MRI added valuable information to the autopsy&#44; the current opinion is that it cannot fully replace autopsies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In practice&#44; tissue or organs that have been retained for further examinations such as the heart or brain is sometimes collected by the parents at a later stage to be buried&#46;</p><p id="para0004" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Penso and co-authors have demonstrated that in more than one-third of cases additional findings were obtained from neonatal autopsies&#44; which contributed to subsequent genetic counseling or would have changed patient management if the knowledge had been present antemortem&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="para0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Their findings are highly relevant and the authors must be applauded for performing this thorough study&#46; Interestingly&#44; the findings are not very dissimilar from a recent study in a level III NICU in a high-income country&#46; In 24&#37; of the patients&#44; the autopsy revealed major additional findings &#40;Goldman<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> class I or class II&#41;&#44; most frequently in the circulatory system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Differences between this study and the study by Penso might be explained by the postnatal age at death&#46; When infants die at a later time point after birth&#44; there are more opportunities for advanced diagnostic procedures&#46;</p><p id="para0006" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In neonatal intensive care&#44; the questions from clinicians and parents that can be answered by autopsy are reaching far beyond establishing the cause of death&#46; In most neonates who pass away while being admitted to a NICU the cause of death is known&#44; and in many high-income countries death follows redirection of care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="para0007" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; neonatal autopsies also answer questions that are extremely relevant for improving neonatal care&#44; such as disclosing diseases or malformations of the infant that otherwise would have stayed undetected&#46;</p><p id="para0008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infants in the study by Penso et&#160;al died at a median age of 1 day&#44; so these infants may not have lived long enough to undergo relevant postnatal examinations such as cardiac ultrasonography&#46; However&#44; the results of the autopsies may serve as a guide for the development of obstetric diagnostics including fetal ultrasonography in that particular area of the country&#46;</p><p id="para0009" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In other settings&#44; postmortem findings may support or contradict radiological or microbiological test results and therefore serve to improve clinical care&#46;</p><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to providing information for parents and medical staff&#44; autopsies may also provide scientific data&#46; A few decades ago&#44; the authors published discordance of congenital malformations in genotypically identical twins with trisomy 18&#46; These findings suggested that nongenetic factors played an important role in the etiology of congenital malformations in these twins&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Some parents give permission for an autopsy to &#8220;help other parents&#8221; and to &#8220;advance medical knowledge&#8221;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the report of Penso et&#160;al is important&#44; a few aspects have not been addressed in much detail&#46; Consent to perform an autopsy was obtained by 19&#46;1&#37;&#46; The authors do not provide the backgrounds of the parents who did not give permission&#44; and what potential bias this could create&#46; The attitude of doctors and nurses toward autopsies&#44; the duration of admission to the NICU&#44; the religion of the parents&#44; or financial aspects could all influence the rate of consent for autopsy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="para0012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Informing the parents of the deceased infant by means of written or digital information can assist in obtaining permission for an autopsy&#46;</p><p id="para0013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important that the parents receive information that they understand and from a person they trust&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;11</span></a> In most settings&#44; the neonatologist will provide the information obtained to the parents&#44; but in adults&#44; direct communication between pathologists and family has been shown to be very effective&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Most studies indicate that the number of parents who regret <span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">not</span></span> giving consent is much larger than the percentage of parents who did give consent for autopsy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;11</span></a> This is also shown in autopsies of stillborn infants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="para0014" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medical and nursing staff is much more positive towards autopsies and therefore ask permission when the results of autopsies are discussed in regular audits&#46;</p><p id="para0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The value of autopsies has been summarized by Burton and Underwood in 2007&#44; and is still relevant&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="para0016" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; the medical community must continue to convince governments and insurers that autopsies are part of routine medical care and that adequate funding for autopsies is mandatory&#46; In some countries like the Netherlands&#44; medical insurance stops when a person dies and the costs of autopsies must be covered by the hospital&#46; Needless to say that this will limit autopsy rates&#44; in particular for people who died at home&#46;</p><p id="para0017" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Optimal neonatal care in the 21<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> century still needs autopsies&#46; As Rankin et&#160;al&#46; state&#58; &#8220;Every family should be offered the opportunity for a postmortem examination&#8221; after the death of their newborn baby&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The paper by Penso et&#160;al&#46; provides an excellent example of this policy&#46;</p></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 00217557
Original language: English
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