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perceived impact of the pandemic on population health&#44; and one&#39;s assessment of the duration of the pandemic and likely efficacy and availability of containment strategies such as vaccinations also may significantly affect the likelihood of adverse outcomes&#44; especially as relates to mental health&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Furthermore&#44; It is possible that these pandemic-related issues may have an equally if not more significant negative impact on children and adolescents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0002"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-4</span></a> From a developmental standpoint&#44; the absence of in-person academic environments&#44; especially if compounded by lack of access to the internet and other tools for remote learning&#44; and the curtailment of opportunities for peer and other social interactions among other factors have been postulated to result in reduced academic achievement and mental health consequences such as depression&#46;</p><p id="para0002" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An important emerging outcome variable related to the pandemic&#44; particularly during periods of lock-down&#44; is the impact on sleep&#44; including sleep duration&#44; timing&#44; quality and the emergence of insomnia symptoms&#46; The bi-directional relationship between these sleep parameters and key physical and mental health outcomes&#44; including physical activity levels&#44; obesity&#44; immune response and depression&#47;suicidal ideation&#44; likely compounded by factors mentioned above such as social isolation&#44; creates the potential for a &#8220;perfect storm&#8221; of negative consequences related to the pandemic&#46; On the other hand&#44; there may be specific &#8220;protective&#8221; or mitigating factors during the pandemic impacting on sleep&#44; such as flexible sleep schedules&#44; reduced commuting time and decreased alternative demands&#44; reduced school and work-related stress&#44; and enhanced family relations and cohesiveness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Thus&#44; the opportunity to specifically examine the complex relationships and impact of these different&#44; sometimes competing&#44; variables on sleep&#44; particularly within families&#44; may give us a more nuanced view of the repercussions of the pandemic&#46; This will also potentially allow us to extract some positive lessons learned&#44; not only for future policy decision-making&#44; but also to develop recommendations for families on coping with similar global challenges in the future&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="para0003" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors of the article in this issue of Jornal de Pediatria&#44; &#8220;Sleep quality among parents and their children during COVID-19 pandemic&#8221;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> have addressed a number of these key questions in order to better understand both factors unique to a specific group of parent-child dyads in South America and those that may be more universally applicable&#46; Using an online survey with a set of validated questionnaires&#44; they assessed the prevalence and types of sleep problems in infants&#47;young children&#44; school-aged children and adolescents and their caregivers early on in the initial quarantine period &#40;7 weeks&#41;&#46; There was a high prevalence of poor sleep quality across all groups&#44; with the highest prevalence rate &#40;increased sleep onset latency or poor sleep efficiency&#41; in adults &#40;&#8764;70&#37;&#41;&#44; but also substantial numbers in adolescents &#40;&#8764;56&#37;&#41; and somewhat surprisingly&#44; in infants &#40;58&#37;&#41;&#46; The study also found that having a child with a sleep disturbance was a significant predictor of poor caregiver sleep quality&#44; after controlling for a number of other variables&#46; While intuitively this finding makes sense&#44; it also reinforces the salience of examining caregiver and child sleep simultaneously&#46; The addition of a qualitative piece in the study design also allowed for some assessment of contributing factors&#59; for adult caregivers&#44; anxiety was most often cited as a driver of poor sleep quality&#44; while changes in routine was most often perceived as contributing to children&#39;s sleep issues&#46;</p><p id="para0004" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We are still in the beginning stages of our understanding of the myriad consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and the attendant profound changes in the lives of children and families&#46; While most of the published literature&#44; specifically with regards to sleep impact&#44; is focused on the very early stages of lock-down conditions&#44; future studies should focus on the impact of chronic exposure to pandemic conditions&#44; cumulative risk models for risk and protective factors for adverse outcomes&#44; and the impact on sleep in special more vulnerable pediatric populations &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder&#44; learning disabilities and global developmental delay&#44; autism spectrum disorder&#44; anxiety disorders&#44; depression and chronic medical conditions&#41;&#46; With these data&#44; we can begin to translate the evidence to new perspectives for a post-pandemic world&#46;</p></span>"
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Editorial
The complex impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep
Judith Owens
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="para0001" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While acknowledging that the global health implications have been and continue to be devastating&#44; the COVID-19 pandemic has also provided a &#8220;natural experiment&#8221; that represents an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the impact of alterations in a myriad of lifestyle factors on quality of life and well-being&#46; In particular&#44; &#8220;lock-down&#8221;&#44; &#8220;stay-at-home&#8221;&#44; &#8220;quarantine&#8221; and other restrictive measures aimed at containing disease spread have had a profound negative impact on daily life around the world&#44; ranging from the inability for many adults to go to work for prolonged periods of time with resultant economic repercussions for families&#44; to the consequences of social isolation and loss of normal schedules and activities&#46; Heightened anxiety specifically related to COVID factors such as concerns regarding the threat of illness in oneself and family members&#44; perceived impact of the pandemic on population health&#44; and one&#39;s assessment of the duration of the pandemic and likely efficacy and availability of containment strategies such as vaccinations also may significantly affect the likelihood of adverse outcomes&#44; especially as relates to mental health&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Furthermore&#44; It is possible that these pandemic-related issues may have an equally if not more significant negative impact on children and adolescents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0002"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-4</span></a> From a developmental standpoint&#44; the absence of in-person academic environments&#44; especially if compounded by lack of access to the internet and other tools for remote learning&#44; and the curtailment of opportunities for peer and other social interactions among other factors have been postulated to result in reduced academic achievement and mental health consequences such as depression&#46;</p><p id="para0002" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An important emerging outcome variable related to the pandemic&#44; particularly during periods of lock-down&#44; is the impact on sleep&#44; including sleep duration&#44; timing&#44; quality and the emergence of insomnia symptoms&#46; The bi-directional relationship between these sleep parameters and key physical and mental health outcomes&#44; including physical activity levels&#44; obesity&#44; immune response and depression&#47;suicidal ideation&#44; likely compounded by factors mentioned above such as social isolation&#44; creates the potential for a &#8220;perfect storm&#8221; of negative consequences related to the pandemic&#46; On the other hand&#44; there may be specific &#8220;protective&#8221; or mitigating factors during the pandemic impacting on sleep&#44; such as flexible sleep schedules&#44; reduced commuting time and decreased alternative demands&#44; reduced school and work-related stress&#44; and enhanced family relations and cohesiveness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Thus&#44; the opportunity to specifically examine the complex relationships and impact of these different&#44; sometimes competing&#44; variables on sleep&#44; particularly within families&#44; may give us a more nuanced view of the repercussions of the pandemic&#46; This will also potentially allow us to extract some positive lessons learned&#44; not only for future policy decision-making&#44; but also to develop recommendations for families on coping with similar global challenges in the future&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="para0003" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors of the article in this issue of Jornal de Pediatria&#44; &#8220;Sleep quality among parents and their children during COVID-19 pandemic&#8221;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> have addressed a number of these key questions in order to better understand both factors unique to a specific group of parent-child dyads in South America and those that may be more universally applicable&#46; Using an online survey with a set of validated questionnaires&#44; they assessed the prevalence and types of sleep problems in infants&#47;young children&#44; school-aged children and adolescents and their caregivers early on in the initial quarantine period &#40;7 weeks&#41;&#46; There was a high prevalence of poor sleep quality across all groups&#44; with the highest prevalence rate &#40;increased sleep onset latency or poor sleep efficiency&#41; in adults &#40;&#8764;70&#37;&#41;&#44; but also substantial numbers in adolescents &#40;&#8764;56&#37;&#41; and somewhat surprisingly&#44; in infants &#40;58&#37;&#41;&#46; The study also found that having a child with a sleep disturbance was a significant predictor of poor caregiver sleep quality&#44; after controlling for a number of other variables&#46; While intuitively this finding makes sense&#44; it also reinforces the salience of examining caregiver and child sleep simultaneously&#46; The addition of a qualitative piece in the study design also allowed for some assessment of contributing factors&#59; for adult caregivers&#44; anxiety was most often cited as a driver of poor sleep quality&#44; while changes in routine was most often perceived as contributing to children&#39;s sleep issues&#46;</p><p id="para0004" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We are still in the beginning stages of our understanding of the myriad consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and the attendant profound changes in the lives of children and families&#46; While most of the published literature&#44; specifically with regards to sleep impact&#44; is focused on the very early stages of lock-down conditions&#44; future studies should focus on the impact of chronic exposure to pandemic conditions&#44; cumulative risk models for risk and protective factors for adverse outcomes&#44; and the impact on sleep in special more vulnerable pediatric populations &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder&#44; learning disabilities and global developmental delay&#44; autism spectrum disorder&#44; anxiety disorders&#44; depression and chronic medical conditions&#41;&#46; With these data&#44; we can begin to translate the evidence to new perspectives for a post-pandemic world&#46;</p></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 00217557
Original language: English
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Jornal de Pediatria (English Edition)
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