Thermoregulatory and perceptual responses of lean and obese fit and unfit girls exercising in the heat

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In addition to health and safety considerations, the recommended exercise should be enjoyable.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">6</a> Currently, no evidence exists about the impact of fitness associated with adiposity on physiological and perceptual responses during moderate prolonged exercise in the heat.Furthermore, no confirmation exists that obese teens respond with greater increase in core temperature compared to their lean peers during exercise in the heat.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">5</a> Conflictingly, Leites et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">6</a> showed that girls who are obese had a smaller increase in rectal temperature (Tre) during exercise in hot conditions compared to the lean ones; however, in boys<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">2</a> the responses were similar.Core temperature can be different between males and females, which could be due to hormones, as estrogen plays a role in thermoregulation and sweating responses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">7</a> Another explanation for conflicting results may be related to the traditional method of setting the exercise intensity protocol load by a certain % of the individual's peak oxygen consumption (V˙O2peak). As suggested,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">8,9</a> such an approach may induce greater metabolic heat production (H˙p) in the lean compared to the obese girls, explaining their greater Tre increase.Previous studies compared heterogeneous body mass groups using a given % V˙O2peak<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160">2,6</a> or an absolute walking speed,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">10</a> which could result in different H˙p per body unit. A study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">11</a> that compared two groups of adults matched by body mass and body surface area (BSA), with distinct V˙O2peak (∼60 vs. 40.3mL.kg−1.min−1) and % body fat (∼12% vs. 22%), showed that exercise at a given absolute H˙p, but not necessarily at a similar % V˙O2peak, resulted in a similar core temperature increase. Setting the exercise intensity by H˙p per body unit<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210">12,13</a> has been considered a better method to compare groups of heterogeneous body size.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">8,14</a> In youths, there are no studies that have aimed to examine thermoregulatory responses to exercise that considered both aerobic fitness and adiposity.Perceptual responses may also interfere with exercise tolerance and program adherence under heat conditions. Among active prepubescent girls, thermal comfort was similar between the lean and obese groups; however, the lean girls reported greater irritability during 30min of cycling in the heat.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">6</a> Obese pubertal boys who were active reported a higher heat sensation compared to their active lean peers while cycling for 30min at similar % V˙O2peak in the heat.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">3</a> Boys whom are obese (9–12 years old) showed greater perceived effort (2–3 points on Borg scale) compared to the lean boys at similar absolute exercise intensity in the heat.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">13</a> None of the above mentioned studies had considered aerobic fitness differences between groups.Despite the consensus that increasing physical activity is a key aspect in the management of pediatric obesity, exercise appears to be a concern for unfit girls when performed in a warm climate. Such external conditions may serve as another excuse to limit even mild-to-moderate physical activities in sedentary obese girls. Clarification about the effect of obesity and fitness in youth during exercise in the heat will help clinicians and health professionals to recommend safe and enjoyable exercise to optimize body composition, aerobic fitness, and metabolic health. The purpose of this study was to verify thermoregulatory and perceptive responses of obese and lean girls, both fit and unfit, during exercise in the heat at a given H˙p.MethodsSubjectsThirty-four girls were studied, divided into four groups according to adiposity (obese and lean) and aerobic fitness (fit and unfit), resulting in 21 obese (12 fit and nine unfit) and 13 lean (5 fit and 8 unfit). Body fat was obtained by dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry (DXA) to classify the girls as lean or obese (<32 or ≥32% body fat),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">14</a> and V˙O2peak was evaluated to classify them as fit or unfit (≥69 or <64mL.kgtotalmusclemass−1.min−1). For fitness, a V˙O2peak cut-off point was set from the Gaussian curve of the girls V˙O2peak measurements. A Standard Deviation (SD) of ±0.25 was adopted, ensuring a mean of 20mL.kgtotalmusclemass−1.min−1 difference between groups.Girls and their parents/guardians were informed about procedures and provided written informed assent and consent to participate in the study, which was approved by the University Research Ethics Board.Girls came to the laboratory for a preliminary and an experimental session, two to seven days apart, between March and May, which are predominantly warm months in Southern Brazil.Preliminary sessionHealth condition was assessed by a questionnaire, which showed that the girls were healthy and not taking medications. Body mass and height were measured, and Body Mass Index (BMI) and BSA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">15</a> were calculated. Biological maturation was determined using self-assessed Tanner staging.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">16</a> Body composition was measured by using DXA (Lunar GE Pencil Bin, SmartScan pediatric program; GE Medical Systems Lunar – Diegem, Belgium).To determine V˙O2peak, an incremental exercise test was performed in a thermoneutral room (∼24°C) on a cycle ergometer (Ergo Fit, model 167 – Toledo, Spain) using the McMaster All-Out Progressive Continuous Cycling protocol.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">5</a> Expired O2 and CO2 were continuously monitored using a calibrated metabolic cart (O2 and CO2 analyzer; Inbramed, model VO2000 – Porto Alegre, Brazil). The test was terminated if one of these four criteria was achieved: (1) Inability to maintain a cycling cadence >60rpm, despite strong verbal encouragement; (2) Heart Rate (HR) >95% of HRmax<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">17</a>; (3) RPE >19; or (4) Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) >1.0. V˙O2peak was considered as the highest V˙O2 value. V˙O2peak was corrected by total muscle mass to avoid a confounding effect of fat mass and total body mass.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">18</a>At the end of this session, girls were instructed to refrain from any strenuous exercise and not to change their eating habits 24h prior to the experimental trial, which happened 2–3h after a major meal.Experimental trialUpon arrival to the laboratory, hydration status was verified from a sample of urine by examining the color.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">19</a> This was followed by body mass measurement and baseline Tre, skin temperatures (Tsk), and HR. Tre was measured using a flexible thermometer (Physitemp Instruments, Inc. Ret-1 model – Clifton, NJ, United States) inserted 10–12cm beyond the anal sphincter. Tsk at four sites were measured using skin thermometers (Physitemp Instruments, Inc., SST-1 model – Clifton, NJ, United States), placed on the arm (Ta), chest (Tc), upper back (Tb), and thigh (Tt). Mean Tsk was calculated according to the equation: 0.3*Tc+0.3*Tb+0.2*Ta+0.2*Tt.The girls received standardized instructions on how to answer four perceptual scales: (1) RPE,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">20</a> (2) Thermal sensation (9 point scale from “very cold” to “very hot”),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">21</a> (3) Thermal comfort (6 point scale from “very comfortable” to “very uncomfortable”)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">21</a> and (4) Irritability (6 point scale from “nothing” to “very intense”).Prior to exercise, the girls rested in a seated position for five min in the climatic chamber (Russel Technical Products – Netherlands, 13m2) set at 36°C and 40% relative humidity, resulting in a humidex factor of 44°C. The girls exercised wearing a top, athletic shorts, and shoes.The exercise cycling protocol consisted of two 25min bouts at a fixed H˙p per unit body mass (∼5.4W.kg−1) with a 10min rest between bouts of cycling. V˙O2 and V˙CO2 were measured during the bouts for at least 10min. Tre, Tsk, HR, and perceptual scores were recorded every 5min during exercise. Total body temperature (Tbody) was calculated as the following equation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260">22,23</a>: Tbody=0.8*Tre+0.2*TskTo keep euhydrated, each girl ingested a water volume at rest (between bouts) equivalent to her individual loss that was calculated from the body mass difference relative to her initial value. After the whole session, the girls dried their skin and body mass was evaluated with bare feet to calculate the sweat volume: Δbody mass+volume of water intake.Metabolic heat productionThe rate of metabolic energy expenditure (M; W.m−2) was estimated using the average V˙O2 (L.min−1) and RER measured during exercise, calculated as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">24</a>:M=V˙O2.RER−0.70.3ec+1.0−RER0.3ef60⋅BSA⋅1000; where ec is the caloric equivalent per liter of O2 for carbohydrate oxidation (21.13kJ), and ef for fat oxidation (19.62kJ). H˙p (W.m−2) was calculated as the difference between M and the external work rate (W).<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Statistical analysesThe Shapiro–Wilk test was applied to verify data normality and Levene's test was used to determine the homogeneity of variance. Student t-test was used to compare groups (obese vs. lean) and characteristics (i.e., weight, height, BSA, % body fat, fat mass, total muscle mass, aerobic fitness, and HRmax). To analyze exercise intensity, urine color, sweat volume, and water balance by aerobic fitness and adiposity, one-way ANOVAs were conducted. Bonferroni post hoc analyses were used to examine significant interactions. The Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) was used to compare groups (obese fit, obese unfit, lean fit, and lean unfit) over time (Tre, Tsk, HR, RPE, irritability, thermal sensation, and comfort). Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for the body fat and Tre. Data are expressed as mean±SD. Statistical significance was set at p≤0.05, and analysis were performed using SPSS v.18.0 (SPSS Inc – Chicago, IL, United States).Results<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the physical characteristics by group. Obese groups were heavier, with greater BSA, BMI, body fat, muscle mass, and V˙O2peak; however, they presented lower V˙O2peak by body mass. V˙O2peak by total muscle mass was lower in the unfit compared to the fit girls (p<0.001).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>During exercise, obese fit girls had a higher absolute H˙p compared to lean unfit girls (313±62 vs. 232±48W; p=0.02). H˙p per unit body mass (W.kg−1) was similar among obese and lean subjects, both fit and unfit. Obese and lean girls cycled at similar H˙p (5.4W.kg−1, p=0.10) and mean workload during exercise was 30 and 32W, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Participants arrived with similar hydration levels according to urine color (obese fit, obese unfit, lean fit, and lean unfit: 4±2, 4±2, 4±1, and 4±1, respectively). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows the sweating response and body hydration status of the groups. Total sweat volume was similar among groups (p=0.30), even when corrected by BSA (p=0.5). Body water balance at the end of the experiment was similar among groups, resulting in a low deficit of 0.4±0.2 and 0.5±0.3L, in the obese and lean groups, respectively.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a> depicts Tre, Tsk, Tbody, and HR over the two 25min bouts of exercise. Tre response was similar between lean and obese for both the fit and unfit groups during exercise. No difference was observed among the four groups throughout the exercise in regional Tsk for the back, chest, arm, and thigh: 34.8±0.8 obese fit; 35.1±1.0 obese unfit; 34.4±0.9 lean fit; and 35.2±0.9°C lean unfit, and Tbody: 37.0±0.2 obese fit, 37.0±0.4 obese unfit, 36.8±0.3 lean fit, and 36.9±0.3°C lean unfit. HR was similar between obese and lean girls at the beginning of exercise (101±14 and 99±12beatsmin−1) and it increased similarly among the four groups (obese fit, obese unfit, lean fit, and lean unfit) (128±18; 118±12, 130±16, and 119±16beatsmin−1, respectively).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Body fat did not correlate with Tre (r=0.32). There was no relationship between adiposity and time for Tre (p=0.31), Tsk (p=0.54), Tbody (p=0.97), HR (p=0.98), throughout the exercise session. There were also no differences among groups for these variables over time according to the aerobic fitness: Tre (p=0.99), Tsk (p=0.99), Tbody (p=0.96) and HR (p=0.92).The four groups (obese fit, obese unfit, lean fit, and lean unfit) presented similar perceptual responses during exercise for RPE (11±2, 12±2, 11±2, and 11±2, respectively) (p=0.98) (11 signifying “slight effort”), irritability (3±0.5, 2±0.3, 3±0.8, and 2±0.3) (p=0.96) (3 signifying “moderate” and 2 “low” irritability), thermal sensation (7±0.4, 7±0.5, 7±0.7, and 6±0.7) (p=0.98) (7 signifying “warm” and 6 “slightly warm”), and thermal comfort (3±0.4, 3±0.5, 3±0.7, and 3±0.5) (p=0.99) (3 signifying “just uncomfortable”).DiscussionThe main finding of this study is that thermoregulatory and perceptual responses were similar independent of the group during the 25min cycling bouts at similar H˙p per unit body mass in the heat. This suggests that under such exercise/heat conditions, obese and unfit girls did not differ regarding body temperatures and sweating responses compared to their lean and fit peers. Their perceived exertional, thermal sensation, and comfort responses throughout exercise were also similar among groups.Although fit obese girls started exercise at a higher Tre than fit lean girls, responses were similar among groups during exercise. Compared to the lean, obese children may present greater absolute resting metabolic rate and metabolic heat production due to differences in body composition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180">6,25</a> In addition, since fat mass has a specific heat that is approximately half of that of fat-free mass, it may result in greater heat storage in the obese. All girls were naturally heat acclimatized, and previous hydration and resting conditions were controlled to eliminate these factors as responsible for baseline value differences.A few studies have verified thermoregulatory responses in obese children<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180">6,10</a> and adolescents<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155">1,2,13</a> during exercise in the heat; however, only two included females.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180">6,26</a>There are inconsistent results about the influence of body fat on thermoregulation during exercise in the heat. Lean girls had a greater Tre increase toward the end of a 30min exercise session, and the authors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">6</a> suggested that it could be due to the greater muscle mass compared to that of the obese group. In the present study, the mean absolute fat free mass was similar between groups (33.3 vs. 30.9kg), although the % fat was almost twice that of the lean girls (40.5 vs. 24.0). Such similar absolute muscle mass of the obese and lean girls could explain their similar Tre responses. The present study's cycling protocol properly achieved the goal of having the girls exercising at similar H˙p. Leites et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">6</a> showed that lean girls completed the exercise-in-the heat protocol with a mean Tre 0.2°C higher than the obese ones. It is possible that this difference occurred due to differences in exercise intensity (%V˙O2 vs. H˙p). Recently, H˙p by body mass method has been suggested<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">12</a> to achieve similar heat storage when comparing thermoregulatory responses. Previous studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">11</a> may have been biased by setting an exercise intensity protocol as a % V˙O2peak and absolute workload to compare groups that vary in their physical fitness.The present authors are unaware of any other study in adolescents that compared girls with distinct adiposity and aerobic fitness levels under an exercise protocol that is based on similar H˙p and heat stress. The current study suggests the use of H˙p by unit of body mass as an exercise protocol when comparing thermoregulatory responses between lean and obese girls, regardless of their aerobic fitness. Previous studies that compared groups (adults) with high and low adiposity,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">9</a> lean and obese,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">27</a> or with high and low aerobic fitness,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">28</a> found no Tsk difference between groups. Therefore, it appears that adiposity and aerobic fitness do not influence Tsk responses when a mild-to-moderate exercise intensity protocol is set by a given H˙p per unit body mass.The sweat volume showed great individual variability among the girls, as previously described,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">29</a> resulting in similar mean values among the lean/obese and fit/unit groups, even when corrected by BSA. This agrees with what was found in prepubertal girls<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">6</a> and in pubertal boys.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">2</a>Regardless of the adiposity levels, adolescents appear to produce similar volumes of sweat by BSA when exercising in the heat.Few studies gave evaluated perceptual responses of obese children and adolescents during exercise in heat.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160">2,6</a> In the present study, all groups perceived the exercise as mild. They reported a low-to-moderate irritability, despite feeling a warm and uncomfortable ambient temperature. Differently, Leites et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">6</a> found that lean girls presented greater irritability during the exercise. Previous studies showed differences in RPE between lean and obese boys exercising in the heat.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225">15,30</a> Obese boys also felt worse thermal comfort (8 vs. 5) compared to lean boys during exercise in the heat.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">2</a> It is possible that perceived responses are related to exercise intensity as well as gender. It is important to emphasize that exercise intensity was set to be low-to-moderate so that girls who are obese and sedentary could complete the exercise in the heat.Regardless of the adiposity or aerobic fitness level, pubescent girls had similar thermoregulatory (Tre, Tsk), sweating (sweat volume and water balance), and perceptual responses (RPE, irritability, thermal sensation, and comfort) while cycling under heat stress during 50min at a 5.4W.kg−1.Conflicts of interestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1378656" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1266411" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1378655" "titulo" => "Resumo" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusão" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1266410" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Preliminary session" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Experimental trial" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Metabolic heat production" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Statistical analyses" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2018-09-22" "fechaAceptado" => "2018-12-21" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1266411" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Exercise" 1 => "Pubescent" 2 => "Thermoregulation" 3 => "Obesity" ] ] ] "pt" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1266410" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Exercício" 1 => "Púbere" 2 => "Termorregulação" 3 => "Obesidade" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectiveTo verify the thermoregulatory and perceptual responses of obese and lean girls, either fit or unfit, exercising in the heat at a similar rate of metabolic heat production per unit body mass. MethodsA total of 34 pubescent girls were allocated in four groups: 12 obese fit, 9 obese unfit, 5 lean fit, and 8 lean unfit. The obese groups (13.2±1.4 years, 40.5%±5.8% fat by DXA) differed in their aerobic fitness (V˙O2peak 76.0±8.1 vs. 56.6±5.8mL.kgmusclemass−1.min−1), as well as the lean groups (13.1±1.6 years, 24.0%±4.8% fat) (V˙O2peak 74.5±2.9 vs. 56.2±5.0mL.kgmuscle mass−1min−1). Girls cycled two bouts of 25min with a 10min rest in between, at ∼5.4W.kg−1 in the heat (36°C and 40% relative humidity) and they were kept euhydrated. Rectal and skin temperatures and heart rate were measured every 5min. Perceptual responses were evaluated throughout the exercise. ResultsInitial rectal temperature was higher in the obese subjects compared to the lean subjects (37.5±0.3 and 37.2±0.3°C). No difference was observed among the girls whom were obese (eight fit or unfit) and lean (also fit or unfit) throughout the exercise in rectal temperature (37.6±0.2, 37.5±0.3, 37.5±0.3, 37.4±0.3°C, respectively), skin temperature (34.8±0.8, 35.1±1.0, 34.4±0.9, 35.2±0.9°C), and heart rate (128±18; 118±12, 130±16, 119±16beatsmin−1). No differences were observed in perceptual responses among groups. ConclusionRegardless of the adiposity or aerobic fitness, pubescent girls had similar thermoregulatory and perceptual responses while cycling in the heat at similar metabolic heat production." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "pt" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumo" "resumen" => "ObjetivoVerificar as respostas termorregulatórias e perceptivas de meninas obesas e magras, com alta e baixa aptidão aeróbica, exercitando-se no calor com produção metabólica de calor similar por massa corporal. MétodosUm total de 34 meninas púberes foram alocadas em quatro grupos: 12 obesas com alta aptidão aeróbica, 9 obesas com baixa aptidão aeróbica, 5 magras com alta aptidão aeróbica e 8 magras com baixa aptidão aeróbica. Os grupos obesos (13,2±1,4 anos, 40,5%±5,8% de gordura por DXA) diferiram em sua aptidão aeróbica (V˙O2peak 76,0±8,1 vs. 56,6±5,8 mL.kg de massa muscular-1.min-1), bem como os grupos magros (13,1±1,6 anos, 24,0%±4,8% de gordura) (V˙O2peak 74,5±2,9 vs. 56,2±5,0 mL.kg de massa muscular-1min-1). As meninas pedalaram duas sessões de 25 minutos com descanso de 10 minutos entre as sessões, a ∼5,4 W.kg-1 no calor (36°C e 40% de umidade relativa) e foram mantidas hidratadas. As temperaturas retal e cutânea e a frequência cardíaca foram medidas a cada 5 minutos. As respostas perceptivas foram avaliadas durante o exercício. ResultadosA temperatura retal inicial foi maior nas meninas obesas em comparação com as magras (37,5±0,3 e 37,2±0,3°C). Não houve diferença entre as meninas obesas (com alta aptidão aeróbica ou não) e magras (também com alta aptidão aeróbica ou não) durante todo o exercício em relação à temperatura retal (37,6±0,2; 37,5±0,3; 37,5±0,3; 37,4±0,3°C; respectivamente), temperatura da pele (34,8±0,8; 35,1±1,0; 34,4±0,9; 35,2±0,9°C), e frequência cardíaca (128±18; 118±12, 130±16, 119±16 batimentos.min-1). Não foram observadas diferenças nas respostas perceptivas entre os grupos. ConclusãoIndependentemente da adiposidade ou do condicionamento aeróbico, as meninas púberes tiveram respostas termorregulatórias e perceptivas semelhantes, enquanto pedalavam no calor com uma produção metabólica de calor similar." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusão" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Rodrigues CÁ, Leites GT, Meyer F. Thermoregulatory and perceptual responses of lean and obese fit and unfit girls exercising in the heat. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2020;96:464–71." ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2634 "Ancho" => 1407 "Tamanyo" => 240148 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Physiological responses during exercise in the heat (aObese>Lean)." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Obese</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lean</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">p-Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">p-Group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total (21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fit (12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Unfit (9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total (13) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fit (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Unfit (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.2±1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.3±1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.1±1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.1±1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.0±1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.2±1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Body mass (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">60.8±13.7<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">58.6±12.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63.6±15.0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44.1±6.5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44.7±8.0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43.8±5.9<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Body height (cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">158±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">158±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">158±0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">156±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">156±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">156±0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Body surface area (m2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.6±0.1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.5±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.6±0.2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.4±0.1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.4±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.3±0.1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total muscle mass (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33.3±5.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31.8±3.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35.5±7.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30.9±3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.9±4.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31.5±2.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Lower limb muscle mass (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.7±2.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.2±1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.5±2.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.5±1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.9±1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.0±1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Percentage body fat \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40.5±5.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">41.0±6.8<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39.9±4.6<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.0±4.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.1±4.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23.3±5.1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="9" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="9" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Aerobic fitness</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">V˙O2peak (mL.min−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2243±456 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2408±294<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">e</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2023±553 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1935±347 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2230±329 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1750±209<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">e</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">V˙O2peak (mL.kg−1.min−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37.7±7.8<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.0±6.7<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31.9±5.4<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030">f</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44.1±6.9<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50.3±4.3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a>,φ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40.3±5.3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030">f</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">V˙O2peak (mL.kgtotalmusclemass−1.min−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">67.7±12.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">76.0±8.1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">56.6±5.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63.2±10.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">74.5±2.9<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">56.2±5.0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Heart ratemax (beatsmin−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">180±13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">181±13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">178±16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">180±12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">187±7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">175±12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="9" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="9" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Biological maturation</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tanner stage \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2367339.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Obese>lean." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Fit>Unfit." ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "Obese unfit>Lean fit and lean unfit." ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "Obese fit>Lean fit and lean unfit." ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0025" "etiqueta" => "e" "nota" => "Obese fit>Lean unfit." ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0030" "etiqueta" => "f" "nota" => "Obese unfit<Lean fit and lean unfit. p-total, comparison between total obese and lean girls; p-group, comparison among groups (obese fit, obese unfit, lean fit, lean unfit)." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Physical and physiological characteristics of obese and lean girls." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Obese</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lean</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">p-Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">p-Group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total (21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fit (12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Unfit (9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total (13) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fit (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Unfit (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">H˙p (W) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">304±60<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">313±62<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">292±58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">251±53<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">281±52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">232±48<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">H˙p (W.m−2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">190±38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">199±42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">178±30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">179±33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">199±26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">166±32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">H˙p (W.kg−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.2±1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.5±1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.7±0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.7±1.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.3±0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.3±1.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Workload (W) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30±12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31±12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28±13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32±11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35±14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30±9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">% VO2max \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44.1±7.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">41.5±5.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">47.7±8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43.2±4.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.8±4.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43.6±4.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2367340.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0035" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Obese>Lean." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0040" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Obese fit>Lean unfit." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Average metabolic heat production (H˙p) and workload values during exercise in the heat in obese and lean girls." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "BSA, body surface area." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Obese</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lean</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">p Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">p Group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total (21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fit (12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Unfit (9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total (13) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Fit (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Unfit (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sweat volume (mL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">361±189 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">345±121 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">454±269 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">293±146 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">237±85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">325±180 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sweat volume/BSA (mL.m−2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">212±115 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">221±85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">199±152 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">183±141 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">140±111 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">209±136 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total water balance \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.4±0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.3±0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.3±0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.5±0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.3±0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.5±0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2367338.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Sweating responses and total water balance during exercise in the heat in obese and lean girls." ] ] 4 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "H˙p=M−W" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si8.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 717 "Alto" => 18 "Ancho" => 80 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:30 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Critical environmental limits for exercising heat-acclimated lean and obese boys" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "K.A. Dougherty" 1 => "M. Chow" 2 => "W. Larry Kenney" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00421-009-1290-4" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Appl Physiol." "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "108" "paginaInicial" => "779" "paginaFinal" => "789" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20187283" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Responses of obese and non-obese boys cycling in the heat" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "P. Sehl" 1 => "G. Leites" 2 => "J. Martins" 3 => "F. Meyer" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1055/s-0031-1301314" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Sports Med." 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Respostas termorregulatórias e perceptivas de meninas magras e obesas com alta e baixa aptidão aeróbica exercitando-se no calor

Carolina de Ávila Rodrigues, Gabriela Tomedi Leites

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gabitomedi@yahoo.com.br

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, Flavia Meyer

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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aerobic fitness&#44; there may be thermoregulatory and perceptual differences within those who are lean and obese&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Aerobic exercise is often recommended for weight management&#44; but adherence may be impaired if girls experience discomfort&#46; In addition to health and safety considerations&#44; the recommended exercise should be enjoyable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Currently&#44; no evidence exists about the impact of fitness associated with adiposity on physiological and perceptual responses during moderate prolonged exercise in the heat&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; no confirmation exists that obese teens respond with greater increase in core temperature compared to their lean peers during exercise in the heat&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Conflictingly&#44; Leites et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> showed that girls who are obese had a smaller increase in rectal temperature &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">re</span>&#41; during exercise in hot conditions compared to the lean ones&#59; however&#44; in boys<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> the responses were similar&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Core temperature can be different between males and females&#44; which could be due to hormones&#44; as estrogen plays a role in thermoregulation and sweating responses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Another explanation for conflicting results may be related to the traditional method of setting the exercise intensity protocol load by a certain &#37; of the individual&#39;s peak oxygen consumption &#40;V&#729;O2peak&#41;&#46; As suggested&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> such an approach may induce greater metabolic heat production &#40;H&#729;p&#41; in the lean compared to the obese girls&#44; explaining their greater <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">re</span> increase&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous studies compared heterogeneous body mass groups using a given &#37; V&#729;O2peak<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;6</span></a> or an absolute walking speed&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> which could result in different H&#729;p per body unit&#46; A study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> that compared two groups of adults matched by body mass and body surface area &#40;BSA&#41;&#44; with distinct V&#729;O2peak &#40;&#8764;60 vs&#46; 40&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41; and &#37; body fat &#40;&#8764;12&#37; vs&#46; 22&#37;&#41;&#44; showed that exercise at a given absolute H&#729;p&#44; but not necessarily at a similar &#37; V&#729;O2peak&#44; resulted in a similar core temperature increase&#46; Setting the exercise intensity by H&#729;p per body unit<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> has been considered a better method to compare groups of heterogeneous body size&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;14</span></a> In youths&#44; there are no studies that have aimed to examine thermoregulatory responses to exercise that considered both aerobic fitness and adiposity&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Perceptual responses may also interfere with exercise tolerance and program adherence under heat conditions&#46; Among active prepubescent girls&#44; thermal comfort was similar between the lean and obese groups&#59; however&#44; the lean girls reported greater irritability during 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min of cycling in the heat&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Obese pubertal boys who were active reported a higher heat sensation compared to their active lean peers while cycling for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at similar &#37; V&#729;O2peak in the heat&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Boys whom are obese &#40;9&#8211;12 years old&#41; showed greater perceived effort &#40;2&#8211;3 points on Borg scale&#41; compared to the lean boys at similar absolute exercise intensity in the heat&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> None of the above mentioned studies had considered aerobic fitness differences between groups&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the consensus that increasing physical activity is a key aspect in the management of pediatric obesity&#44; exercise appears to be a concern for unfit girls when performed in a warm climate&#46; Such external conditions may serve as another excuse to limit even mild-to-moderate physical activities in sedentary obese girls&#46; Clarification about the effect of obesity and fitness in youth during exercise in the heat will help clinicians and health professionals to recommend safe and enjoyable exercise to optimize body composition&#44; aerobic fitness&#44; and metabolic health&#46; The purpose of this study was to verify thermoregulatory and perceptive responses of obese and lean girls&#44; both fit and unfit&#44; during exercise in the heat at a given H&#729;p&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Subjects</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirty-four girls were studied&#44; divided into four groups according to adiposity &#40;obese and lean&#41; and aerobic fitness &#40;fit and unfit&#41;&#44; resulting in 21 obese &#40;12 fit and nine unfit&#41; and 13 lean &#40;5 fit and 8 unfit&#41;&#46; Body fat was obtained by dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry &#40;DXA&#41; to classify the girls as lean or obese &#40;&#60;32 or &#8805;32&#37; body fat&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and V&#729;O2peak was evaluated to classify them as fit or unfit &#40;&#8805;69 or &#60;64<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>total<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>muscle<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mass<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&#46; For fitness&#44; a V&#729;O2peak cut-off point was set from the Gaussian curve of the girls V&#729;O2peak measurements&#46; A Standard Deviation &#40;SD&#41; of &#177;0&#46;25 was adopted&#44; ensuring a mean of 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>total<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>muscle<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mass<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> difference between groups&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Girls and their parents&#47;guardians were informed about procedures and provided written informed assent and consent to participate in the study&#44; which was approved by the University Research Ethics Board&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Girls came to the laboratory for a preliminary and an experimental session&#44; two to seven days apart&#44; between March and May&#44; which are predominantly warm months in Southern Brazil&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Preliminary session</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Health condition was assessed by a questionnaire&#44; which showed that the girls were healthy and not taking medications&#46; Body mass and height were measured&#44; and Body Mass Index &#40;BMI&#41; and BSA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> were calculated&#46; Biological maturation was determined using self-assessed Tanner staging&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Body composition was measured by using DXA &#40;Lunar GE Pencil Bin&#44; SmartScan pediatric program&#59; GE Medical Systems Lunar &#8211; Diegem&#44; Belgium&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To determine V&#729;O2peak&#44; an incremental exercise test was performed in a thermoneutral room &#40;&#8764;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; on a cycle ergometer &#40;Ergo Fit&#44; model 167 &#8211; Toledo&#44; Spain&#41; using the McMaster All-Out Progressive Continuous Cycling protocol&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Expired O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> were continuously monitored using a calibrated metabolic cart &#40;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> analyzer&#59; Inbramed&#44; model VO2000 &#8211; Porto Alegre&#44; Brazil&#41;&#46; The test was terminated if one of these four criteria was achieved&#58; &#40;1&#41; Inability to maintain a cycling cadence &#62;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm&#44; despite strong verbal encouragement&#59; &#40;2&#41; Heart Rate &#40;HR&#41; &#62;95&#37; of HR<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#59; &#40;3&#41; RPE &#62;19&#59; or &#40;4&#41; Respiratory Exchange Ratio &#40;RER&#41; &#62;1&#46;0&#46; V&#729;O2peak was considered as the highest V&#729;O2 value&#46; V&#729;O2peak was corrected by total muscle mass to avoid a confounding effect of fat mass and total body mass&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the end of this session&#44; girls were instructed to refrain from any strenuous exercise and not to change their eating habits 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h prior to the experimental trial&#44; which happened 2&#8211;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after a major meal&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Experimental trial</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Upon arrival to the laboratory&#44; hydration status was verified from a sample of urine by examining the color&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> This was followed by body mass measurement and baseline <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">re</span>&#44; skin temperatures &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">sk</span>&#41;&#44; and HR&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">re</span> was measured using a flexible thermometer &#40;Physitemp Instruments&#44; Inc&#46; Ret-1 model &#8211; Clifton&#44; NJ&#44; United States&#41; inserted 10&#8211;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm beyond the anal sphincter&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">sk</span> at four sites were measured using skin thermometers &#40;Physitemp Instruments&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; SST-1 model &#8211; Clifton&#44; NJ&#44; United States&#41;&#44; placed on the arm &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">a</span>&#41;&#44; chest &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">c</span>&#41;&#44; upper back &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">b</span>&#41;&#44; and thigh &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">t</span>&#41;&#46; Mean <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">sk</span> was calculated according to the equation&#58; 0&#46;3&#42;Tc&#43;0&#46;3&#42;Tb&#43;0&#46;2&#42;Ta&#43;0&#46;2&#42;Tt&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The girls received standardized instructions on how to answer four perceptual scales&#58; &#40;1&#41; RPE&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> &#40;2&#41; Thermal sensation &#40;9 point scale from &#8220;very cold&#8221; to &#8220;very hot&#8221;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> &#40;3&#41; Thermal comfort &#40;6 point scale from &#8220;very comfortable&#8221; to &#8220;very uncomfortable&#8221;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> and &#40;4&#41; Irritability &#40;6 point scale from &#8220;nothing&#8221; to &#8220;very intense&#8221;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prior to exercise&#44; the girls rested in a seated position for five min in the climatic chamber &#40;Russel Technical Products &#8211; Netherlands&#44; 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; set at 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and 40&#37; relative humidity&#44; resulting in a humidex factor of 44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; The girls exercised wearing a top&#44; athletic shorts&#44; and shoes&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exercise cycling protocol consisted of two 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min bouts at a fixed H&#729;p per unit body mass &#40;&#8764;5&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41; with a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min rest between bouts of cycling&#46; V&#729;O2 and V&#729;CO2 were measured during the bouts for at least 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">re</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">sk</span>&#44; HR&#44; and perceptual scores were recorded every 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min during exercise&#46; Total body temperature &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">body</span>&#41; was calculated as the following equation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a>&#58; Tbody&#61;0&#46;8&#42;Tre&#43;0&#46;2&#42;Tsk</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To keep euhydrated&#44; each girl ingested a water volume at rest &#40;between bouts&#41; equivalent to her individual loss that was calculated from the body mass difference relative to her initial value&#46; After the whole session&#44; the girls dried their skin and body mass was evaluated with bare feet to calculate the sweat volume&#58; &#916;body mass<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>volume of water intake&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Metabolic heat production</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The rate of metabolic energy expenditure &#40;M&#59; W&#46;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span>&#41; was estimated using the average V&#729;O2 &#40;L&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41; and RER measured during exercise&#44; calculated as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#58;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">M&#61;V&#729;O2&#46;RER&#8722;0&#46;70&#46;3ec&#43;1&#46;0&#8722;RER0&#46;3ef60&#8901;BSA&#8901;1000&#59; where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span></span> is the caloric equivalent per liter of O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> for carbohydrate oxidation &#40;21&#46;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kJ&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">f</span></span> for fat oxidation &#40;19&#46;62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kJ&#41;&#46; H&#729;p &#40;W&#46;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span>&#41; was calculated as the difference between <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> and the external work rate &#40;W&#41;&#46;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analyses</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Shapiro&#8211;Wilk test was applied to verify data normality and Levene&#39;s test was used to determine the homogeneity of variance&#46; Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test was used to compare groups &#40;obese vs&#46; lean&#41; and characteristics &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; weight&#44; height&#44; BSA&#44; &#37; body fat&#44; fat mass&#44; total muscle mass&#44; aerobic fitness&#44; and HR<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span>&#41;&#46; To analyze exercise intensity&#44; urine color&#44; sweat volume&#44; and water balance by aerobic fitness and adiposity&#44; one-way ANOVAs were conducted&#46; Bonferroni post hoc analyses were used to examine significant interactions&#46; The Generalized Estimating Equation &#40;GEE&#41; was used to compare groups &#40;obese fit&#44; obese unfit&#44; lean fit&#44; and lean unfit&#41; over time &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">re</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">sk</span>&#44; HR&#44; RPE&#44; irritability&#44; thermal sensation&#44; and comfort&#41;&#46; Pearson&#39;s correlation coefficient was used for the body fat and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">re&#46;</span> Data are expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#46; Statistical significance was set at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#44; and analysis were performed using SPSS v&#46;18&#46;0 &#40;SPSS Inc &#8211; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; United States&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the physical characteristics by group&#46; Obese groups were heavier&#44; with greater BSA&#44; BMI&#44; body fat&#44; muscle mass&#44; and V&#729;O2peak&#59; however&#44; they presented lower V&#729;O2peak by body mass&#46; V&#729;O2peak by total muscle mass was lower in the unfit compared to the fit girls &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During exercise&#44; obese fit girls had a higher absolute H&#729;p compared to lean unfit girls &#40;313<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>62 vs&#46; 232<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41;&#46; H&#729;p per unit body mass &#40;W&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41; was similar among obese and lean subjects&#44; both fit and unfit&#46; Obese and lean girls cycled at similar H&#729;p &#40;5&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;10&#41; and mean workload during exercise was 30 and 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants arrived with similar hydration levels according to urine color &#40;obese fit&#44; obese unfit&#44; lean fit&#44; and lean unfit&#58; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44; and 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows the sweating response and body hydration status of the groups&#46; Total sweat volume was similar among groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;30&#41;&#44; even when corrected by BSA &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#41;&#46; Body water balance at the end of the experiment was similar among groups&#44; resulting in a low deficit of 0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2 and 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>L&#44; in the obese and lean groups&#44; respectively&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> depicts <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">re</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">sk</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">body</span>&#44; and HR over the two 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min bouts of exercise&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">re</span> response was similar between lean and obese for both the fit and unfit groups during exercise&#46; No difference was observed among the four groups throughout the exercise in regional <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">sk</span> for the back&#44; chest&#44; arm&#44; and thigh&#58; 34&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;8 obese fit&#59; 35&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0 obese unfit&#59; 34&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9 lean fit&#59; and 35&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C lean unfit&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">body</span>&#58; 37&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2 obese fit&#44; 37&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4 obese unfit&#44; 36&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3 lean fit&#44; and 36&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C lean unfit&#46; HR was similar between obese and lean girls at the beginning of exercise &#40;101<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14 and 99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>beats<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41; and it increased similarly among the four groups &#40;obese fit&#44; obese unfit&#44; lean fit&#44; and lean unfit&#41; &#40;128<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#59; 118<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#44; 130<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#44; and 119<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>beats<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Body fat did not correlate with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">re</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;32&#41;&#46; There was no relationship between adiposity and time for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">re</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;31&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">sk</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;54&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">body</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;97&#41;&#44; HR &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;98&#41;&#44; throughout the exercise session&#46; There were also no differences among groups for these variables over time according to the aerobic fitness&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">re</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;99&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">sk</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;99&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">body</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;96&#41; and HR &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;92&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The four groups &#40;obese fit&#44; obese unfit&#44; lean fit&#44; and lean unfit&#41; presented similar perceptual responses during exercise for RPE &#40;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44; 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44; 11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44; and 11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44; respectively&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;98&#41; &#40;11 signifying &#8220;slight effort&#8221;&#41;&#44; irritability &#40;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#44; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3&#44; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;8&#44; and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;96&#41; &#40;3 signifying &#8220;moderate&#8221; and 2 &#8220;low&#8221; irritability&#41;&#44; thermal sensation &#40;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4&#44; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#44; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7&#44; and 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;98&#41; &#40;7 signifying &#8220;warm&#8221; and 6 &#8220;slightly warm&#8221;&#41;&#44; and thermal comfort &#40;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4&#44; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#44; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7&#44; and 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;99&#41; &#40;3 signifying &#8220;just uncomfortable&#8221;&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main finding of this study is that thermoregulatory and perceptual responses were similar independent of the group during the 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min cycling bouts at similar H&#729;p per unit body mass in the heat&#46; This suggests that under such exercise&#47;heat conditions&#44; obese and unfit girls did not differ regarding body temperatures and sweating responses compared to their lean and fit peers&#46; Their perceived exertional&#44; thermal sensation&#44; and comfort responses throughout exercise were also similar among groups&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although fit obese girls started exercise at a higher <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">re</span> than fit lean girls&#44; responses were similar among groups during exercise&#46; Compared to the lean&#44; obese children may present greater absolute resting metabolic rate and metabolic heat production due to differences in body composition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;25</span></a> In addition&#44; since fat mass has a specific heat that is approximately half of that of fat-free mass&#44; it may result in greater heat storage in the obese&#46; All girls were naturally heat acclimatized&#44; and previous hydration and resting conditions were controlled to eliminate these factors as responsible for baseline value differences&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A few studies have verified thermoregulatory responses in obese children<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;10</span></a> and adolescents<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;13</span></a> during exercise in the heat&#59; however&#44; only two included females&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;26</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are inconsistent results about the influence of body fat on thermoregulation during exercise in the heat&#46; Lean girls had a greater <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">re</span> increase toward the end of a 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min exercise session&#44; and the authors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> suggested that it could be due to the greater muscle mass compared to that of the obese group&#46; In the present study&#44; the mean absolute fat free mass was similar between groups &#40;33&#46;3 vs&#46; 30&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#41;&#44; although the &#37; fat was almost twice that of the lean girls &#40;40&#46;5 vs&#46; 24&#46;0&#41;&#46; Such similar absolute muscle mass of the obese and lean girls could explain their similar <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">re</span> responses&#46; The present study&#39;s cycling protocol properly achieved the goal of having the girls exercising at similar H&#729;p&#46; Leites et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> showed that lean girls completed the exercise-in-the heat protocol with a mean <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">re</span> 0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C higher than the obese ones&#46; It is possible that this difference occurred due to differences in exercise intensity &#40;&#37;V&#729;O2 vs&#46; H&#729;p&#41;&#46; Recently&#44; H&#729;p by body mass method has been suggested<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> to achieve similar heat storage when comparing thermoregulatory responses&#46; Previous studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> may have been biased by setting an exercise intensity protocol as a &#37; V&#729;O2peak and absolute workload to compare groups that vary in their physical fitness&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present authors are unaware of any other study in adolescents that compared girls with distinct adiposity and aerobic fitness levels under an exercise protocol that is based on similar H&#729;p and heat stress&#46; The current study suggests the use of H&#729;p by unit of body mass as an exercise protocol when comparing thermoregulatory responses between lean and obese girls&#44; regardless of their aerobic fitness&#46; Previous studies that compared groups &#40;adults&#41; with high and low adiposity&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> lean and obese&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> or with high and low aerobic fitness&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> found no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">sk</span> difference between groups&#46; Therefore&#44; it appears that adiposity and aerobic fitness do not influence <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">sk</span> responses when a mild-to-moderate exercise intensity protocol is set by a given H&#729;p per unit body mass&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sweat volume showed great individual variability among the girls&#44; as previously described&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> resulting in similar mean values among the lean&#47;obese and fit&#47;unit groups&#44; even when corrected by BSA&#46; This agrees with what was found in prepubertal girls<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and in pubertal boys&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regardless of the adiposity levels&#44; adolescents appear to produce similar volumes of sweat by BSA when exercising in the heat&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Few studies gave evaluated perceptual responses of obese children and adolescents during exercise in heat&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;6</span></a> In the present study&#44; all groups perceived the exercise as mild&#46; They reported a low-to-moderate irritability&#44; despite feeling a warm and uncomfortable ambient temperature&#46; Differently&#44; Leites et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> found that lean girls presented greater irritability during the exercise&#46; Previous studies showed differences in RPE between lean and obese boys exercising in the heat&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;30</span></a> Obese boys also felt worse thermal comfort &#40;8 vs&#46; 5&#41; compared to lean boys during exercise in the heat&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> It is possible that perceived responses are related to exercise intensity as well as gender&#46; It is important to emphasize that exercise intensity was set to be low-to-moderate so that girls who are obese and sedentary could complete the exercise in the heat&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regardless of the adiposity or aerobic fitness level&#44; pubescent girls had similar thermoregulatory &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">re</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">sk</span>&#41;&#44; sweating &#40;sweat volume and water balance&#41;&#44; and perceptual responses &#40;RPE&#44; irritability&#44; thermal sensation&#44; and comfort&#41; while cycling under heat stress during 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at a 5&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Exercise"
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            0 => "Exerc&#237;cio"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To verify the thermoregulatory and perceptual responses of obese and lean girls&#44; either fit or unfit&#44; exercising in the heat at a similar rate of metabolic heat production per unit body mass&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 34 pubescent girls were allocated in four groups&#58; 12 obese fit&#44; 9 obese unfit&#44; 5 lean fit&#44; and 8 lean unfit&#46; The obese groups &#40;13&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;4 years&#44; 40&#46;5&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;8&#37; fat by DXA&#41; differed in their aerobic fitness &#40;V&#729;O2peak 76&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;1 vs&#46; 56&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>muscle<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mass<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&#44; as well as the lean groups &#40;13&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;6 years&#44; 24&#46;0&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;8&#37; fat&#41; &#40;V&#729;O2peak 74&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;9 vs&#46; 56&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>muscle mass<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&#46; Girls cycled two bouts of 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min with a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min rest in between&#44; at &#8764;5&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> in the heat &#40;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and 40&#37; relative humidity&#41; and they were kept euhydrated&#46; Rectal and skin temperatures and heart rate were measured every 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; Perceptual responses were evaluated throughout the exercise&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Initial rectal temperature was higher in the obese subjects compared to the lean subjects &#40;37&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3 and 37&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41;&#46; No difference was observed among the girls whom were obese &#40;eight fit or unfit&#41; and lean &#40;also fit or unfit&#41; throughout the exercise in rectal temperature &#40;37&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2&#44; 37&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3&#44; 37&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3&#44; 37&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; respectively&#41;&#44; skin temperature &#40;34&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;8&#44; 35&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0&#44; 34&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9&#44; 35&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41;&#44; and heart rate &#40;128<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#59; 118<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#44; 130<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#44; 119<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>beats<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&#46; No differences were observed in perceptual responses among groups&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Regardless of the adiposity or aerobic fitness&#44; pubescent girls had similar thermoregulatory and perceptual responses while cycling in the heat at similar metabolic heat production&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Verificar as respostas termorregulat&#243;rias e perceptivas de meninas obesas e magras&#44; com alta e baixa aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica&#44; exercitando-se no calor com produ&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica de calor similar por massa corporal&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Um total de 34 meninas p&#250;beres foram alocadas em quatro grupos&#58; 12 obesas com alta aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica&#44; 9 obesas com baixa aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica&#44; 5 magras com alta aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica e 8 magras com baixa aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica&#46; Os grupos obesos &#40;13&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;4 anos&#44; 40&#44;5&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;8&#37; de gordura por DXA&#41; diferiram em sua aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica &#40;V&#729;O2peak 76&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#44;1 vs&#46; 56&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;8 mL&#46;kg de massa muscular<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&#44; bem como os grupos magros &#40;13&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;6 anos&#44; 24&#44;0&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;8&#37; de gordura&#41; &#40;V&#729;O2peak 74&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;9 vs&#46; 56&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;0 mL&#46;kg de massa muscular<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&#46; As meninas pedalaram duas sess&#245;es de 25 minutos com descanso de 10 minutos entre as sess&#245;es&#44; a &#8764;5&#44;4 W&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> no calor &#40;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C e 40&#37; de umidade relativa&#41; e foram mantidas hidratadas&#46; As temperaturas retal e cut&#226;nea e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram medidas a cada 5 minutos&#46; As respostas perceptivas foram avaliadas durante o exerc&#237;cio&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A temperatura retal inicial foi maior nas meninas obesas em compara&#231;&#227;o com as magras &#40;37&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;3 e 37&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41;&#46; N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as meninas obesas &#40;com alta aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica ou n&#227;o&#41; e magras &#40;tamb&#233;m com alta aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica ou n&#227;o&#41; durante todo o exerc&#237;cio em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; temperatura retal &#40;37&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;2&#59; 37&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;3&#59; 37&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;3&#59; 37&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#59; respectivamente&#41;&#44; temperatura da pele &#40;34&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;8&#59; 35&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;0&#59; 34&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;9&#59; 35&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41;&#44; e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;128<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#59; 118<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#44; 130<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#44; 119<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16 batimentos&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&#46; N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as nas respostas perceptivas entre os grupos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Independentemente da adiposidade ou do condicionamento aer&#243;bico&#44; as meninas p&#250;beres tiveram respostas termorregulat&#243;rias e perceptivas semelhantes&#44; enquanto pedalavam no calor com uma produ&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica de calor similar&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0050">Please cite this article as&#58; Rodrigues C&#193;&#44; Leites GT&#44; Meyer F&#46; Thermoregulatory and perceptual responses of lean and obese fit and unfit girls exercising in the heat&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2020&#59;96&#58;464&#8211;71&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Physiological responses during exercise in the heat &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>Obese<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lean&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">156<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">156<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Body surface area &#40;m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Total muscle mass &#40;kg&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lower limb muscle mass &#40;kg&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Percentage body fat</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;8<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;6<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aerobic fitness</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V&#729;O2peak &#40;mL&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2243<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>456&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2408<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>294<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2023<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>553&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1935<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>347&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2230<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>329&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1750<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>209<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>V&#729;O2peak &#40;mL&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;8<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;7<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;4<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;9<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">304<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">251<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>53<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information

ISSN: 00217557
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.jped.2018.12.011

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2024 April	43	24	67
2024 March	76	19	95
2024 February	81	32	113
2024 January	32	27	59
2023 December	46	23	69
2023 November	44	28	72
2023 October	44	38	82
2023 September	25	37	62
2023 August	28	21	49
2023 July	29	26	55
2023 June	52	15	67
2023 May	23	26	49
2023 April	33	18	51
2023 March	43	16	59
2023 February	18	14	32
2023 January	24	17	41
2022 December	48	24	72
2022 November	33	21	54
2022 October	47	33	80
2022 September	26	38	64
2022 August	34	32	66
2022 July	31	42	73
2022 June	32	35	67
2022 May	23	27	50
2022 April	64	30	94
2022 March	41	33	74
2022 February	16	21	37
2022 January	17	21	38
2021 December	17	19	36
2021 November	17	11	28
2021 October	13	13	26
2021 September	15	10	25
2021 August	15	10	25
2021 July	8	9	17
2021 June	8	8	16
2021 May	18	13	31
2021 April	25	20	45
2021 March	25	10	35
2021 February	23	10	33
2021 January	12	8	20
2020 December	13	12	25
2020 November	17	12	29
2020 October	12	7	19
2020 September	26	21	47
2020 August	56	6	62
2020 July	148	6	154
2020 June	6	4	10
2020 May	12	4	16
2020 April	12	11	23
2020 March	6	7	13
2020 February	11	12	23
2020 January	15	17	32
2019 December	13	6	19
2019 November	10	4	14
2019 October	8	11	19
2019 September	11	7	18
2019 August	8	8	16
2019 July	8	6	14
2019 June	5	4	9

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