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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The high prevalence of overweight and obesity in childhood is a serious public health problem&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Additionally&#44; it is known that childhood obesity increases the risk of developing other comorbidities that persist into adolescence and adult life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies on agents that may influence overweight in childhood have also focused on modifiable risk factors&#44; such as physical activity &#40;PA&#41; and physical fitness &#40;PF&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Studies have reported that more active children tend to have lower values of body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; and&#47;or a more adequate nutritional status&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> However&#44; other studies failed to corroborate these results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> PF&#44; and especially its cardiorespiratory component&#44; has been described as inversely associated with children&#39;s BMI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In turn&#44; research on the associations of other components of PF&#44; such as musculoskeletal fitness and flexibility with BMI&#44; is scarce&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The influence of the school context on health education&#44; especially in childhood&#44; is significant in a developmental perspective&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a> The school is one of the most relevant educational contexts in children&#39;s development&#44; especially regarding opportunities for engaging in varied PAs&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;12</span></a> rich in playfulness&#44; in addition to preventive actions regarding health behaviors&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and its association with individual characteristics&#44; such as BMI&#44; despite its apparently limited effect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; epidemiological research has focused on ecological approaches to interpret&#44; in a more integrated manner&#44; the relevance of individual and contextual factors in health behaviors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#59; multilevel modeling is a valuable tool to simultaneously assess the hierarchical influence of variables from different levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> However&#44; studies with multilevel modeling have shown a reduced effect of school characteristics on BMI variation or on the children&#39;s nutritional status&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For instance&#44; Leatherdale<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> showed that&#44; in Canadian children&#44; participation in sports competitions among schools accounted for 5&#46;4&#37; of the variation in the chance of being overweight&#46; When assessing the BMI of English children&#44; Pallan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> also found a small amount of variance attributed to schools &#40;0&#46;9&#8211;4&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#59; among the analyzed predictors&#44; the number of sports activities offered were significant&#44; as well as participation in interscholastic competitions&#46; However&#44; such evidence has focused on the effect of programs offered at schools&#44; so that other aspects of the school context&#44; such as surroundings&#44; size&#44; and infrastructures&#44; have not been systematically considered in studies with children&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; the present study evaluated the association of individual characteristics and of the school context with the BMI variation of Portuguese children&#44; using the multilevel approach&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Sample</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample consisted of 1641 children &#40;847 boys&#41; aged 6&#8211;10 years&#44; from 63 public and private schools in the North &#40;Maia&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#41; and Central regions &#40;Vouzela&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#59; Albergaria-a-Velha&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41; of Portugal&#46; The selection of the number of schools and children was based on the suggestions of the Maas &#38; Hox simulation study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> The choice of regions was made by convenience&#44; but the schools were randomly selected&#46; All children attending the first four years of elementary school were invited to participate in the study&#44; and the enrollment rate was approximately 60&#37;&#46; The research procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of Faculdade de Desporto of Universidade do Porto&#44; as well as by the school principals&#46; The informed consent form was signed by the parents&#47;legal guardians of all individuals included in the study&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Children&#39;s variables</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Anthropometrics</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Height was measured with a portable stadiometer with a precision of 0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm &#40;Seritex<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; Holtain&#44; NJ&#44; USA&#41;&#44; and the body mass with a portable scale &#40;Seca&#44; Optima 760&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41; with an accuracy of 0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#46; For the measurements&#44; participants were barefoot and wearing light clothing&#46; All procedures were performed according to the standardization described by Lohman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> BMI was calculated in the usual manner &#40;mass &#40;kg&#41;&#47;height &#40;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#41;&#44; and children were classified as having normal weight&#44; overweight or obese based on the suggestion of Cole et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Physical activity</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PA was estimated using the Godin &#38; Shephard questionnaire&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> administered by trained researchers as a direct interview to sets of four to five children who answered the questions individually&#46; The questionnaire required the children to report the number of times a week in which they were involved at least 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min of light &#40;3 METs&#41;&#44; moderate &#40;5 METs&#41;&#44; or vigorous &#40;9 METs&#41; activities&#46; A total weekly PA &#40;tPA&#41; score&#44; described in an arbitrary unit&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> was derived by multiplying the frequency reported for each category of PA intensity by the respective value in METs&#44; followed by the sum of the obtained products&#58; tPA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>number of times performing mild PAs&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>number of times performing moderate PAs&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>number of times performing vigorous PAs&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> There is information about the questionnaire validity&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> as well as its reliability when used with Portuguese children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;22</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Physical fitness</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The health-related PF was evaluated using the FitnessGram test protocols<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">1-mile run&#47;walk &#40;cardiorespiratory fitness&#41;&#58; running or walking one mile &#40;1609<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#41; in the shortest possible time &#40;result in minutes&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Curl-up &#40;abdominal strength and resistance&#41;&#58; perform the greatest number of abdominal crunches &#40;result in number of repetitions&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Push-up &#40;strength and resistance of the upper limbs&#41;&#58; perform the greatest number of arm flexions&#47;extensions &#40;raising and lowering the body&#59; result in number of repetitions&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trunk lift &#40;strength and flexibility of trunk extensors&#41;&#58; from a ventral decubitus position&#44; perform the maximum extension of the trunk in relation to the ground &#40;result in centimeters&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">School variables</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Information about the school context was obtained from the principals of each school&#44; based on a questionnaire developed through experts&#8217; consensus &#40;researchers and Physical Education teachers&#41;&#44; and referred to the following domains&#58; &#40;1&#41; environment &#40;rural&#44; urban&#44; and semi-urban&#41;&#44; based on the centrality of the schools in relation to the surrounding urban space &#40;city or town&#41;&#44; rurality &#40;countryside&#41;&#44; or in an intermediate space as indicated by the socio-geographical structure of each region defined by the autarchies&#59; &#40;2&#41; school size &#40;number of students&#41;&#59; &#40;3&#41; presence of recreational time&#59; &#40;4&#41; available space for recreation &#40;10&#8211;29<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; 30&#8211;49<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; and &#62;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#59; &#40;5&#41; characteristics of the space available for recreation &#40;with or without obstacles&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; presence of trees&#44; columns&#44; plant beds&#44; and others&#41;&#59; &#40;6&#41; existence of a sports court&#59; &#40;7&#41; existence of Physical Education classes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Information quality control</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Information quality control was carried out in three stages&#58; &#40;1&#41; training of the assessment team to apply the measures and tests by the main investigator&#59; &#40;2&#41; re-testing of random samples of children in the pilot study and during the research&#59; &#40;3&#41; calculation of the technical error of measurement &#40;TEM&#41; for anthropometric measurements and reliability estimates using the intraclass correlation coefficient &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>&#41; for tPA and for the PF tests&#46; The TEM was 0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm for height and 0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg for body mass&#46; The intraclass correlation coefficients were as follows&#58; tPA&#44; 0&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;91&#59; 1-mile walk&#47;run&#44; 0&#46;84<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;92&#59; curl-up&#44; 0&#46;92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;99&#59; push-up&#44; 0&#46;86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;92&#59; trunk lift&#44; 0&#46;88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;95&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Data analysis</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The descriptive analysis &#40;mean&#44; standard deviation&#44; percentages&#41;&#44; as well as the analysis of the differences between genders &#40;Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> and Chi-square tests&#41; were performed using SPSS &#40;IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows&#44; Version 21&#46;0&#44; Armonk&#44; NY&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The multilevel analysis was performed using the software HLM &#40;Scientific Software International&#44; Version 7&#46;0&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#44; and the simultaneous parameter estimation of the several models was performed based on the maximum likelihood method&#46; Considering the BMI as a dependent variable&#44; the predictors age&#44; PA&#44; PF&#44; and school size &#40;number of students&#41; were centered on the respective means&#46; Then&#44; the variables were separated into two levels&#58; the first with children&#39;s variables and the second&#44; with the school context variables&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three models were constructed in increasing order of complexity&#44; and deviance was used as a global adjustment measure&#46; The first model &#40;M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#41; was constructed to calculate the intraclass correlation coefficient &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span>&#41; and estimate how much of the total variance in BMI was associated with school contexts&#46; The children&#39;s predictors were inserted in model 1 &#40;M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41;&#44; as well as the city of residence &#40;transformed into dummy&#59; Albergaria-a-Velha was the reference&#41;&#46; The school predictors were added to the last model &#40;M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; &#40;the environment variable was transformed into dummy&#44; considering the &#8220;rural&#8221; environment as reference&#41;&#46; As the inclusion of some school variables in the analyses did not improve the quality of the model&#44; it was decided not to include them into the final model&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Results</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On average&#44; there were no statistically significant differences regarding age and anthropometric variables of boys and girls &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; the boys had&#44; on average&#44; higher levels of PA and better performance in the PF tests&#44; except in the trunk lift&#44; where the girls performed better &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; The proportion of children classified as having normal weight was higher among boys&#44; but no significant differences were found for the overweight and obesity categories &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The information about the school level is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; The schools had between seven and 506 students&#44; and the schools in the city of Maia had the highest number of students&#46; Most schools were in rural areas &#40;60&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#44; had Physical Education classes &#40;61&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; and multisport courts &#40;58&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; All of them had time for recreation&#59; approximately 60&#37; had ample spaces for recreation&#44; and &#8764;49&#37; of schools have obstacles&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the multilevel analysis are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; Based on the M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#44; the value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span> was calculated as follows&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;258&#47;&#40;0&#46;258<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;209&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;027&#59; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; 2&#46;7&#37; of the total variance in children&#39;s BMI is explained by differences in school contexts&#44; whereas the remaining 97&#46;3&#37; are explained by individual predictors&#46; The intercept in this model refers to the mean BMI of all children &#40;18&#46;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> results&#44; the mean BMI of the girls is 17&#46;66<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; when all the predictors are centered &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; an 8&#46;4-year old child&#44; with 77&#46;6 PA points&#44; performs 16 and six repetitions in the curl-up and push-up tests&#44; respectively&#44; with 30&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in the trunk lift&#44; and completes the 1-mile walk&#47;run in 11&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41;&#46; Boys had higher BMI than girls &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;723&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and their level increases with age &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;717&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Children with better performance in the curl-up &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;015&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and push-up &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;104&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; tests had lower BMI&#59; however&#44; the lower the cardiorespiratory fitness 1-mile run&#47;walk test &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;005&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and the greater the flexibility in the trunk lift &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;075&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; the higher the BMI&#46; There were no significant associations between the city where the children lived or the levels of PA with BMI&#46; As expected&#44; M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> fits better than M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> &#40;reduction in deviance&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4518&#46;69&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; the variables inserted in M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> explain 70&#46;2&#37; of 97&#46;3&#37; of the BMI variance attributed to individual predictors&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With the inclusion of school predictors&#44; girls&#8217; mean BMI is now 17&#46;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> but&#44; in addition to the individual information reported in the previous model&#44; this mean girl that studies in a rural school with an average of approximately 87 students&#44; has available space for recreation between 10 and 29<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; and has Physical Education classes&#46; Of the predictors of the school context&#44; only the environment where the school was located and the space available for recreation were statistically significant&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; children in the urban area &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;729&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;023&#41; and those with the largest recreation space &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;440&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;043&#41; tended to have a higher BMI&#46; The fit of this model is better than that of the previous model &#40;reduction in deviance&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7905&#46;19&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;046&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As expected and verified in percentile charts&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> older children have&#44; on average&#44; a higher BMI&#44; because they are taller and heavier&#46; Although no difference between boys and girls was observed&#44; on average&#44; regarding BMI and the prevalence of overweight and obesity&#44; the proportion of boys classified as having normal weight was higher&#46; However&#44; other studies have shown a higher BMI for boys&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span></a> Studies with Portuguese children also showed a higher BMI in boys when compared with girls&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;25</span></a> but the prevalence of overweight and obesity has not changed since the year 2000 for both genders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When analyzing the sequential association of characteristics of children and the school context on BMI using multilevel modeling&#44; the present study identified a significant association between different components of PF and BMI in children&#59; however&#44; the direction was not always the same&#46; Similar results have been reported in the literature regarding the association between PF and BMI&#44; especially for cardiorespiratory fitness&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> with evidence of an inverse association&#46; That is&#44; children with lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness tend to have higher BMI &#40;which may be associated with overweight&#41;&#44; when compared to their peers with better cardiorespiratory fitness&#46; However&#44; the association between BMI and PF appears to be bidirectional&#44; also suggesting that BMI may be a relevant predictor of children&#39;s PF&#46; Moreover&#44; a high BMI can affect movement efficiency&#44; especially in tasks that require body transposition into space&#44; and&#47;or the elevation or propulsion of the body mass&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> thus reflecting on PF levels&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the trunk lift test&#44; however&#44; there appears to be no clear association with BMI in the literature&#44; since the available data between test performance and BMI did not show any significant effects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> However&#44; such results differ from those found in the present study&#59; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; children with higher BMI tend to perform better at the trunk lift&#46; There is no justification for this result&#59; therefore&#44; the influence of trunk lift performance on BMI needs to be investigated in future studies&#44; especially with longitudinal design&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies on the association between PA and BMI levels have reported divergent results&#46; On the one hand&#44; the existence of an inverse association is suggested&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; children with lower levels of PA tend to have higher BMI or a greater chance of being overweight&#47;obese<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;22</span></a>&#59; on the other hand&#44; some studies deny the existence of such association&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> The results of the present study did not disclose a significant association between BMI and PA in the assessed children&#46; It is likely that&#44; at this stage of childhood&#44; BMI is not significantly influenced by children&#39;s PA levels&#44; since most of their time is spent in mild or moderate activities that may have a reduced impact on BMI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Nonetheless&#44; children tends to be naturally active&#44; often engaging in playful activities &#40;structured or otherwise&#41;&#44; whenever they are encouraged and when opportunities are created for them to do so&#44; regardless of their BMI values&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The school environment has been suggested as one of the most favorable contexts for overweight prevention in young individuals&#44; given the time children spend at school during the first two decades of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; the literature has shown a reduced effect of school characteristics on BMI variation in children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;13&#44;14</span></a> The present results corroborate previous studies that attributed a small but significant effect of the school context variability on BMI&#46; It is very likely that&#44; in the case of the present study&#44; this fact was due to the sampling randomness in each school&#44; as well as the possible similarity regarding the infrastructure&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the variables analyzed in the school context&#44; it was observed that children in urban schools have a slightly higher BMI than those in rural schools&#46; Similarly&#44; the larger the space available for recreation&#44; the higher the children&#39;s BMI&#46; Although there is no information about the dietary habits of the assessed children&#44; it is possible that the differences in BMI are related to the fact that rural children are more exposed to a healthy diet&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Regarding recreational space&#44; it is probable that having more space does not necessarily mean a greater tendency to practice PA&#44; acting as a protective agent against childhood overweight&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Possibly&#44; more &#8220;attractive&#8221; spaces with equipment and&#47;or &#8220;obstacles&#8221; &#40;natural or built&#41;&#44; which stimulate the increase of the PF and PA levels&#44; are more effective in the combat against overweight than the availability of wider spaces&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Moreover&#44; it is possible that schools with larger recreational spaces are those located in urban zones&#44; where children are more exposed to an obesogenic environment&#44; with negative effects on BMI&#46; It is probable that the result found is due to an interaction between the environment where the school is located and its infrastructure&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study has some limitations&#58; &#40;a&#41; its cross-sectional design&#44; which prevents attributing causality to the association between variables&#59; &#40;b&#41; the sample was selected from schools in central and northern Portugal&#44; which limits the generalization of results&#59; however&#44; it is noteworthy that the prevalence of overweight&#44; as well as the levels of PA and performance at the PF tests&#44; did not differ from other studies carried out with Portuguese children at the same age group<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;30</span></a>&#59; &#40;c&#41; the use of a questionnaire to assess PA&#44; mainly due to the difficulty children have remembering and quantifying their daily&#47;weekly activities&#59; however&#44; the questionnaire used has shown moderate-to-high reliability in Portuguese children<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;30</span></a>&#59; &#40;d&#41; despite the importance of unhealthy habits of consuming nutritionally-dense foods for the BMI values of children and young individuals&#44; it was not possible to obtain any information on food consumption&#46; However&#44; it is important to note that the acquisition of such information is a complex task&#44; in addition to becoming difficult when dealing with a sample of 1641 children&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study also has strengths&#58; &#40;a&#41; the sample size and the number of schools assessed&#59; &#40;b&#41; the use of standardized and reliable methods&#59; &#40;c&#41; the use of multilevel modeling to assess the combined effect of the characteristics at the individual level and the school context on the children&#39;s BMI&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the school context has a reduced role in explaining BMI variability in children compared to their individual characteristics&#46; More specifically&#44; older children and&#47;or those with lower levels of PF&#44; boys&#44; and those who study in schools located in urban areas&#44; with larger spaces for recreation&#44; have a higher BMI&#46; Given their relevance&#44; this information should be carefully considered by parents&#44; teachers&#44; and health professionals when planning and developing more effective strategies to control BMI in childhood&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaAceptado" => "2017-05-05"
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            0 => "Body mass index"
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            0 => "&#205;ndice de massa corporal"
            1 => "Crian&#231;a"
            2 => "Escolas"
            3 => "Planejamento ambiental"
            4 => "An&#225;lise multin&#237;vel"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to examine the association between individual and school context characteristics with the body mass index of Portuguese children&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The sample comprised 1641 children &#40;847 boys&#41; aged 6&#8211;10 years from the North and Central regions of Portugal&#46; Regarding the individual characteristics&#44; age&#44; gender&#44; city of residence&#44; levels of physical activity&#44; and physical fitness were assessed&#46; Concerning the school context characteristics&#44; the surrounding environment&#44; school size&#44; presence of recreational characteristics and space&#44; and presence of a sports court and of physical education classes were considered&#46; Children&#39;s body mass index was the dependent variable&#46; The multilevel analysis was carried out in HLM 7&#46;0 software&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The predictors of the child and the school context explained&#44; respectively&#44; 97&#46;3&#37; and 2&#46;7&#37; of the total body mass index variance&#46; Regarding the individual characteristics&#44; older children&#44; boys&#44; and those who had lower performance at the 1-mile run&#47;walk&#44; curl-up&#44; push-up&#44; and higher performance in trunk lift tests showed higher BMI&#46; Further&#44; urban schools with higher recreational spaces were positively associated with children&#39;s body mass index&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">School context variables have a reduced effect on body mass index variation compared to the children&#39;s biological and behavioral characteristics&#46; The authors therefore encourage strategies that aim to increasing children&#39;s physical fitness levels to help prevent excess weight&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Examinar a associa&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas individuais e do contexto escolar no &#237;ndice de massa corporal de crian&#231;as portuguesas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A amostra compreendeu 1641 crian&#231;as &#40;847 meninos&#41; de 6 a 10 anos de idade&#46; Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas individuais foram utilizadas informa&#231;&#245;es relativas ao sexo&#44; &#224; idade&#44; &#224; resid&#234;ncia&#44; &#224; atividade f&#237;sica e &#224; aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica&#46; Em termos de contexto escolar&#44; foram considerados o meio ambiente&#44; o tamanho da escola&#44; a presen&#231;a de recreio&#44; as caracter&#237;sticas e dimens&#245;es do espa&#231;o dispon&#237;vel para o recreio&#44; a exist&#234;ncia de quadra poliesportiva e de aulas de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica&#46; O &#237;ndice de massa corporal &#91;kg&#47;&#40;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#93; foi a vari&#225;vel dependente&#46; A an&#225;lise multin&#237;vel foi efetuada no software HLM 7&#46;0&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os preditores da crian&#231;a e do contexto escolar explicaram&#44; respectivamente&#44; 97&#44;3&#37; e 2&#44;7&#37; da vari&#226;ncia total do &#237;ndice de massa corporal&#46; Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas individuais&#44; a idade &#40;mais velhos&#41; e o sexo &#40;meninos&#41;&#44; bem como o desempenho reduzido nas provas de corrida&#47;marcha da milha&#44; do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">curl-up</span>&#44; do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">push-up</span> e valores elevados no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">trunk lift</span> estiveram associados ao aumento no &#237;ndice de massa corporal&#46; Escolas do meio urbano e escolas com maiores espa&#231;os para o recreio tamb&#233;m estiveram positivamente associadas ao aumento do &#237;ndice de massa corporal&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">As vari&#225;veis do contexto escolar t&#234;m um efeito reduzido na varia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de massa corporal comparativamente &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas biol&#243;gicas e comportamentais das crian&#231;as&#46; Sugere-se a aplica&#231;&#227;o de programas visando o incremento dos n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica das crian&#231;as para prevenir o excesso de peso na inf&#226;ncia&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Henrique RS&#44; Gomes TN&#44; Tani G&#44; Maia JA&#46; Association between body mass index and individual characteristics and the school context&#58; a multilevel study with Portuguese children&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2018&#59;94&#58;313&#8211;9&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Girls<br>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>794&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">130&#46;23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">130&#46;91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total physical activity &#40;METs<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>week<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&#46;87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Running&#47;walking one mile &#40;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Curl-up &#40;rep&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Push-up &#40;rep&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;9&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Trunk lift &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&#46;85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab1747500.png"
              ]
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            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frequencies &#40;&#37;&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Normal weight&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Overweight&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Obesity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab1747502.png"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive data &#40;mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD and frequency distribution&#41; of the variables at the children&#39;s level&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Table "
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        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables at the school level</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of students&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Min&#8211;max&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Albergaria-a-Velha&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#8211;162&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vouzela&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>76&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#8211;256&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Maia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">173&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>126&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">58&#8211;506&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab1747504.png"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Information&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Category&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">Environment</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Urban&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Presence of recess</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">Space available for recreation</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#8211;29<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">30&#8211;49<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Larger than 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Characteristics of recreational space</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">With obstacle&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">49&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No obstacles&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Existence of a sports court</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Physical Education classes</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab1747503.png"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive data of variables at school level&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SE&#44; standard error&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Fixed effects&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Model 0</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Model 1</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Model 2</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> &#40;SE&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> &#40;SE&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> &#40;SE&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Children&#39;s predictors</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intercept&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#46;210 &#40;0&#46;096&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;662 &#40;0&#46;113&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;181 &#40;0&#46;359&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Vouzela&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;033 &#40;0&#46;237&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;891&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;532 &#40;0&#46;441&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;228&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Maia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;222 &#40;0&#46;511&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;663&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;270 &#40;0&#46;703&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;701&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;717 &#40;0&#46;068&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;716 &#40;0&#46;068&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gender&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;723 &#40;0&#46;129&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;713 &#40;0&#46;129&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total physical activity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;002 &#40;0&#46;001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;079&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;002 &#40;0&#46;001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;062&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1-mile run&#47;walk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;005 &#40;0&#46;001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;005 &#40;0&#46;001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Push-up&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;104 &#40;0&#46;012&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;104 &#40;0&#46;012&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Curl-up&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;015 &#40;0&#46;005&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;015 &#40;0&#46;005&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Trunk lift&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;075 &#40;0&#46;010&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;074 &#40;0&#46;010&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">School predictors</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Semi-urban&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;427 &#40;0&#46; 410&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;304&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urban&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;729 &#40;0&#46;310&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;023&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Number of students&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;001 &#40;0&#46;001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;580&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Space available for recreation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;440 &#40;0&#46;212&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;043&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Physical education classes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;046 &#40;0&#46;341&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;894&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Random effects</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Variance between children&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;209 &#40;0&#46;266&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;007 &#40;0&#46;248&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;020 &#40;0&#46;249&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Variance between schools&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;258 &#40;0&#46;095&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;553 &#40;0&#46;166&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;369 &#40;0&#46;126&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Deviance</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#44;433&#46;547&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7914&#46;858&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7905&#46;192&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Number of parameters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Parameter estimates of the three models&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:30 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Child and adolescent obesity&#58; part of a bigger picture"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Lobstein"
                            1 => "R&#46; Jackson-Leach"
                            2 => "M&#46;L&#46; Moodie"
                            3 => "K&#46;D&#46; Hall"
                            4 => "S&#46;L&#46; Gortmaker"
                            5 => "B&#46;A&#46; Swinburn"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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Original article
Association between body mass index and individual characteristics and the school context: a multilevel study with Portuguese children
Relação entre o índice de massa corporal e as características individuais e do contexto escolar: um estudo multinível com crianças portuguesas
Rafael S. Henriquea,
Corresponding author
rdshenrique@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Thayse N. Gomesb, Go Tanic, José A.R. Maiab
a Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Escola Superior de Educação Física, Recife, PE, Brazil
b Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Desporto, Laboratório de Cineantropometria e Estatística Aplicada, Porto, Portugal
c Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Educação Física e Esportes, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The high prevalence of overweight and obesity in childhood is a serious public health problem&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Additionally&#44; it is known that childhood obesity increases the risk of developing other comorbidities that persist into adolescence and adult life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies on agents that may influence overweight in childhood have also focused on modifiable risk factors&#44; such as physical activity &#40;PA&#41; and physical fitness &#40;PF&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Studies have reported that more active children tend to have lower values of body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; and&#47;or a more adequate nutritional status&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> However&#44; other studies failed to corroborate these results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> PF&#44; and especially its cardiorespiratory component&#44; has been described as inversely associated with children&#39;s BMI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In turn&#44; research on the associations of other components of PF&#44; such as musculoskeletal fitness and flexibility with BMI&#44; is scarce&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The influence of the school context on health education&#44; especially in childhood&#44; is significant in a developmental perspective&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a> The school is one of the most relevant educational contexts in children&#39;s development&#44; especially regarding opportunities for engaging in varied PAs&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;12</span></a> rich in playfulness&#44; in addition to preventive actions regarding health behaviors&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and its association with individual characteristics&#44; such as BMI&#44; despite its apparently limited effect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; epidemiological research has focused on ecological approaches to interpret&#44; in a more integrated manner&#44; the relevance of individual and contextual factors in health behaviors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#59; multilevel modeling is a valuable tool to simultaneously assess the hierarchical influence of variables from different levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> However&#44; studies with multilevel modeling have shown a reduced effect of school characteristics on BMI variation or on the children&#39;s nutritional status&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For instance&#44; Leatherdale<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> showed that&#44; in Canadian children&#44; participation in sports competitions among schools accounted for 5&#46;4&#37; of the variation in the chance of being overweight&#46; When assessing the BMI of English children&#44; Pallan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> also found a small amount of variance attributed to schools &#40;0&#46;9&#8211;4&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#59; among the analyzed predictors&#44; the number of sports activities offered were significant&#44; as well as participation in interscholastic competitions&#46; However&#44; such evidence has focused on the effect of programs offered at schools&#44; so that other aspects of the school context&#44; such as surroundings&#44; size&#44; and infrastructures&#44; have not been systematically considered in studies with children&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; the present study evaluated the association of individual characteristics and of the school context with the BMI variation of Portuguese children&#44; using the multilevel approach&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Sample</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample consisted of 1641 children &#40;847 boys&#41; aged 6&#8211;10 years&#44; from 63 public and private schools in the North &#40;Maia&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#41; and Central regions &#40;Vouzela&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#59; Albergaria-a-Velha&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#41; of Portugal&#46; The selection of the number of schools and children was based on the suggestions of the Maas &#38; Hox simulation study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> The choice of regions was made by convenience&#44; but the schools were randomly selected&#46; All children attending the first four years of elementary school were invited to participate in the study&#44; and the enrollment rate was approximately 60&#37;&#46; The research procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of Faculdade de Desporto of Universidade do Porto&#44; as well as by the school principals&#46; The informed consent form was signed by the parents&#47;legal guardians of all individuals included in the study&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Children&#39;s variables</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Anthropometrics</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Height was measured with a portable stadiometer with a precision of 0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm &#40;Seritex<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; Holtain&#44; NJ&#44; USA&#41;&#44; and the body mass with a portable scale &#40;Seca&#44; Optima 760&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41; with an accuracy of 0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#46; For the measurements&#44; participants were barefoot and wearing light clothing&#46; All procedures were performed according to the standardization described by Lohman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> BMI was calculated in the usual manner &#40;mass &#40;kg&#41;&#47;height &#40;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#41;&#44; and children were classified as having normal weight&#44; overweight or obese based on the suggestion of Cole et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Physical activity</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PA was estimated using the Godin &#38; Shephard questionnaire&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> administered by trained researchers as a direct interview to sets of four to five children who answered the questions individually&#46; The questionnaire required the children to report the number of times a week in which they were involved at least 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min of light &#40;3 METs&#41;&#44; moderate &#40;5 METs&#41;&#44; or vigorous &#40;9 METs&#41; activities&#46; A total weekly PA &#40;tPA&#41; score&#44; described in an arbitrary unit&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> was derived by multiplying the frequency reported for each category of PA intensity by the respective value in METs&#44; followed by the sum of the obtained products&#58; tPA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>number of times performing mild PAs&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>number of times performing moderate PAs&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>number of times performing vigorous PAs&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> There is information about the questionnaire validity&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> as well as its reliability when used with Portuguese children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;22</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Physical fitness</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The health-related PF was evaluated using the FitnessGram test protocols<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">1-mile run&#47;walk &#40;cardiorespiratory fitness&#41;&#58; running or walking one mile &#40;1609<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#41; in the shortest possible time &#40;result in minutes&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Curl-up &#40;abdominal strength and resistance&#41;&#58; perform the greatest number of abdominal crunches &#40;result in number of repetitions&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Push-up &#40;strength and resistance of the upper limbs&#41;&#58; perform the greatest number of arm flexions&#47;extensions &#40;raising and lowering the body&#59; result in number of repetitions&#41;&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trunk lift &#40;strength and flexibility of trunk extensors&#41;&#58; from a ventral decubitus position&#44; perform the maximum extension of the trunk in relation to the ground &#40;result in centimeters&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">School variables</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Information about the school context was obtained from the principals of each school&#44; based on a questionnaire developed through experts&#8217; consensus &#40;researchers and Physical Education teachers&#41;&#44; and referred to the following domains&#58; &#40;1&#41; environment &#40;rural&#44; urban&#44; and semi-urban&#41;&#44; based on the centrality of the schools in relation to the surrounding urban space &#40;city or town&#41;&#44; rurality &#40;countryside&#41;&#44; or in an intermediate space as indicated by the socio-geographical structure of each region defined by the autarchies&#59; &#40;2&#41; school size &#40;number of students&#41;&#59; &#40;3&#41; presence of recreational time&#59; &#40;4&#41; available space for recreation &#40;10&#8211;29<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; 30&#8211;49<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; and &#62;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#59; &#40;5&#41; characteristics of the space available for recreation &#40;with or without obstacles&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; presence of trees&#44; columns&#44; plant beds&#44; and others&#41;&#59; &#40;6&#41; existence of a sports court&#59; &#40;7&#41; existence of Physical Education classes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Information quality control</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Information quality control was carried out in three stages&#58; &#40;1&#41; training of the assessment team to apply the measures and tests by the main investigator&#59; &#40;2&#41; re-testing of random samples of children in the pilot study and during the research&#59; &#40;3&#41; calculation of the technical error of measurement &#40;TEM&#41; for anthropometric measurements and reliability estimates using the intraclass correlation coefficient &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>&#41; for tPA and for the PF tests&#46; The TEM was 0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm for height and 0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg for body mass&#46; The intraclass correlation coefficients were as follows&#58; tPA&#44; 0&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;91&#59; 1-mile walk&#47;run&#44; 0&#46;84<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;92&#59; curl-up&#44; 0&#46;92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;99&#59; push-up&#44; 0&#46;86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;92&#59; trunk lift&#44; 0&#46;88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;95&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Data analysis</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The descriptive analysis &#40;mean&#44; standard deviation&#44; percentages&#41;&#44; as well as the analysis of the differences between genders &#40;Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> and Chi-square tests&#41; were performed using SPSS &#40;IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows&#44; Version 21&#46;0&#44; Armonk&#44; NY&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The multilevel analysis was performed using the software HLM &#40;Scientific Software International&#44; Version 7&#46;0&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#44; and the simultaneous parameter estimation of the several models was performed based on the maximum likelihood method&#46; Considering the BMI as a dependent variable&#44; the predictors age&#44; PA&#44; PF&#44; and school size &#40;number of students&#41; were centered on the respective means&#46; Then&#44; the variables were separated into two levels&#58; the first with children&#39;s variables and the second&#44; with the school context variables&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three models were constructed in increasing order of complexity&#44; and deviance was used as a global adjustment measure&#46; The first model &#40;M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#41; was constructed to calculate the intraclass correlation coefficient &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span>&#41; and estimate how much of the total variance in BMI was associated with school contexts&#46; The children&#39;s predictors were inserted in model 1 &#40;M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#41;&#44; as well as the city of residence &#40;transformed into dummy&#59; Albergaria-a-Velha was the reference&#41;&#46; The school predictors were added to the last model &#40;M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; &#40;the environment variable was transformed into dummy&#44; considering the &#8220;rural&#8221; environment as reference&#41;&#46; As the inclusion of some school variables in the analyses did not improve the quality of the model&#44; it was decided not to include them into the final model&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Results</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On average&#44; there were no statistically significant differences regarding age and anthropometric variables of boys and girls &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; the boys had&#44; on average&#44; higher levels of PA and better performance in the PF tests&#44; except in the trunk lift&#44; where the girls performed better &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; The proportion of children classified as having normal weight was higher among boys&#44; but no significant differences were found for the overweight and obesity categories &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The information about the school level is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; The schools had between seven and 506 students&#44; and the schools in the city of Maia had the highest number of students&#46; Most schools were in rural areas &#40;60&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#44; had Physical Education classes &#40;61&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; and multisport courts &#40;58&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; All of them had time for recreation&#59; approximately 60&#37; had ample spaces for recreation&#44; and &#8764;49&#37; of schools have obstacles&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the multilevel analysis are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; Based on the M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#44; the value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span> was calculated as follows&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;258&#47;&#40;0&#46;258<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;209&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;027&#59; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; 2&#46;7&#37; of the total variance in children&#39;s BMI is explained by differences in school contexts&#44; whereas the remaining 97&#46;3&#37; are explained by individual predictors&#46; The intercept in this model refers to the mean BMI of all children &#40;18&#46;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> results&#44; the mean BMI of the girls is 17&#46;66<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; when all the predictors are centered &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; an 8&#46;4-year old child&#44; with 77&#46;6 PA points&#44; performs 16 and six repetitions in the curl-up and push-up tests&#44; respectively&#44; with 30&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in the trunk lift&#44; and completes the 1-mile walk&#47;run in 11&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41;&#46; Boys had higher BMI than girls &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;723&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and their level increases with age &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;717&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Children with better performance in the curl-up &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;015&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and push-up &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;104&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; tests had lower BMI&#59; however&#44; the lower the cardiorespiratory fitness 1-mile run&#47;walk test &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;005&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and the greater the flexibility in the trunk lift &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;075&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; the higher the BMI&#46; There were no significant associations between the city where the children lived or the levels of PA with BMI&#46; As expected&#44; M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> fits better than M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> &#40;reduction in deviance&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4518&#46;69&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; the variables inserted in M<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> explain 70&#46;2&#37; of 97&#46;3&#37; of the BMI variance attributed to individual predictors&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With the inclusion of school predictors&#44; girls&#8217; mean BMI is now 17&#46;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> but&#44; in addition to the individual information reported in the previous model&#44; this mean girl that studies in a rural school with an average of approximately 87 students&#44; has available space for recreation between 10 and 29<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; and has Physical Education classes&#46; Of the predictors of the school context&#44; only the environment where the school was located and the space available for recreation were statistically significant&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; children in the urban area &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;729&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;023&#41; and those with the largest recreation space &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;440&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;043&#41; tended to have a higher BMI&#46; The fit of this model is better than that of the previous model &#40;reduction in deviance&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7905&#46;19&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;046&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As expected and verified in percentile charts&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> older children have&#44; on average&#44; a higher BMI&#44; because they are taller and heavier&#46; Although no difference between boys and girls was observed&#44; on average&#44; regarding BMI and the prevalence of overweight and obesity&#44; the proportion of boys classified as having normal weight was higher&#46; However&#44; other studies have shown a higher BMI for boys&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span></a> Studies with Portuguese children also showed a higher BMI in boys when compared with girls&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;25</span></a> but the prevalence of overweight and obesity has not changed since the year 2000 for both genders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When analyzing the sequential association of characteristics of children and the school context on BMI using multilevel modeling&#44; the present study identified a significant association between different components of PF and BMI in children&#59; however&#44; the direction was not always the same&#46; Similar results have been reported in the literature regarding the association between PF and BMI&#44; especially for cardiorespiratory fitness&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> with evidence of an inverse association&#46; That is&#44; children with lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness tend to have higher BMI &#40;which may be associated with overweight&#41;&#44; when compared to their peers with better cardiorespiratory fitness&#46; However&#44; the association between BMI and PF appears to be bidirectional&#44; also suggesting that BMI may be a relevant predictor of children&#39;s PF&#46; Moreover&#44; a high BMI can affect movement efficiency&#44; especially in tasks that require body transposition into space&#44; and&#47;or the elevation or propulsion of the body mass&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> thus reflecting on PF levels&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the trunk lift test&#44; however&#44; there appears to be no clear association with BMI in the literature&#44; since the available data between test performance and BMI did not show any significant effects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> However&#44; such results differ from those found in the present study&#59; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; children with higher BMI tend to perform better at the trunk lift&#46; There is no justification for this result&#59; therefore&#44; the influence of trunk lift performance on BMI needs to be investigated in future studies&#44; especially with longitudinal design&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies on the association between PA and BMI levels have reported divergent results&#46; On the one hand&#44; the existence of an inverse association is suggested&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; children with lower levels of PA tend to have higher BMI or a greater chance of being overweight&#47;obese<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;22</span></a>&#59; on the other hand&#44; some studies deny the existence of such association&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> The results of the present study did not disclose a significant association between BMI and PA in the assessed children&#46; It is likely that&#44; at this stage of childhood&#44; BMI is not significantly influenced by children&#39;s PA levels&#44; since most of their time is spent in mild or moderate activities that may have a reduced impact on BMI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Nonetheless&#44; children tends to be naturally active&#44; often engaging in playful activities &#40;structured or otherwise&#41;&#44; whenever they are encouraged and when opportunities are created for them to do so&#44; regardless of their BMI values&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The school environment has been suggested as one of the most favorable contexts for overweight prevention in young individuals&#44; given the time children spend at school during the first two decades of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; the literature has shown a reduced effect of school characteristics on BMI variation in children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;13&#44;14</span></a> The present results corroborate previous studies that attributed a small but significant effect of the school context variability on BMI&#46; It is very likely that&#44; in the case of the present study&#44; this fact was due to the sampling randomness in each school&#44; as well as the possible similarity regarding the infrastructure&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the variables analyzed in the school context&#44; it was observed that children in urban schools have a slightly higher BMI than those in rural schools&#46; Similarly&#44; the larger the space available for recreation&#44; the higher the children&#39;s BMI&#46; Although there is no information about the dietary habits of the assessed children&#44; it is possible that the differences in BMI are related to the fact that rural children are more exposed to a healthy diet&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Regarding recreational space&#44; it is probable that having more space does not necessarily mean a greater tendency to practice PA&#44; acting as a protective agent against childhood overweight&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Possibly&#44; more &#8220;attractive&#8221; spaces with equipment and&#47;or &#8220;obstacles&#8221; &#40;natural or built&#41;&#44; which stimulate the increase of the PF and PA levels&#44; are more effective in the combat against overweight than the availability of wider spaces&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Moreover&#44; it is possible that schools with larger recreational spaces are those located in urban zones&#44; where children are more exposed to an obesogenic environment&#44; with negative effects on BMI&#46; It is probable that the result found is due to an interaction between the environment where the school is located and its infrastructure&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study has some limitations&#58; &#40;a&#41; its cross-sectional design&#44; which prevents attributing causality to the association between variables&#59; &#40;b&#41; the sample was selected from schools in central and northern Portugal&#44; which limits the generalization of results&#59; however&#44; it is noteworthy that the prevalence of overweight&#44; as well as the levels of PA and performance at the PF tests&#44; did not differ from other studies carried out with Portuguese children at the same age group<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;30</span></a>&#59; &#40;c&#41; the use of a questionnaire to assess PA&#44; mainly due to the difficulty children have remembering and quantifying their daily&#47;weekly activities&#59; however&#44; the questionnaire used has shown moderate-to-high reliability in Portuguese children<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;30</span></a>&#59; &#40;d&#41; despite the importance of unhealthy habits of consuming nutritionally-dense foods for the BMI values of children and young individuals&#44; it was not possible to obtain any information on food consumption&#46; However&#44; it is important to note that the acquisition of such information is a complex task&#44; in addition to becoming difficult when dealing with a sample of 1641 children&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study also has strengths&#58; &#40;a&#41; the sample size and the number of schools assessed&#59; &#40;b&#41; the use of standardized and reliable methods&#59; &#40;c&#41; the use of multilevel modeling to assess the combined effect of the characteristics at the individual level and the school context on the children&#39;s BMI&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the school context has a reduced role in explaining BMI variability in children compared to their individual characteristics&#46; More specifically&#44; older children and&#47;or those with lower levels of PF&#44; boys&#44; and those who study in schools located in urban areas&#44; with larger spaces for recreation&#44; have a higher BMI&#46; Given their relevance&#44; this information should be carefully considered by parents&#44; teachers&#44; and health professionals when planning and developing more effective strategies to control BMI in childhood&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to examine the association between individual and school context characteristics with the body mass index of Portuguese children&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The sample comprised 1641 children &#40;847 boys&#41; aged 6&#8211;10 years from the North and Central regions of Portugal&#46; Regarding the individual characteristics&#44; age&#44; gender&#44; city of residence&#44; levels of physical activity&#44; and physical fitness were assessed&#46; Concerning the school context characteristics&#44; the surrounding environment&#44; school size&#44; presence of recreational characteristics and space&#44; and presence of a sports court and of physical education classes were considered&#46; Children&#39;s body mass index was the dependent variable&#46; The multilevel analysis was carried out in HLM 7&#46;0 software&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The predictors of the child and the school context explained&#44; respectively&#44; 97&#46;3&#37; and 2&#46;7&#37; of the total body mass index variance&#46; Regarding the individual characteristics&#44; older children&#44; boys&#44; and those who had lower performance at the 1-mile run&#47;walk&#44; curl-up&#44; push-up&#44; and higher performance in trunk lift tests showed higher BMI&#46; Further&#44; urban schools with higher recreational spaces were positively associated with children&#39;s body mass index&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">School context variables have a reduced effect on body mass index variation compared to the children&#39;s biological and behavioral characteristics&#46; The authors therefore encourage strategies that aim to increasing children&#39;s physical fitness levels to help prevent excess weight&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Examinar a associa&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas individuais e do contexto escolar no &#237;ndice de massa corporal de crian&#231;as portuguesas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A amostra compreendeu 1641 crian&#231;as &#40;847 meninos&#41; de 6 a 10 anos de idade&#46; Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas individuais foram utilizadas informa&#231;&#245;es relativas ao sexo&#44; &#224; idade&#44; &#224; resid&#234;ncia&#44; &#224; atividade f&#237;sica e &#224; aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica&#46; Em termos de contexto escolar&#44; foram considerados o meio ambiente&#44; o tamanho da escola&#44; a presen&#231;a de recreio&#44; as caracter&#237;sticas e dimens&#245;es do espa&#231;o dispon&#237;vel para o recreio&#44; a exist&#234;ncia de quadra poliesportiva e de aulas de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica&#46; O &#237;ndice de massa corporal &#91;kg&#47;&#40;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#93; foi a vari&#225;vel dependente&#46; A an&#225;lise multin&#237;vel foi efetuada no software HLM 7&#46;0&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os preditores da crian&#231;a e do contexto escolar explicaram&#44; respectivamente&#44; 97&#44;3&#37; e 2&#44;7&#37; da vari&#226;ncia total do &#237;ndice de massa corporal&#46; Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas individuais&#44; a idade &#40;mais velhos&#41; e o sexo &#40;meninos&#41;&#44; bem como o desempenho reduzido nas provas de corrida&#47;marcha da milha&#44; do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">curl-up</span>&#44; do <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">push-up</span> e valores elevados no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">trunk lift</span> estiveram associados ao aumento no &#237;ndice de massa corporal&#46; Escolas do meio urbano e escolas com maiores espa&#231;os para o recreio tamb&#233;m estiveram positivamente associadas ao aumento do &#237;ndice de massa corporal&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">As vari&#225;veis do contexto escolar t&#234;m um efeito reduzido na varia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de massa corporal comparativamente &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas biol&#243;gicas e comportamentais das crian&#231;as&#46; Sugere-se a aplica&#231;&#227;o de programas visando o incremento dos n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica das crian&#231;as para prevenir o excesso de peso na inf&#226;ncia&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Objetivo"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todo"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclus&#245;es"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Henrique RS&#44; Gomes TN&#44; Tani G&#44; Maia JA&#46; Association between body mass index and individual characteristics and the school context&#58; a multilevel study with Portuguese children&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2018&#59;94&#58;313&#8211;9&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:3 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
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            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Girls<br>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>794&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Boys<br>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>847&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Height &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">130&#46;23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">130&#46;91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Body mass &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total physical activity &#40;METs<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>week<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&#46;87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&#46;78<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>74&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;5&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Running&#47;walking one mile &#40;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;84<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Curl-up &#40;rep&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Push-up &#40;rep&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;9&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Trunk lift &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&#46;85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab1747500.png"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frequencies &#40;&#37;&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Normal weight&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Overweight&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Obesity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive data &#40;mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD and frequency distribution&#41; of the variables at the children&#39;s level&#46;</p>"
        ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables at the school level</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of students&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Min&#8211;max&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Albergaria-a-Velha&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#8211;162&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vouzela&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>76&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#8211;256&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Maia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">173&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>126&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">58&#8211;506&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Information&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Category&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">Environment</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mixed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Urban&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Presence of recess</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">Space available for recreation</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#8211;29<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">30&#8211;49<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Larger than 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Characteristics of recreational space</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">With obstacle&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">49&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No obstacles&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Existence of a sports court</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Physical Education classes</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Fixed effects&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Model 0</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Model 1</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Model 2</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> &#40;SE&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> &#40;SE&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> &#40;SE&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Children&#39;s predictors</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Intercept&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#46;210 &#40;0&#46;096&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;662 &#40;0&#46;113&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;181 &#40;0&#46;359&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Vouzela&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;033 &#40;0&#46;237&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;891&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;532 &#40;0&#46;441&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;228&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Maia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;222 &#40;0&#46;511&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;663&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;270 &#40;0&#46;703&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;701&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;717 &#40;0&#46;068&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;716 &#40;0&#46;068&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gender&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;723 &#40;0&#46;129&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;713 &#40;0&#46;129&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total physical activity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;002 &#40;0&#46;001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;079&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;002 &#40;0&#46;001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;062&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1-mile run&#47;walk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;005 &#40;0&#46;001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;005 &#40;0&#46;001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Push-up&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;104 &#40;0&#46;012&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;104 &#40;0&#46;012&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Curl-up&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;015 &#40;0&#46;005&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;015 &#40;0&#46;005&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Trunk lift&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;075 &#40;0&#46;010&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;074 &#40;0&#46;010&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">School predictors</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Semi-urban&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;427 &#40;0&#46; 410&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;304&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urban&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;729 &#40;0&#46;310&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;023&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Number of students&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;001 &#40;0&#46;001&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;580&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Space available for recreation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;440 &#40;0&#46;212&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;043&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Physical education classes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;046 &#40;0&#46;341&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;894&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Random effects</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Variance between children&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;209 &#40;0&#46;266&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;007 &#40;0&#46;248&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;020 &#40;0&#46;249&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Variance between schools&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;258 &#40;0&#46;095&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;553 &#40;0&#46;166&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;369 &#40;0&#46;126&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Deviance</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#44;433&#46;547&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7914&#46;858&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7905&#46;192&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Number of parameters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Parameter estimates of the three models&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 00217557
Original language: English
DOI:10.1016/j.jped.2017.06.017
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