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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A estenose subgl&#243;tica p&#243;s&#8208;intuba&#231;&#227;o &#40;SGS&#41; em crian&#231;as &#233; uma das doen&#231;as mais desafiadoras para os otorrinos&#46; A maior parte dos autores considera a endoscopia das vias a&#233;reas a modalidade ideal para o diagn&#243;stico e a avalia&#231;&#227;o&#46; Entretanto&#44; n&#227;o existe consenso sobre qual &#233; a melhor t&#233;cnica ou quais caracter&#237;sticas do paciente indicam a necessidade dessa abordagem diagn&#243;stica ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; o procedimento &#233; arriscado e nem todos os centros m&#233;dicos t&#234;m os equipamentos necess&#225;rios ou profissionais treinados adequadamente ou experientes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;7</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A avalia&#231;&#227;o do estridor como um indicador de les&#245;es na laringe ap&#243;s a intuba&#231;&#227;o &#233; amplamente aceita na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica&#44; principalmente por ser de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o apresentar restri&#231;&#245;es&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Entretanto&#44; a validade e a confiabilidade do estridor para esse fim t&#234;m sido questionadas&#46; Dado a falta de estudos em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos que comparem essa abordagem cl&#237;nica a outros m&#233;todos de diagn&#243;stico de SGS p&#243;s&#8208;intuba&#231;&#227;o&#44; principalmente a t&#233;cnica de endoscopia padr&#227;o&#44; essas quest&#245;es s&#227;o justificadas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;14</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a precis&#227;o do estridor&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com a endoscopia das vias a&#233;reas&#44; dem prever a SGS p&#243;s&#8208;intuba&#231;&#227;o em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">M&#233;todos</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram selecionados para o estudo os pacientes que necessitaram de intuba&#231;&#227;o endotraqueal na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pedi&#225;trica de nosso Hospital&#46; Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram idade entre 28 dias e quatro anos e dura&#231;&#227;o de intuba&#231;&#227;o<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24 horas&#46; Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram hist&#243;ricos de estridor ou disfonia&#44; intuba&#231;&#227;o anterior&#44; presen&#231;a ou hist&#243;rico de traqueostomia&#44; malforma&#231;&#245;es craniofaciais e doen&#231;a terminal&#44; conforme identificadas pela equipe m&#233;dica da UTIP&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Quando os pacientes que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o completaram 24 horas de intuba&#231;&#227;o endotraqueal&#44; os pesquisadores do estudo foram notificados pela equipe da UTIP&#46; Ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o do consentimento dos pais ou dos respons&#225;veis legais&#44; foi feita uma entrevista a fim de coletar dados sobre a gravidez&#44; comorbidades e interna&#231;&#245;es anteriores&#46; As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o diagn&#243;stico e o procedimento de intuba&#231;&#227;o&#44; como o n&#250;mero de tentativas e as caracter&#237;sticas do tubo endotraqueal &#40;tamanho&#44; com manguito ou sem&#41;&#44; foram obtidas da equipe da UTIP&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durante a estada na UTIP&#44; as crian&#231;as foram monitoradas diariamente pelos pesquisadores&#46; Em algum momento durante as primeiras oito horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#44; os pacientes passaram por uma nasofibrolaringoscopia flex&#237;vel &#40;FFL&#41;&#46; Os exames foram feitos no leito da UTIP&#44; sem seda&#231;&#227;o&#44; por um dos quatro pesquisadores &#40;LVE&#44; CSN&#44; DM&#44; CS&#41;&#46; Todos os exames de FFL foram registrados digitalmente&#46; Os v&#237;deos foram ent&#227;o avaliados por um pesquisador &#40;GK&#41; que desconhecia os dados cl&#237;nicos e os casos foram classificados em dois grupos&#44; de acordo com os dados publicados anteriormente&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Os pacientes com evid&#234;ncia de les&#245;es moderadas na FFL passaram por um segundo exame sete a 10 dias ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o e foram acompanhados pela equipe de otorrinos&#46; No caso de les&#245;es persistentes&#44; os pacientes foram examinados com anestesia geral e os com SGS foram classificados de acordo com os crit&#233;rios propostos por Myer e Cotton&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Os pacientes que desenvolveram sintomas na laringe tamb&#233;m foram examinados com anestesia geral&#44; independentemente de sua classifica&#231;&#227;o inicial&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todas as crian&#231;as extubadas foram acompanhadas diariamente por pesquisadores at&#233; a alta hospitalar&#46; O desenvolvimento de estridor foi verificado por an&#225;lises di&#225;rias de anota&#231;&#245;es escritas pela equipe da UTIP&#44; bem como pelo questionamento direto dos membros da equipe&#46; A equipe da UTIP &#233; composta totalmente por intensivistas pedi&#225;tricos especializados&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para os fins deste estudo&#44; o estridor foi definido como um som de respira&#231;&#227;o agudo&#46; O estridor foi classificado como presente ou ausente&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trinta dias ap&#243;s a alta&#44; todos os pacientes foram reexaminados no ambulat&#243;rio de Laringologia Pedi&#225;trica&#46; Seguiu&#8208;se o acompanhamento por telefone uma vez ao m&#234;s pelos seis meses posteriores&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> SPSS &#40;Estat&#237;stica para Windows&#44; vers&#227;o 18&#46;0&#46; Chicago&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas como m&#233;dia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana &#40;intervalo interquartil&#41;&#44; com valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos&#44; conforme adequado&#46; Com rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas&#44; o teste qui&#8208;quadrado exato ou o teste exato de Fisher foram usados para compara&#231;&#245;es&#44; conforme indicado&#46; Para compara&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas&#44; foi usado o teste <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> de Student &#40;para as vari&#225;veis distribu&#237;das simetricamente&#41; ou os testes de Wilcoxon ou de Mann&#8208;Whitney n&#227;o param&#233;trico &#40;para os dados distribu&#237;dos assimetricamente&#41;&#46; Foi feita uma an&#225;lise multivariada por meio da regress&#227;o de Poisson com vari&#226;ncia robusta&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O desempenho da avalia&#231;&#227;o com base no estridor para o diagn&#243;stico de SGS foi avaliado pela compara&#231;&#227;o com a laringoscopia direta&#44; que &#233; considerada o padr&#227;o de base&#46; Foram feitas duas an&#225;lises&#46; Primeiro&#44; a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de estridor foi comparada com os achados da laringoscopia direta&#46; Depois&#44; os pacientes foram divididos entre pacientes sem estridor ou com estridor apenas nas primeiras 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o &#40;teste negativo&#41; e pacientes com estridor por mais de 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o ou com desenvolvimento de estridor ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo &#40;teste positivo&#41;&#46; Classificamos esses grupos como &#8220;negativo&#8221; ou &#8220;positivo&#8221; com rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#8220;estridor em 72 horas&#8221;&#46; A partir desses dados&#44; obtivemos a curva de caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor &#40;ROC&#41;&#44; a sensibilidade&#44; a especificidade&#44; o valor preditivo positivo &#40;VPP&#41; e o valor preditivo negativo &#40;VPN&#41;&#44; com seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do hospital sob o protocolo n&#250;mero 05&#8208;266&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram eleitos 234 pacientes para a pesquisa no per&#237;odo de novembro de 2005 a agosto de 2012&#44; o consentimento foi obtido com rela&#231;&#227;o a 226 pacientes&#46; Desses&#44; tr&#234;s passaram por traqueostomia para ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada&#44; 25 faleceram antes da extuba&#231;&#227;o e 11 faleceram ap&#243;s a FFL inicial&#46; Todos foram considerados perdas &#40;19&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Assim&#44; a amostra final incluiu 187 pacientes que completaram o estudo&#46; Entre esses pacientes&#44; 111 &#40;59&#44;4&#37;&#41; eram do sexo masculino&#46; A idade m&#233;dia foi de 2&#44;7 meses &#40;intervalo de 0&#44;9 a 59&#44;5 meses&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O diagn&#243;stico inicial que levou &#224; intuba&#231;&#227;o foi de bronquiolite aguda em 118 pacientes &#40;63&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#44; outros problemas respirat&#243;rios &#40;asma&#44; pneumonia e insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria&#41; em 36 &#40;19&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; meningite em 11 &#40;5&#44;9&#37;&#41; e outras causas em 22 pacientes &#40;11&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A incid&#234;ncia de SGS foi de 9&#44;62&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 5&#44;9&#8208;15&#44;1&#41;&#44; diagnosticada pela laringoscopia direta&#46; Dos 18 pacientes com SGS&#44; 3 &#40;16&#44;66&#37;&#41; apresentaram grau 4 de SGS e foram submetidos a uma traqueotomia seguida por uma cirurgia reconstrutiva de vias a&#233;reas&#59; sete &#40;38&#44;9&#37;&#41; tiveram grau 3 de SGS&#44; dos quais tr&#234;s &#40;42&#44;8&#37;&#41; foram submetidos a uma cirurgia aberta&#59; tr&#234;s &#40;42&#44;8&#37;&#41; passaram por dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o e um &#40;14&#44;3&#37;&#41; foi submetido a uma traqueotomia e faleceu posteriormente de sepse&#59; cinco &#40;27&#44;7&#37;&#41; tiveram grau 2 de SGS&#44; dos quais dois &#40;40&#37;&#41; passaram por dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o&#44; dois &#40;40&#37;&#41; foram submetidos a uma cirurgia reconstrutiva de vias a&#233;reas e um &#40;20&#37;&#41; passou por ressec&#231;&#227;o endosc&#243;pica a laser do segmento esten&#243;tico&#59; e tr&#234;s &#40;16&#44;66&#37;&#41; tiveram grau 1 de SGS&#44; dos quais um &#40;33&#37;&#41; passou por dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o&#44; um &#40;33&#37;&#41; foi submetido &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o por tubo e um &#40;33&#37;&#41; n&#227;o precisou de tratamento&#46; Todos os pacientes estavam sintom&#225;ticos no momento de seus respectivos procedimentos&#46; Os dados cl&#237;nicos dos grupos &#40;classificados ap&#243;s a revis&#227;o da FFL como SGS ou n&#227;o SGS&#41; s&#227;o apresentados na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos 187 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo&#44; 83 desenvolveram estridor durante o acompanhamento&#59; portanto&#44; a incid&#234;ncia geral de estridor em nossa amostra foi de 44&#44;38&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 37&#44;1&#8208;51&#44;8&#41;&#46; Desses&#44; 49 &#40;26&#44;2&#37; da amostra total&#41; tiveram estridor apenas nas primeiras 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#59; 26 crian&#231;as &#40;13&#44;9&#37; da amostra total&#41; tiveram estridor com in&#237;cio nas primeiras 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o e continuaram com estridor ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo e quatro &#40;2&#44;1&#37; da amostra total&#41; desenvolveram estridor &#8805; 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o &#40;teste positivo para estridor nas 72 horas&#41;&#46; O acompanhamento de longo prazo n&#227;o p&#244;de ser feito em quatro pacientes &#40;2&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#59; contudo&#44; nenhum desses pacientes apresentou estridor por mais de tr&#234;s dias e nenhum foi diagnosticado com SGS&#46; Quando analisamos os pacientes que apresentaram estridor apenas nas primeiras 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#44; a incid&#234;ncia de estridor ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o foi de 26&#44;2&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 20&#44;00&#8208;32&#44;63&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos 18 pacientes que desenvolveram SGS&#44; 4 &#40;2&#44;1&#37; de 187&#41; n&#227;o tiveram estridor e apenas um n&#227;o teve sinal ou sintoma de obstru&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas superiores durante o acompanhamento&#46; Dos 169 pacientes sem estenose&#44; 104 &#40;55&#44;6&#37; de 187&#41; n&#227;o desenvolveram estridor&#46; Assim&#44; o estridor apresentou uma sensibilidade de 77&#44;78&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 51&#44;9&#8208;92&#44;6&#41; e uma especificidade de 59&#44;18&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 51&#44;3&#8208;66&#44;6&#41; com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o de SGS nessa amostra&#46; A probabilidade do diagn&#243;stico de SGS em pacientes com estridor &#40;valor preditivo positivo&#44; VPP&#41; foi de 16&#44;86&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 9&#44;8&#8208;27&#44;1&#41; e a probabilidade de aus&#234;ncia de SGS na aus&#234;ncia de estridor &#40;valor preditivo negativo&#44; VPN&#41; foi de 96&#46;15&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 89&#44;9&#8208;98&#44;7&#41;&#46; A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC foi de 0&#44;69 &#40;IC de 95&#37; 0&#44;57&#8208;0&#44;81&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi feita uma an&#225;lise semelhante&#44; levou em considera&#231;&#227;o a dura&#231;&#227;o e o momento do estridor &#40;definido como um teste positivo quando o estridor esteve presente por<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72 horas ou foi desenvolvido<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#41;&#46; Essa an&#225;lise gerou uma sensibilidade de 66&#44;67&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 41&#44;1&#8208;85&#44;6&#41;&#44; uma especificidade de 89&#44;1&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 83&#44;1&#8208;93&#44;2&#41;&#44; um VPP de 40&#44;0&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 23&#44;2&#8208;59&#44;3&#41; e um VPN de 96&#44;1&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 91&#44;3&#8208;98&#44;4&#41; com rela&#231;&#227;o ao estridor como uma ferramenta de diagn&#243;stico para a SGS&#46; A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC foi de 0&#44;78 &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;65&#8208;0&#44;91&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com o desenvolvimento e o momento do estridor &#40;teste positivo ou negativo em 72 horas&#41; &#233; apresentada nas <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">figuras 1 e 2</a>&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A FFL no leito&#44; feita sem seda&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o na UTIP&#44; &#233; &#250;til&#44; segura e precisa para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es na laringe causadas por intuba&#231;&#227;o &#40;inclusive as les&#245;es na regi&#227;o subgl&#243;tica&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7&#44;16</span></a> De acordo com Manica et al&#46;&#44; essa modalidade tem sensibilidade de 93&#44;7&#37; e um VPN de 98&#44;8&#37; quando usada como um m&#233;todo de triagem para a SGS nesse cen&#225;rio&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neste estudo&#44; a FFL foi feita em todos os pacientes&#44; independentemente dos sintomas&#44; ao passo que a laringoscopia direta com anestesia geral foi reservada para os pacientes cujas les&#245;es se mantiveram no exame de acompanhamento ou para os que desenvolveram sintomas na laringe durante o acompanhamento&#46; Todos os diagn&#243;sticos de SGS foram confirmados e classificados por meio da laringoscopia direta&#46; Essa situa&#231;&#227;o provavelmente explica a incid&#234;ncia relativamente alta de SGS p&#243;s&#8208;intuba&#231;&#227;o em nossa amostra &#40;9&#44;3&#37;&#41; em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;17&#8211;20</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A incid&#234;ncia de estridor ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o nessa popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 43&#44;81&#37;&#44; que &#233; bem alta em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos&#46; Entretanto&#44; as taxas de incid&#234;ncia relatadas na literatura variaram amplamente&#44; de 1&#37; a 37&#37;&#44; o que &#233; explicado pela heterogeneidade significativa entre os estudos em diversos aspectos&#44; inclusive modelo&#44; popula&#231;&#227;o&#44; avalia&#231;&#227;o&#44; per&#237;odo de acompanhamento e&#44; principalmente&#44; as defini&#231;&#245;es empregadas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;25</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Outros fatores tamb&#233;m podem explicar a maior incid&#234;ncia de estridor em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o&#46; Primeiramente&#44; os pacientes foram avaliados com rela&#231;&#227;o ao estridor at&#233; a alta hospitalar&#44; n&#227;o apenas imediatamente ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46; Para o c&#225;lculo da incid&#234;ncia&#44; a presen&#231;a do estridor foi considerada independentemente da gravidade ou da necessidade de tratamento&#46; A pouco idade da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada tamb&#233;m foi um fator de risco com rela&#231;&#227;o ao estridor ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o e pode explicar ao menos parcialmente sua alta incid&#234;ncia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22&#44;26&#8211;28</span></a> Se considerarmos apenas os pacientes que desenvolveram estridor nas primeiras 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#44; a incid&#234;ncia diminui para 26&#44;1&#37;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; o IC de 95&#37; de nossa incid&#234;ncia se sobrep&#245;e &#224; maioria dos estudos publicados anteriormente&#46; Por fim&#44; os estudos que compararam o estridor a diagn&#243;sticos endosc&#243;picos de les&#245;es na laringe causados por intuba&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o raros e apresentaram resultados conflitantes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;13</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dois estudos prospectivos anteriores feitos no per&#237;odo neonatal usaram a broncoscopia flex&#237;vel para avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#245;es nas vias a&#233;reas devido &#224; intuba&#231;&#227;o e avaliar sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o estridor&#46; Ambos apresentaram resultados divergentes&#46; Fan et al&#46; demonstraram que o estridor tinha alta especificidade&#44; baixa sensibilidade e um VPN de 67&#37; para a detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es agudas moderadas ou graves na laringe&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Sherman et al&#46; constataram alta sensibilidade e especificidade do estridor na detec&#231;&#227;o de SGS moderada ou grave e conclu&#237;ram que as les&#245;es associadas &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa das vias a&#233;reas raramente continuavam n&#227;o diagnosticadas se somente os neonatos com estridor fossem avaliados&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Vale observar que ambos os estudos avaliaram os pacientes com estridor em apenas um per&#237;odo&#44; ou seja&#44; imediatamente ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#44; e restringiram&#8208;se a amostras de neonatos&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cordeiro et al&#46;&#44; em um estudo prospectivo com 215 pacientes em uma unidade de terapia intensiva pedi&#225;trica mista &#40;pedi&#225;trica e neonatal&#41;&#44; avaliaram o desempenho de uma pontua&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria &#40;que incluiu o estridor entre suas vari&#225;veis&#41; para detectar les&#245;es nas vias a&#233;reas diagnosticadas por meio de endoscopia imediatamente ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46; As maiores pontua&#231;&#245;es tinham sensibilidade de 73&#44;3&#37; e especificidade de 58&#44;6&#37; na detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es moderadas ou graves&#46; Em pacientes com pontua&#231;&#245;es menores&#44; a probabilidade de aus&#234;ncia dessas les&#245;es foi de 80&#44;4&#37;&#46; Assim&#44; a pontua&#231;&#227;o teve um desempenho satisfat&#243;rio na previs&#227;o da aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es moderadas ou graves em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia leve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em nosso estudo&#44; a an&#225;lise da presen&#231;a de estridor foi considerada &#250;til para estabelecer a probabilidade de SGS entre pacientes que n&#227;o desenvolveram estridor durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento&#44; conforme evidenciado pelo VPN de 96&#44;15&#37;&#46; A especificidade de apenas 54&#37; pode ser justificada pelo fato de que diferentes tipos de les&#245;es na laringe podem causar estridor&#46; Ademais&#44; les&#245;es passageiras nas pregas vocais &#40;p&#46; ex&#46;&#44; edema ou tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o&#41; e altera&#231;&#245;es agudas da mobilidade das cordas vocais s&#227;o causas comuns de estridor nesse per&#237;odo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os resultados de nosso estudo s&#227;o explicados pelo momento da ocorr&#234;ncia de estridor durante o acompanhamento&#46; A maioria dos pacientes que desenvolveram SGS apresentou estridor persistente&#44; ou seja&#44; foram positivos para estridor nas 72 horas&#46; Considerando somente esses pacientes como um teste positivo&#44; a especificidade aumentou significativamente para 89&#44;1&#37;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; nessa popula&#231;&#227;o&#44; duas de cada cinco crian&#231;as que tiveram in&#237;cio ou persist&#234;ncia do estridor por mais de 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o foram&#44; por fim&#44; diagnosticadas com SGS&#46; Como em estudos anteriores&#44; a SGS pode ser basicamente descartada em pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram estridor e naqueles em que o estridor acabou dentro de 72 horas de extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nossos resultados mostram que a SGS causada pela intuba&#231;&#227;o ainda pode ser diagnosticada caso a endoscopia das vias a&#233;reas seja restringida a pacientes que apresentaram estridor durante o per&#237;odo ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46; Se considerarmos a alta especificidade do estridor persistente ou posterior &#40;permanecendo ou iniciando<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#41; com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; SGS&#44; parece relevante que esses pacientes devem ser submetidos &#224; endoscopia das vias a&#233;reas com anestesia geral&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC na segunda an&#225;lise demonstra que o estridor pode ser considerado um indicador preciso da SGS p&#243;s&#8208;intuba&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A laringoscopia direta com anestesia geral &#233; considerada o padr&#227;o de base para visualizar a regi&#227;o subgl&#243;tica&#59; contudo&#44; em nosso estudo&#44; seu uso foi restringido a pacientes espec&#237;ficos&#46; A FFL foi usada para prop&#243;sitos de triagem&#44; uma vez que nosso prop&#243;sito era avaliar todas as crian&#231;as por meio da endoscopia&#44; independentemente de seus sintomas&#44; de uma maneira menos invasiva&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; a FFL fornece uma visualiza&#231;&#227;o adequada da regi&#227;o subgl&#243;tica na vasta maioria dos pacientes&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de pelo menos seis meses diminuiu a probabilidade de falha nos diagn&#243;sticos de SGS nessa amostra&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo foi o uso de um marcador cl&#237;nico &#40;ou seja&#44; o estridor&#41; sujeito a variabilidade interobservador&#46; Entretanto&#44; alguns autores relataram uma concord&#226;ncia satisfat&#243;ria entre pontua&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas&#44; medi&#231;&#227;o do estridor e excelente confiabilidade interobservador&#44; com o kappa de 0&#44;93 em um estudo feito por Klassen e Rowe&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por fim&#44; a aus&#234;ncia do estridor provou ser adequada para descartar o diagn&#243;stico de SGS p&#243;s&#8208;intuba&#231;&#227;o em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos&#46; A especificidade aprimorada foi constatada quando o estridor perdurou por mais de 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o ou quando o in&#237;cio foi<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46; Considerando esses achados&#44; parece apropriado restringir a endoscopia das vias a&#233;reas com anestesia geral para confirma&#231;&#227;o de SGS apenas a pacientes que apresentem estridor 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflitos de interesse</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesse&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Stridor"
            1 => "Laryngoscopy"
            2 => "Acquired subglottic stenosis"
            3 => "Intubation"
            4 => "Accuracy"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Estridor"
            1 => "Laringoscopia"
            2 => "Estenose subgl&#243;tica adquirida"
            3 => "Intuba&#231;&#227;o"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess the accuracy of stridor in comparison to endoscopic examination for diagnosis of pediatric post&#8208;intubation subglottic stenosis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Children who required endotracheal intubation for &#62;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h were included in this prospective cohort study&#46; Children were monitored daily and underwent flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy after extubation&#46; Those with moderate&#8208;to&#8208;severe abnormalities underwent another examination 7&#8211;10 days later&#46; If lesions persisted or symptoms developed&#44; laryngoscopy under general anesthesia was performed&#46; Patients were assessed daily for stridor after extubation&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 187 children were included&#46; The incidence of post&#8208;extubation stridor was 44&#46;38&#37;&#46; Stridor had a sensitivity of 77&#46;78&#37; &#40;95&#37; confidence interval &#91;95&#37; CI&#93;&#58; 51&#46;9&#8211;92&#46;6&#41; and specificity of 59&#46;18&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 51&#46;3&#8211;66&#46;6&#41; in detecting subglottic stenosis&#46; The positive predictive value was 16&#46;87&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 9&#46;8&#8211;27&#46;1&#41;&#44; and the negative predictive value was 96&#46;15&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 89&#46;9&#8211;98&#46;8&#41;&#46; Stridor persisting longer than 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h or starting more than 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post&#8208;extubation had a sensitivity of 66&#46;67&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 41&#46;2&#8211;85&#46;6&#41;&#44; specificity of 89&#46;1&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 83&#46;1&#8211;93&#46;2&#41;&#44; positive predictive value of 40&#46;0&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 23&#46;2&#8211;59&#46;3&#41;&#44; and negative predictive value of 96&#46;07&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 91&#46;3&#8211;98&#46;4&#41;&#46; The area under the receiver operating characteristic &#40;ROC&#41; curve was 0&#46;78 &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;65&#8211;0&#46;91&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Absence of stridor was appropriate to rule out post&#8208;intubation subglottic stenosis&#46; The specificity of this criterion improved when stridor persisted longer than 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h or started more than 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post&#8208;extubation&#46; Thus&#44; endoscopy under general anesthesia can be used to confirm subglottic stenosis only in patients who develop or persist with stridor for more than 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h following extubation&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analisar a precis&#227;o do estridor em compara&#231;&#227;o com o exame endosc&#243;pico no diagn&#243;stico de estenose subgl&#243;tica p&#243;s&#8208;intuba&#231;&#227;o em crian&#231;as&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram inclu&#237;das neste estudo de coorte prospectivo crian&#231;as que necessitaram de intuba&#231;&#227;o endotraqueal por mais de 24 horas&#46; Elas foram monitoradas diariamente e submetidas &#224; nasofibrolaringoscopia flex&#237;vel ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46; As crian&#231;as com anomalias moderadas foram submetidas a outro exame sete a 10 dias depois&#46; Caso as les&#245;es persistissem ou os sintomas evolu&#237;ssem&#44; a laringoscopia era realizada com anestesia geral&#46; Os pacientes foram avaliados diariamente quanto ao estridor ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Participaram 187 crian&#231;as&#46; A incid&#234;ncia de estridor ap&#243;s a intuba&#231;&#227;o foi de 44&#44;38&#37;&#46; O estridor apresentou uma sensibilidade de 77&#44;78&#37; &#40;intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95&#37; &#91;IC&#93;&#58; 51&#44;9&#8208;92&#44;6&#41; e especificidade de 59&#44;18&#37; &#40;IC&#58; 51&#44;3&#8208;66&#44;6&#41; na detec&#231;&#227;o de SGS&#46; O valor preditivo positivo foi de 16&#44;87&#37; &#40;IC&#58; 9&#44;8&#8208;27&#44;1&#41; e o valor preditivo negativo &#40;VPN&#41; foi de 96&#44;15&#37; &#40;IC&#58; 89&#44;9&#8208;98&#44;8&#41;&#46; O estridor que persistiu por mais de 72 horas ou que come&#231;ou 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o teve uma sensibilidade de 66&#44;67&#37; &#40;IC&#58; 41&#44;2&#8208;85&#44;6&#41;&#44; especificidade de 89&#44;1&#37; &#40;IC&#58; 83&#44;1&#8208;93&#44;2&#41;&#44; valor preditivo positivo de 40&#44;0&#37; &#40;IC&#58; 23&#44;2&#8208;59&#44;3&#41; e valor preditivo negativo de 96&#44;07&#37; &#40;IC&#58; 91&#44;3&#8208;98&#44;4&#41;&#46; A &#225;rea sob a curva de caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor &#40;ROC&#41; foi de 0&#44;78 &#40;IC&#58; 0&#44;65&#8208;0&#44;91&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A aus&#234;ncia de estridor foi adequada para descartar a estenose subgl&#243;tica p&#243;s&#8208;intuba&#231;&#227;o&#46; A especificidade desse crit&#233;rio melhorou quando o estridor perdurou por mais de 72 horas ou come&#231;ou mais de 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46; Assim&#44; a endoscopia com anestesia geral pode ser utilizada para confirmar a estenose subgl&#243;tica somente em pacientes que desenvolveram ou continuaram com estridor por mais de 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Como citar este artigo&#58; Schweiger C&#44; Eneas LV&#44; Manica D&#44; Netto CS&#44; Carvalho PR&#44; Piva JP&#44; et al&#46; Accuracy of stridor&#8208;based diagnosis of post&#8208;intubation subglottic stenosis in pediatric patients&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2020&#59;96&#58;39&#8211;45&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">Este estudo foi feito no Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre&#44; Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pedi&#225;trica&#44; Porto Alegre&#44; RS&#44; Brasil&#46;</p>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fluxograma da an&#225;lise&#44; estratificada pela presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de estridor em 72 horas&#46; Quatro pacientes foram perdidos no acompanhamento&#46;</p> <p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SGS&#44; estenose subgl&#243;tica&#46;</p> <p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> Sem estridor&#44; ou com estridor apenas nas primeiras 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p> <p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span> Estridor com dura&#231;&#227;o<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o ou que foi desenvolvido ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo&#46;</p> <p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span> Os diagn&#243;sticos foram confirmados por meio de laringoscopia com anestesia geral&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&#227;o&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sim&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valor de p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Masculino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">111 &#40;59&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">103 &#40;60&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;44&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;175&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Interna&#231;&#227;o anterior</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sim&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">76 &#40;40&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">71 &#40;42&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;27&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;235&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagn&#243;stico</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bronquiolite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">118 &#40;63&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">106 &#40;62&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;322&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Outra doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;19&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;18&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;27&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Meningite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;5&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;5&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;5&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Outro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;11&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;13&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neuropatia</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sim&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;15&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26 &#40;15&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;16&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;895&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mediana &#40;intervalo interquartil&#41; &#91;min&#46;&#8208;m&#225;x&#46;&#93;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Idade &#40;meses&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;7 &#40;1&#44;5&#8208;6&#44;7&#41; &#91;0&#44;9&#8208;95&#44;0&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;7 &#40;1&#44;6&#8208;6&#44;5&#41; &#91;0&#44;9&#8208;95&#44;0&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;9 &#40;1&#44;4&#8208;12&#44;1&#41; &#91;1&#44;0&#8208;58&#44;7&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;683&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Peso na intuba&#231;&#227;o &#40;g&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5500 &#40;3925&#8208;7500&#41; &#91;334&#8208;22000&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5420&#44;0 &#40;3831&#44;3&#8208;7475&#44;0&#41; &#91;334&#8208;22000&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6350&#44;0 &#40;4431&#44;3&#8208;9113&#44;8&#41; &#91;2110&#8208;12000&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;274&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dias intubados</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;0 &#40;5&#44;0&#8208;9&#44;8&#41; &#91;1&#8208;33&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;0 &#40;5&#44;0&#8208;9&#44;0&#41; &#91;1&#8208;31&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#44;0 &#40;5&#44;0&#8208;15&#44;3&#41; &#91;3&#8208;33&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;118&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  """
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Artigo Original
Accuracy of stridor‐based diagnosis of post‐intubation subglottic stenosis in pediatric patients
Precisão do diagnóstico de estenose subglótica pós‐intubação com base em estridor em pacientes pediátricos
Cláudia Schweigera,b,
Autor para correspondência
causch@hotmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
, Larissa Valency Eneasb, Denise Manicaa, Cátia de Souza Saleh Nettob, Paulo Roberto Antonacci Carvalhob,c, Jefferson Pedro Pivab,c, Gabriel Kuhla,d, Paulo José Cauduro Marosticab,e
a Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
b Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
c Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Unidades de Tratamento Intensivo Pediátrico, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
d Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Oftalmologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
e Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Unidade de Pneumologia Infantil, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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No caso de les&#245;es persistentes&#44; os pacientes foram examinados com anestesia geral e os com SGS foram classificados de acordo com os crit&#233;rios propostos por Myer e Cotton&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Os pacientes que desenvolveram sintomas na laringe tamb&#233;m foram examinados com anestesia geral&#44; independentemente de sua classifica&#231;&#227;o inicial&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todas as crian&#231;as extubadas foram acompanhadas diariamente por pesquisadores at&#233; a alta hospitalar&#46; O desenvolvimento de estridor foi verificado por an&#225;lises di&#225;rias de anota&#231;&#245;es escritas pela equipe da UTIP&#44; bem como pelo questionamento direto dos membros da equipe&#46; A equipe da UTIP &#233; composta totalmente por intensivistas pedi&#225;tricos especializados&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para os fins deste estudo&#44; o estridor foi definido como um som de respira&#231;&#227;o agudo&#46; O estridor foi classificado como presente ou ausente&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trinta dias ap&#243;s a alta&#44; todos os pacientes foram reexaminados no ambulat&#243;rio de Laringologia Pedi&#225;trica&#46; Seguiu&#8208;se o acompanhamento por telefone uma vez ao m&#234;s pelos seis meses posteriores&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> SPSS &#40;Estat&#237;stica para Windows&#44; vers&#227;o 18&#46;0&#46; Chicago&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas como m&#233;dia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana &#40;intervalo interquartil&#41;&#44; com valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos&#44; conforme adequado&#46; Com rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas&#44; o teste qui&#8208;quadrado exato ou o teste exato de Fisher foram usados para compara&#231;&#245;es&#44; conforme indicado&#46; Para compara&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas&#44; foi usado o teste <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> de Student &#40;para as vari&#225;veis distribu&#237;das simetricamente&#41; ou os testes de Wilcoxon ou de Mann&#8208;Whitney n&#227;o param&#233;trico &#40;para os dados distribu&#237;dos assimetricamente&#41;&#46; Foi feita uma an&#225;lise multivariada por meio da regress&#227;o de Poisson com vari&#226;ncia robusta&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O desempenho da avalia&#231;&#227;o com base no estridor para o diagn&#243;stico de SGS foi avaliado pela compara&#231;&#227;o com a laringoscopia direta&#44; que &#233; considerada o padr&#227;o de base&#46; Foram feitas duas an&#225;lises&#46; Primeiro&#44; a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de estridor foi comparada com os achados da laringoscopia direta&#46; Depois&#44; os pacientes foram divididos entre pacientes sem estridor ou com estridor apenas nas primeiras 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o &#40;teste negativo&#41; e pacientes com estridor por mais de 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o ou com desenvolvimento de estridor ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo &#40;teste positivo&#41;&#46; Classificamos esses grupos como &#8220;negativo&#8221; ou &#8220;positivo&#8221; com rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#8220;estridor em 72 horas&#8221;&#46; A partir desses dados&#44; obtivemos a curva de caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor &#40;ROC&#41;&#44; a sensibilidade&#44; a especificidade&#44; o valor preditivo positivo &#40;VPP&#41; e o valor preditivo negativo &#40;VPN&#41;&#44; com seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do hospital sob o protocolo n&#250;mero 05&#8208;266&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram eleitos 234 pacientes para a pesquisa no per&#237;odo de novembro de 2005 a agosto de 2012&#44; o consentimento foi obtido com rela&#231;&#227;o a 226 pacientes&#46; Desses&#44; tr&#234;s passaram por traqueostomia para ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada&#44; 25 faleceram antes da extuba&#231;&#227;o e 11 faleceram ap&#243;s a FFL inicial&#46; Todos foram considerados perdas &#40;19&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Assim&#44; a amostra final incluiu 187 pacientes que completaram o estudo&#46; Entre esses pacientes&#44; 111 &#40;59&#44;4&#37;&#41; eram do sexo masculino&#46; A idade m&#233;dia foi de 2&#44;7 meses &#40;intervalo de 0&#44;9 a 59&#44;5 meses&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O diagn&#243;stico inicial que levou &#224; intuba&#231;&#227;o foi de bronquiolite aguda em 118 pacientes &#40;63&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#44; outros problemas respirat&#243;rios &#40;asma&#44; pneumonia e insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria&#41; em 36 &#40;19&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; meningite em 11 &#40;5&#44;9&#37;&#41; e outras causas em 22 pacientes &#40;11&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A incid&#234;ncia de SGS foi de 9&#44;62&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 5&#44;9&#8208;15&#44;1&#41;&#44; diagnosticada pela laringoscopia direta&#46; Dos 18 pacientes com SGS&#44; 3 &#40;16&#44;66&#37;&#41; apresentaram grau 4 de SGS e foram submetidos a uma traqueotomia seguida por uma cirurgia reconstrutiva de vias a&#233;reas&#59; sete &#40;38&#44;9&#37;&#41; tiveram grau 3 de SGS&#44; dos quais tr&#234;s &#40;42&#44;8&#37;&#41; foram submetidos a uma cirurgia aberta&#59; tr&#234;s &#40;42&#44;8&#37;&#41; passaram por dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o e um &#40;14&#44;3&#37;&#41; foi submetido a uma traqueotomia e faleceu posteriormente de sepse&#59; cinco &#40;27&#44;7&#37;&#41; tiveram grau 2 de SGS&#44; dos quais dois &#40;40&#37;&#41; passaram por dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o&#44; dois &#40;40&#37;&#41; foram submetidos a uma cirurgia reconstrutiva de vias a&#233;reas e um &#40;20&#37;&#41; passou por ressec&#231;&#227;o endosc&#243;pica a laser do segmento esten&#243;tico&#59; e tr&#234;s &#40;16&#44;66&#37;&#41; tiveram grau 1 de SGS&#44; dos quais um &#40;33&#37;&#41; passou por dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o&#44; um &#40;33&#37;&#41; foi submetido &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o por tubo e um &#40;33&#37;&#41; n&#227;o precisou de tratamento&#46; Todos os pacientes estavam sintom&#225;ticos no momento de seus respectivos procedimentos&#46; Os dados cl&#237;nicos dos grupos &#40;classificados ap&#243;s a revis&#227;o da FFL como SGS ou n&#227;o SGS&#41; s&#227;o apresentados na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos 187 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo&#44; 83 desenvolveram estridor durante o acompanhamento&#59; portanto&#44; a incid&#234;ncia geral de estridor em nossa amostra foi de 44&#44;38&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 37&#44;1&#8208;51&#44;8&#41;&#46; Desses&#44; 49 &#40;26&#44;2&#37; da amostra total&#41; tiveram estridor apenas nas primeiras 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#59; 26 crian&#231;as &#40;13&#44;9&#37; da amostra total&#41; tiveram estridor com in&#237;cio nas primeiras 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o e continuaram com estridor ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo e quatro &#40;2&#44;1&#37; da amostra total&#41; desenvolveram estridor &#8805; 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o &#40;teste positivo para estridor nas 72 horas&#41;&#46; O acompanhamento de longo prazo n&#227;o p&#244;de ser feito em quatro pacientes &#40;2&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#59; contudo&#44; nenhum desses pacientes apresentou estridor por mais de tr&#234;s dias e nenhum foi diagnosticado com SGS&#46; Quando analisamos os pacientes que apresentaram estridor apenas nas primeiras 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#44; a incid&#234;ncia de estridor ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o foi de 26&#44;2&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 20&#44;00&#8208;32&#44;63&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos 18 pacientes que desenvolveram SGS&#44; 4 &#40;2&#44;1&#37; de 187&#41; n&#227;o tiveram estridor e apenas um n&#227;o teve sinal ou sintoma de obstru&#231;&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas superiores durante o acompanhamento&#46; Dos 169 pacientes sem estenose&#44; 104 &#40;55&#44;6&#37; de 187&#41; n&#227;o desenvolveram estridor&#46; Assim&#44; o estridor apresentou uma sensibilidade de 77&#44;78&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 51&#44;9&#8208;92&#44;6&#41; e uma especificidade de 59&#44;18&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 51&#44;3&#8208;66&#44;6&#41; com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o de SGS nessa amostra&#46; A probabilidade do diagn&#243;stico de SGS em pacientes com estridor &#40;valor preditivo positivo&#44; VPP&#41; foi de 16&#44;86&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 9&#44;8&#8208;27&#44;1&#41; e a probabilidade de aus&#234;ncia de SGS na aus&#234;ncia de estridor &#40;valor preditivo negativo&#44; VPN&#41; foi de 96&#46;15&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 89&#44;9&#8208;98&#44;7&#41;&#46; A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC foi de 0&#44;69 &#40;IC de 95&#37; 0&#44;57&#8208;0&#44;81&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi feita uma an&#225;lise semelhante&#44; levou em considera&#231;&#227;o a dura&#231;&#227;o e o momento do estridor &#40;definido como um teste positivo quando o estridor esteve presente por<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72 horas ou foi desenvolvido<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#41;&#46; Essa an&#225;lise gerou uma sensibilidade de 66&#44;67&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 41&#44;1&#8208;85&#44;6&#41;&#44; uma especificidade de 89&#44;1&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 83&#44;1&#8208;93&#44;2&#41;&#44; um VPP de 40&#44;0&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 23&#44;2&#8208;59&#44;3&#41; e um VPN de 96&#44;1&#37; &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 91&#44;3&#8208;98&#44;4&#41; com rela&#231;&#227;o ao estridor como uma ferramenta de diagn&#243;stico para a SGS&#46; A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC foi de 0&#44;78 &#40;IC de 95&#37;&#58; 0&#44;65&#8208;0&#44;91&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com o desenvolvimento e o momento do estridor &#40;teste positivo ou negativo em 72 horas&#41; &#233; apresentada nas <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">figuras 1 e 2</a>&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A FFL no leito&#44; feita sem seda&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o na UTIP&#44; &#233; &#250;til&#44; segura e precisa para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es na laringe causadas por intuba&#231;&#227;o &#40;inclusive as les&#245;es na regi&#227;o subgl&#243;tica&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7&#44;16</span></a> De acordo com Manica et al&#46;&#44; essa modalidade tem sensibilidade de 93&#44;7&#37; e um VPN de 98&#44;8&#37; quando usada como um m&#233;todo de triagem para a SGS nesse cen&#225;rio&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neste estudo&#44; a FFL foi feita em todos os pacientes&#44; independentemente dos sintomas&#44; ao passo que a laringoscopia direta com anestesia geral foi reservada para os pacientes cujas les&#245;es se mantiveram no exame de acompanhamento ou para os que desenvolveram sintomas na laringe durante o acompanhamento&#46; Todos os diagn&#243;sticos de SGS foram confirmados e classificados por meio da laringoscopia direta&#46; Essa situa&#231;&#227;o provavelmente explica a incid&#234;ncia relativamente alta de SGS p&#243;s&#8208;intuba&#231;&#227;o em nossa amostra &#40;9&#44;3&#37;&#41; em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;17&#8211;20</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A incid&#234;ncia de estridor ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o nessa popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 43&#44;81&#37;&#44; que &#233; bem alta em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos&#46; Entretanto&#44; as taxas de incid&#234;ncia relatadas na literatura variaram amplamente&#44; de 1&#37; a 37&#37;&#44; o que &#233; explicado pela heterogeneidade significativa entre os estudos em diversos aspectos&#44; inclusive modelo&#44; popula&#231;&#227;o&#44; avalia&#231;&#227;o&#44; per&#237;odo de acompanhamento e&#44; principalmente&#44; as defini&#231;&#245;es empregadas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;25</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Outros fatores tamb&#233;m podem explicar a maior incid&#234;ncia de estridor em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o&#46; Primeiramente&#44; os pacientes foram avaliados com rela&#231;&#227;o ao estridor at&#233; a alta hospitalar&#44; n&#227;o apenas imediatamente ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46; Para o c&#225;lculo da incid&#234;ncia&#44; a presen&#231;a do estridor foi considerada independentemente da gravidade ou da necessidade de tratamento&#46; A pouco idade da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada tamb&#233;m foi um fator de risco com rela&#231;&#227;o ao estridor ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o e pode explicar ao menos parcialmente sua alta incid&#234;ncia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22&#44;26&#8211;28</span></a> Se considerarmos apenas os pacientes que desenvolveram estridor nas primeiras 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#44; a incid&#234;ncia diminui para 26&#44;1&#37;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; o IC de 95&#37; de nossa incid&#234;ncia se sobrep&#245;e &#224; maioria dos estudos publicados anteriormente&#46; Por fim&#44; os estudos que compararam o estridor a diagn&#243;sticos endosc&#243;picos de les&#245;es na laringe causados por intuba&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o raros e apresentaram resultados conflitantes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;13</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dois estudos prospectivos anteriores feitos no per&#237;odo neonatal usaram a broncoscopia flex&#237;vel para avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#245;es nas vias a&#233;reas devido &#224; intuba&#231;&#227;o e avaliar sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o estridor&#46; Ambos apresentaram resultados divergentes&#46; Fan et al&#46; demonstraram que o estridor tinha alta especificidade&#44; baixa sensibilidade e um VPN de 67&#37; para a detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es agudas moderadas ou graves na laringe&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Sherman et al&#46; constataram alta sensibilidade e especificidade do estridor na detec&#231;&#227;o de SGS moderada ou grave e conclu&#237;ram que as les&#245;es associadas &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa das vias a&#233;reas raramente continuavam n&#227;o diagnosticadas se somente os neonatos com estridor fossem avaliados&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Vale observar que ambos os estudos avaliaram os pacientes com estridor em apenas um per&#237;odo&#44; ou seja&#44; imediatamente ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#44; e restringiram&#8208;se a amostras de neonatos&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cordeiro et al&#46;&#44; em um estudo prospectivo com 215 pacientes em uma unidade de terapia intensiva pedi&#225;trica mista &#40;pedi&#225;trica e neonatal&#41;&#44; avaliaram o desempenho de uma pontua&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria &#40;que incluiu o estridor entre suas vari&#225;veis&#41; para detectar les&#245;es nas vias a&#233;reas diagnosticadas por meio de endoscopia imediatamente ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46; As maiores pontua&#231;&#245;es tinham sensibilidade de 73&#44;3&#37; e especificidade de 58&#44;6&#37; na detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es moderadas ou graves&#46; Em pacientes com pontua&#231;&#245;es menores&#44; a probabilidade de aus&#234;ncia dessas les&#245;es foi de 80&#44;4&#37;&#46; Assim&#44; a pontua&#231;&#227;o teve um desempenho satisfat&#243;rio na previs&#227;o da aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es moderadas ou graves em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia leve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em nosso estudo&#44; a an&#225;lise da presen&#231;a de estridor foi considerada &#250;til para estabelecer a probabilidade de SGS entre pacientes que n&#227;o desenvolveram estridor durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento&#44; conforme evidenciado pelo VPN de 96&#44;15&#37;&#46; A especificidade de apenas 54&#37; pode ser justificada pelo fato de que diferentes tipos de les&#245;es na laringe podem causar estridor&#46; Ademais&#44; les&#245;es passageiras nas pregas vocais &#40;p&#46; ex&#46;&#44; edema ou tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o&#41; e altera&#231;&#245;es agudas da mobilidade das cordas vocais s&#227;o causas comuns de estridor nesse per&#237;odo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os resultados de nosso estudo s&#227;o explicados pelo momento da ocorr&#234;ncia de estridor durante o acompanhamento&#46; A maioria dos pacientes que desenvolveram SGS apresentou estridor persistente&#44; ou seja&#44; foram positivos para estridor nas 72 horas&#46; Considerando somente esses pacientes como um teste positivo&#44; a especificidade aumentou significativamente para 89&#44;1&#37;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; nessa popula&#231;&#227;o&#44; duas de cada cinco crian&#231;as que tiveram in&#237;cio ou persist&#234;ncia do estridor por mais de 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o foram&#44; por fim&#44; diagnosticadas com SGS&#46; Como em estudos anteriores&#44; a SGS pode ser basicamente descartada em pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram estridor e naqueles em que o estridor acabou dentro de 72 horas de extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nossos resultados mostram que a SGS causada pela intuba&#231;&#227;o ainda pode ser diagnosticada caso a endoscopia das vias a&#233;reas seja restringida a pacientes que apresentaram estridor durante o per&#237;odo ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46; Se considerarmos a alta especificidade do estridor persistente ou posterior &#40;permanecendo ou iniciando<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#41; com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; SGS&#44; parece relevante que esses pacientes devem ser submetidos &#224; endoscopia das vias a&#233;reas com anestesia geral&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC na segunda an&#225;lise demonstra que o estridor pode ser considerado um indicador preciso da SGS p&#243;s&#8208;intuba&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A laringoscopia direta com anestesia geral &#233; considerada o padr&#227;o de base para visualizar a regi&#227;o subgl&#243;tica&#59; contudo&#44; em nosso estudo&#44; seu uso foi restringido a pacientes espec&#237;ficos&#46; A FFL foi usada para prop&#243;sitos de triagem&#44; uma vez que nosso prop&#243;sito era avaliar todas as crian&#231;as por meio da endoscopia&#44; independentemente de seus sintomas&#44; de uma maneira menos invasiva&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; a FFL fornece uma visualiza&#231;&#227;o adequada da regi&#227;o subgl&#243;tica na vasta maioria dos pacientes&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de pelo menos seis meses diminuiu a probabilidade de falha nos diagn&#243;sticos de SGS nessa amostra&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo foi o uso de um marcador cl&#237;nico &#40;ou seja&#44; o estridor&#41; sujeito a variabilidade interobservador&#46; Entretanto&#44; alguns autores relataram uma concord&#226;ncia satisfat&#243;ria entre pontua&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas&#44; medi&#231;&#227;o do estridor e excelente confiabilidade interobservador&#44; com o kappa de 0&#44;93 em um estudo feito por Klassen e Rowe&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por fim&#44; a aus&#234;ncia do estridor provou ser adequada para descartar o diagn&#243;stico de SGS p&#243;s&#8208;intuba&#231;&#227;o em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos&#46; A especificidade aprimorada foi constatada quando o estridor perdurou por mais de 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o ou quando o in&#237;cio foi<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46; Considerando esses achados&#44; parece apropriado restringir a endoscopia das vias a&#233;reas com anestesia geral para confirma&#231;&#227;o de SGS apenas a pacientes que apresentem estridor 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflitos de interesse</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesse&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1192773"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "identificador" => "xres1291324"
          "titulo" => "Resumo"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1192772"
          "titulo" => "Palavras&#8208;chave"
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          "titulo" => "Introdu&#231;&#227;o"
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          "titulo" => "Conflitos de interesse"
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        9 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Refer&#234;ncias"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2018-05-23"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2018-07-18"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1192773"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Stridor"
            1 => "Laryngoscopy"
            2 => "Acquired subglottic stenosis"
            3 => "Intubation"
            4 => "Accuracy"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "pt" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palavras&#8208;chave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1192772"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Estridor"
            1 => "Laringoscopia"
            2 => "Estenose subgl&#243;tica adquirida"
            3 => "Intuba&#231;&#227;o"
            4 => "Precis&#227;o"
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    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess the accuracy of stridor in comparison to endoscopic examination for diagnosis of pediatric post&#8208;intubation subglottic stenosis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Children who required endotracheal intubation for &#62;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h were included in this prospective cohort study&#46; Children were monitored daily and underwent flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy after extubation&#46; Those with moderate&#8208;to&#8208;severe abnormalities underwent another examination 7&#8211;10 days later&#46; If lesions persisted or symptoms developed&#44; laryngoscopy under general anesthesia was performed&#46; Patients were assessed daily for stridor after extubation&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 187 children were included&#46; The incidence of post&#8208;extubation stridor was 44&#46;38&#37;&#46; Stridor had a sensitivity of 77&#46;78&#37; &#40;95&#37; confidence interval &#91;95&#37; CI&#93;&#58; 51&#46;9&#8211;92&#46;6&#41; and specificity of 59&#46;18&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 51&#46;3&#8211;66&#46;6&#41; in detecting subglottic stenosis&#46; The positive predictive value was 16&#46;87&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 9&#46;8&#8211;27&#46;1&#41;&#44; and the negative predictive value was 96&#46;15&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 89&#46;9&#8211;98&#46;8&#41;&#46; Stridor persisting longer than 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h or starting more than 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post&#8208;extubation had a sensitivity of 66&#46;67&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 41&#46;2&#8211;85&#46;6&#41;&#44; specificity of 89&#46;1&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 83&#46;1&#8211;93&#46;2&#41;&#44; positive predictive value of 40&#46;0&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 23&#46;2&#8211;59&#46;3&#41;&#44; and negative predictive value of 96&#46;07&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 91&#46;3&#8211;98&#46;4&#41;&#46; The area under the receiver operating characteristic &#40;ROC&#41; curve was 0&#46;78 &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;65&#8211;0&#46;91&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Absence of stridor was appropriate to rule out post&#8208;intubation subglottic stenosis&#46; The specificity of this criterion improved when stridor persisted longer than 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h or started more than 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post&#8208;extubation&#46; Thus&#44; endoscopy under general anesthesia can be used to confirm subglottic stenosis only in patients who develop or persist with stridor for more than 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h following extubation&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objective"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Method"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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      "pt" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analisar a precis&#227;o do estridor em compara&#231;&#227;o com o exame endosc&#243;pico no diagn&#243;stico de estenose subgl&#243;tica p&#243;s&#8208;intuba&#231;&#227;o em crian&#231;as&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Foram inclu&#237;das neste estudo de coorte prospectivo crian&#231;as que necessitaram de intuba&#231;&#227;o endotraqueal por mais de 24 horas&#46; Elas foram monitoradas diariamente e submetidas &#224; nasofibrolaringoscopia flex&#237;vel ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46; As crian&#231;as com anomalias moderadas foram submetidas a outro exame sete a 10 dias depois&#46; Caso as les&#245;es persistissem ou os sintomas evolu&#237;ssem&#44; a laringoscopia era realizada com anestesia geral&#46; Os pacientes foram avaliados diariamente quanto ao estridor ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Participaram 187 crian&#231;as&#46; A incid&#234;ncia de estridor ap&#243;s a intuba&#231;&#227;o foi de 44&#44;38&#37;&#46; O estridor apresentou uma sensibilidade de 77&#44;78&#37; &#40;intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95&#37; &#91;IC&#93;&#58; 51&#44;9&#8208;92&#44;6&#41; e especificidade de 59&#44;18&#37; &#40;IC&#58; 51&#44;3&#8208;66&#44;6&#41; na detec&#231;&#227;o de SGS&#46; O valor preditivo positivo foi de 16&#44;87&#37; &#40;IC&#58; 9&#44;8&#8208;27&#44;1&#41; e o valor preditivo negativo &#40;VPN&#41; foi de 96&#44;15&#37; &#40;IC&#58; 89&#44;9&#8208;98&#44;8&#41;&#46; O estridor que persistiu por mais de 72 horas ou que come&#231;ou 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o teve uma sensibilidade de 66&#44;67&#37; &#40;IC&#58; 41&#44;2&#8208;85&#44;6&#41;&#44; especificidade de 89&#44;1&#37; &#40;IC&#58; 83&#44;1&#8208;93&#44;2&#41;&#44; valor preditivo positivo de 40&#44;0&#37; &#40;IC&#58; 23&#44;2&#8208;59&#44;3&#41; e valor preditivo negativo de 96&#44;07&#37; &#40;IC&#58; 91&#44;3&#8208;98&#44;4&#41;&#46; A &#225;rea sob a curva de caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor &#40;ROC&#41; foi de 0&#44;78 &#40;IC&#58; 0&#44;65&#8208;0&#44;91&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#245;es</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A aus&#234;ncia de estridor foi adequada para descartar a estenose subgl&#243;tica p&#243;s&#8208;intuba&#231;&#227;o&#46; A especificidade desse crit&#233;rio melhorou quando o estridor perdurou por mais de 72 horas ou come&#231;ou mais de 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46; Assim&#44; a endoscopia com anestesia geral pode ser utilizada para confirmar a estenose subgl&#243;tica somente em pacientes que desenvolveram ou continuaram com estridor por mais de 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0025"
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            "identificador" => "abst0030"
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        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Como citar este artigo&#58; Schweiger C&#44; Eneas LV&#44; Manica D&#44; Netto CS&#44; Carvalho PR&#44; Piva JP&#44; et al&#46; Accuracy of stridor&#8208;based diagnosis of post&#8208;intubation subglottic stenosis in pediatric patients&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2020&#59;96&#58;39&#8211;45&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">Este estudo foi feito no Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre&#44; Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pedi&#225;trica&#44; Porto Alegre&#44; RS&#44; Brasil&#46;</p>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fluxograma da an&#225;lise&#44; estratificada pela presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de estridor em 72 horas&#46; Quatro pacientes foram perdidos no acompanhamento&#46;</p> <p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SGS&#44; estenose subgl&#243;tica&#46;</p> <p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> Sem estridor&#44; ou com estridor apenas nas primeiras 72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p> <p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span> Estridor com dura&#231;&#227;o<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o ou que foi desenvolvido ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo&#46;</p> <p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span> Os diagn&#243;sticos foram confirmados por meio de laringoscopia com anestesia geral&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;66&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;322&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Outra doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;19&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;18&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;27&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Meningite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;5&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;5&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;5&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Outro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;11&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;13&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neuropatia</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sim&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;15&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26 &#40;15&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;16&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;895&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mediana &#40;intervalo interquartil&#41; &#91;min&#46;&#8208;m&#225;x&#46;&#93;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Idade &#40;meses&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;7 &#40;1&#44;5&#8208;6&#44;7&#41; &#91;0&#44;9&#8208;95&#44;0&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;7 &#40;1&#44;6&#8208;6&#44;5&#41; &#91;0&#44;9&#8208;95&#44;0&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;9 &#40;1&#44;4&#8208;12&#44;1&#41; &#91;1&#44;0&#8208;58&#44;7&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;683&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Peso na intuba&#231;&#227;o &#40;g&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5500 &#40;3925&#8208;7500&#41; &#91;334&#8208;22000&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5420&#44;0 &#40;3831&#44;3&#8208;7475&#44;0&#41; &#91;334&#8208;22000&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6350&#44;0 &#40;4431&#44;3&#8208;9113&#44;8&#41; &#91;2110&#8208;12000&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;274&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dias intubados</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;0 &#40;5&#44;0&#8208;9&#44;8&#41; &#91;1&#8208;33&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;0 &#40;5&#44;0&#8208;9&#44;0&#41; &#91;1&#8208;31&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#44;0 &#40;5&#44;0&#8208;15&#44;3&#41; &#91;3&#8208;33&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;118&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">M&#233;dia &#40;DP&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Idade gestacional &#40;semanas&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37&#44;2 &#40;3&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37&#44;1 &#40;3&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37&#44;9 &#40;2&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;295&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Intuba&#231;&#227;o e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Via</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nasotraqueal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;999&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Endotraqueal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">186 &#40;99&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">168 &#40;99&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;100&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tubo com manguito</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sim&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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ISSN: 22555536
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