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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lise do percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o &#40;&#916;&#37;&#41; das c&#233;lulas que expressam citocinas pr&#243; e anti&#8208;inflamat&#243;rias ap&#243;s est&#237;mulo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> n&#227;o espec&#237;fico com AMF em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica idiop&#225;tica que mostram protein&#250;ria baixa &#40;PB&#41;&#44; protein&#250;ria persistente &#40;PP&#41; e controles saud&#225;veis &#40;CON&#41;&#46; Resultados expressos como gr&#225;ficos de barras com valores m&#233;dios e desvio padr&#227;o&#46;</p> <p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#916;&#44; diferen&#231;a entre as culturas com e sem est&#237;mulo por AMF&#46;</p> <p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica &#40;SN&#41; &#233; uma glomerulopatia muito comum em crian&#231;as&#44; caracterizada por protein&#250;ria maci&#231;a&#44; hipoalbuminemia&#44; edema generalizado e hiperlipidemia&#46; A SN pode ser causada por les&#227;o renal prim&#225;ria&#44; denominada s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica idiop&#225;tica &#40;SNI&#41;&#44; ou estar relacionada a doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">H&#225; comprova&#231;&#227;o do importante papel das altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema imunol&#243;gico no desencadeamento e na manuten&#231;&#227;o da SNI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5</span></a> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es incluem a resposta dos linf&#243;citos T em pacientes com SNI&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> uma poss&#237;vel contribui&#231;&#227;o das citocinas na fisiopatologia da SNI&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> a possibilidade de um fator de permeabilidade circulante que foi relacionado &#224; recidiva da doen&#231;a ap&#243;s transplante renal e a melhoria cl&#237;nica dos pacientes ap&#243;s tratamento com corticosteroides e medicamentos imunossupressores&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Contudo&#44; al&#233;m dos avan&#231;os&#160;em pesquisa sobre a SNI nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas&#44; principalmente no campo de imunologia&#44; sua fisiopatologia continua a ser totalmente abordada&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">V&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es imunol&#243;gicas foram detectadas em pacientes com SNI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> H&#225; relatos de express&#227;o alterada de citocina&#47;quimiocina que incluem interleucina &#40;IL&#41;&#8208;2&#44; IL&#8208;10&#44; IL&#8208;4 e IL&#8208;8&#44; bem como altera&#231;&#245;es nas c&#233;lulas TCD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> e TCD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> de pacientes com SNI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;6&#8211;10</span></a> A IL&#8208;2 e o fator de necrose tumoral alfa &#40;TNF&#8208;&#945;&#41; s&#227;o considerados poss&#237;veis fatores patog&#234;nicos subjacentes aos mecanismos de les&#227;o renal em pacientes com SNI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> Por exemplo&#44; a infus&#227;o de TNF&#8208;&#945; em ratos com SN causou aumento da protein&#250;ria&#44; dependente da dose&#44; paralelamente ao comprometimento do estado cl&#237;nico&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> &#201; importante destacar que o aumento dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de TNF&#8208;&#945; em pacientes com SNI associado ao aumento nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de IL&#8208;2 e a seu receptor sol&#250;vel &#40;sIL&#8208;2R&#41; e IFN&#8208;&#947; durante as reca&#237;das da SN em pacientes sens&#237;veis a esteroides&#44; sugere um padr&#227;o pr&#243;&#8208;inflamat&#243;rio ou de resposta imune das c&#233;lulas T auxiliares 1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Por outro lado&#44; um desequil&#237;brio entre os padr&#245;es de resposta imune Th1 e Th2 foi relatado na SNI&#44; com uma tend&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#227;o no perfil Th2&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;15</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Com base no conceito de que a SNI e sua progress&#227;o podem estar associados ao desequil&#237;brio da resposta imune&#44; neste estudo investigamos a express&#227;o das citocinas pr&#243; e anti&#8208;inflamat&#243;rias em diferentes subpopula&#231;&#245;es leucocit&#225;rias do sangue perif&#233;rico de pacientes com SNI&#46; Avaliamos tamb&#233;m se essas altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil das c&#233;lulas imunes estiveram relacionadas &#224; persist&#234;ncia da protein&#250;ria&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes e m&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Modelo do estudo</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo transversal usou uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de 44 pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com SNI e oito crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis pareadas por sexo e idade como um grupo de controle&#46; Os pacientes com SNI foram regularmente acompanhados na Unidade de Nefrologia Pedi&#225;trica de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o de 2014 a 2016&#46; Os crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico da SNI tiveram como base as Orienta&#231;&#245;es de Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica para Glomerulonefrite do KDIGO&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Nossa Unidade de Nefrologia Pedi&#225;trica foi estabelecida em 1980 e acompanhou aproximadamente 300 crian&#231;as com s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica&#44; de acordo com um protocolo sistem&#225;tico que inclui defini&#231;&#227;o da etiologia da doen&#231;a&#44; avalia&#231;&#227;o do curso cl&#237;nico e altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais&#44; institui&#231;&#227;o de tratamento e indica&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psia renal com base nos achados cl&#237;nicos &#40;sem resposta ao corticosteroide&#41; e laboratoriais&#46;</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Pacientes com SNI</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram crian&#231;as e adolescentes com SNI bem estabelecida com fun&#231;&#227;o renal ainda preservada&#44; acompanhadas de 2014 a 2016&#44; cujos pais forneceram seu consentimento para participar do protocolo do estudo&#46; As crian&#231;as e os adolescentes com formas cong&#234;nitas ou secund&#225;rias de s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica e pacientes com SNI em est&#225;gios 2&#8208;5 de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica foram automaticamente exclu&#237;dos do estudo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0086">Grupo de controle</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O grupo de controle consistiu de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis pareados por sexo e idade de nosso Centro Pedi&#225;trico de Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria&#46; O status saud&#225;vel foi determinado por meio do hist&#243;rico de sa&#250;de dos indiv&#237;duos e relato dos pais ou autorrelato para descartar a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas ou agudas&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Aspectos &#233;ticos</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o aprovou o estudo&#46; O consentimento informado foi obtido dos pais de todos os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos&#46; O protocolo de pesquisa n&#227;o interferiu em qualquer recomenda&#231;&#227;o ou prescri&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica&#46; As amostras de sangue no grupo de controle foram coletadas simultaneamente a outros exames de sangue de rotina&#46; O acompanhamento dos pacientes com SNI e controles saud&#225;veis foi garantido mesmo em caso de recusa a participar do estudo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Protocolo do estudo</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Com base nos n&#237;veis de protein&#250;ria no momento da coleta de sangue&#44; os pacientes com SNI foram subdivididos em dois grupos&#46; Os pacientes com excre&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na na urina de 24 horas igual ou superior a 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h foram considerados em remiss&#227;o parcial e alocados ao grupo chamado protein&#250;ria persistente &#40;PP&#44; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#41; e os com protein&#250;ria inferior a 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h considerados em remiss&#227;o completa e classificados como protein&#250;ria baixa &#40;PB&#44; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27&#41;&#46; Esse ponto de corte para protein&#250;ria teve como base as Orienta&#231;&#245;es de Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica para Glomerulonefrite do KDIGO&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e medi&#231;&#245;es casuais foram obtidas ao mesmo tempo da coleta de sangue e urina de 24 horas&#46; As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas analisadas foram idade&#44; sexo&#44; estatura&#44; peso&#44; &#237;ndice de massa corporal e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica&#46; Em pacientes com SNI&#44; os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ureia&#44; creatinina&#44; albumina&#44; colesterol&#44; triglicer&#237;deos e &#225;cido &#250;rico foram avaliados com a mesma amostra de sangue coletada para as medi&#231;&#245;es de c&#233;lulas do sistema imunol&#243;gico&#46; A determina&#231;&#227;o da excre&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na de 24 horas tamb&#233;m foi feita simultaneamente &#224;s medi&#231;&#245;es sangu&#237;neas&#46; A Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular &#40;TFG&#41; foi estimada com a f&#243;rmula convencional de Schwartz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> em pacientes com SNI e controles saud&#225;veis&#46; Os resultados da bi&#243;psia renal e das medica&#231;&#245;es usadas no momento da amostragem de sangue tamb&#233;m foram informados &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Amostragem de sangue</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos est&#233;reis que cont&#234;m &#225;cido etilenodiamino tetra&#8208;ac&#233;tico &#40;EDTA&#41; e heparina&#46; As amostras de sangue coletadas em tubos com EDTA foram usadas imediatamente na an&#225;lise <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ex vivo</span> de popula&#231;&#245;es e subpopula&#231;&#245;es de leuc&#243;citos por citometria de fluxo&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As amostras de sangue coletadas em tubos que cont&#234;m heparina foram imediatamente usadas para cultura de c&#233;lulas e an&#225;lise subsequente de citocinas intracelulares&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Contagem de leuc&#243;citos do sangue perif&#233;rico</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os leuc&#243;citos no sangue foram contados com um contador de c&#233;lulas CC&#8208;550 CELM &#40;CELM&#44; Barueri&#44; SP&#44; Brasil&#41;&#46; As contagens de leuc&#243;citos diferenciais foram feitas em esfrega&#231;os de sangue com um microsc&#243;pio &#243;ptico &#40;Olympus&#8208;BX41 TF&#44; Jap&#227;o&#41; ap&#243;s colora&#231;&#227;o May&#8208;Grunwald&#8208;Giemsa&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Colora&#231;&#227;o da superf&#237;cie celular e an&#225;lise de citometria de fluxo</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As amostras de sangue perif&#233;rico &#40;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L&#47;amostra&#41; foram incubadas com anticorpo monoclonal para os seguintes marcadores de superf&#237;cie&#58; anti&#8208;CD3&#44; anti&#8208;CD4&#44; anti&#8208;CD8 &#40;Becton &#38; Dickinson&#44; San Jose&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#44; anti&#8208;CD80 e anti&#8208;CD18 &#40;Caltag&#8208;Medsystems Limited&#44; Buckingham&#44; Inglaterra&#41; conjugado com fluoresce&#237;na fico eritrina &#40;PE&#41;&#44; isotiocianato &#40;FITC&#41; ou biotina no escuro por 30 minutos em temperatura ambiente&#46; Ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o&#44; os eritr&#243;citos foram lisados com solu&#231;&#227;o Optilyse&#8208;B &#40;Immunotec&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; As c&#233;lulas foram lavadas duas vezes em 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL e solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada com fosfato fria &#40;PBS&#44; pH 7&#44;4&#41;&#46; Os anticorpos biotinilados foram revelados com estreptavidina&#8208;FITC &#40;Becton &#38; Dickinson&#44; San Jose&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; Foram usados os seguintes anticorpos contra prote&#237;nas humanas&#58; anti&#8208;CD3 FITC &#40;clone&#58; UCHT1&#41; e anti&#8208;CD8 FITC &#40;clone&#58; HIT8a&#41; &#40;Bio&#8208;Legend&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#59; anti&#8208;CD4 FITC &#40;clone&#58; RPA&#8208;T4&#41; e anti&#8208;CD19 FITC &#40;clone&#58; HIB19&#41; da BD Pharmigen&#59; anti&#8208;CD56 PE &#40;clone&#58; B159&#41;&#44; anti&#8208;CD19 PE &#40;clone&#58; HIB19&#41;&#44; anti&#8208;CD4 PE &#40;clone&#58; L120&#41; e anti&#8208;CD8 PE &#40;clone&#58; HIT8a&#41; fornecidos pela BD Biosciences &#40;Becton &#38; Dickinson&#44; San Diego&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; A coleta de dados foi feita com FACScan &#40;Becton &#38; Dickinson&#44; San Diego&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; A coleta de c&#233;lulas foi processada e analisada com o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> Cell Quest &#40;Becton &#38; Dickinson&#44; San Jose&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; O total de linf&#243;citos T &#40;CD3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#41;&#44; os linf&#243;citos T auxiliares &#40;CD3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#41;&#44; os linf&#243;citos T citot&#243;xico &#40;CD3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>CD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#41;&#44; os linf&#243;citos B &#40;CD3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>CD19<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#41;&#44; as c&#233;lulas com fen&#243;tipo de Exterminadoras Naturais &#40;NK&#44; CD3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8208;</span>CD56<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#41; e as c&#233;lulas com fen&#243;tipo de Exterminadoras Naturais T &#40;NKT&#44; CD3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>CD56<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#41; foram analisados com modelos de fluoresc&#234;ncia de pontos ap&#243;s a sele&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas de interesse com base no tamanho e na granulosidade de c&#233;lulas &#40;gr&#225;fico de SSC em compara&#231;&#227;o com FSC&#41;&#46; Essas c&#233;lulas foram ent&#227;o analisadas por sua express&#227;o &#91;frequ&#234;ncia e intensidade m&#233;dia de fluoresc&#234;ncia &#40;IMF&#41;&#93; de determinado marcador com histogramas com marcadores estabelecidos com base em controles de isotipo negativo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">An&#225;lise da citocina intracelular em leuc&#243;citos</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para fazer a an&#225;lise de perfil da citocina em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es de leuc&#243;citos&#44; 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L de sangue perif&#233;rico foram acrescentados a 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L de meio de cultura de RPMI&#8208;1640 &#40;Sigma&#8208;Aldrich&#174;&#44; EUA&#41; em dois tubos separados&#46; O primeiro tubo continha cultura n&#227;o estimulada chamada de cultura controle e o segundo tubo continha cultura n&#227;o especificamente estimulada com acetato de miristato de forbol &#40;AMF&#41; e 25 ng&#47;mL e 1&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L de ionomicina a 1 ng&#47;mL&#46; Nos dois tubos&#44; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L de Brefeldin&#8208;A em 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;mL foram adicionados para manter as citocinas no compartimento intracelular&#46; As amostras foram ent&#227;o incubadas por quatro horas a 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C em uma incubadora umidificada com 5&#37; de CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46; Ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o&#44; foi adicionado EDTA &#40;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nM&#41; seguido de nova incuba&#231;&#227;o por 15 minutos&#46; As amostras foram lavadas com PBS &#40;0&#44;015<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M PBS&#44; pH 7&#44;4 com 0&#44;5&#37; de albumina s&#233;rica bovina e 0&#44;1&#37; de azida de s&#243;dio&#41; e incubadas por 30 minutos&#44; longe da luz&#44; em temperatura ambiente&#44; com anticorpos monoclonais espec&#237;ficos para marcadores de superf&#237;cie celular&#58; FITC&#8208;anti&#8208;CD4&#44; FITC anti&#8208;CD8 e FITC anti&#8208;CD19&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s essa etapa&#44; os eritr&#243;citos foram lisados com 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL de solu&#231;&#227;o Optilyse&#8208;B &#40;Immunotec&#44; EUA&#41; por 10 minutos&#46; Ent&#227;o&#44; as amostras foram centrifugadas em temperatura ambiente e&#44; posteriormente&#44; os leuc&#243;citos foram permeabilizados com solu&#231;&#227;o de PBS &#40;0&#44;015<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M PBS&#44; pH 7&#44;4 com 0&#44;5&#37; de albumina s&#233;rica bovina&#44; 0&#44;1&#37; de azida de s&#243;dio e 0&#44;5&#37; de saponina&#41;&#46; Ap&#243;s permebializa&#231;&#227;o&#44; essas c&#233;lulas foram incubadas por 30 minutos em temperatura ambiente no escuro&#44; com anticorpos monoclonais espec&#237;ficos contra citocinas&#58; TNF&#8208;&#945; anti&#8208;PE &#40;clone&#58; MAb11&#41;&#44; anti&#8208;IL10 PE &#40;clone&#58; JES3&#8208;9D7&#41;&#44; anti&#8208;IFN&#8208;&#947; PE &#40;clone&#58; 4S&#46;B3&#41; e anti&#8208;IL13 PE &#40;clone&#58; JES10&#8208;5A2&#41; &#40;BioLegend&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#59; anti&#8208;IL17 PE &#40;clone&#58; eBio64DEC17&#41; Biosciences&#59; anti&#8208;IL6 PE &#40;clone&#58; 1936&#41; &#40;R&#38;D Systems&#44; MN&#44; EUA&#41; e anti&#8208;IL4 PE &#40;clone&#58; 8D4&#8208;8 BD&#41; &#40;BD Pharmingen&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; As amostras foram avaliadas para os par&#226;metros de produ&#231;&#227;o celular de fen&#243;tipo e citocina pela aquisi&#231;&#227;o de 30&#46;000 eventos&#46; As an&#225;lises foram feitas com o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> Cell Quest &#40;Becton &#38; Dickinson&#44; San Jose&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; O perfil de citocina foi expresso como a diferen&#231;a &#40;delta&#41; entre o percentual de c&#233;lulas manchadas para citocinas intracelulares obtido em culturas n&#227;o estimuladas e culturas estimuladas com AMF&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">An&#225;lise de dados e avalia&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os resultados obtidos foram apresentados como m&#233;dia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>erro&#8208;padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia &#40;EPM&#41; ou mediana e intervalos interquartis&#46; Todos os dados foram testados para normalidade pelo teste de Shapiro&#8208;Wilk&#46; Para vari&#225;veis normalmente distribu&#237;das&#44; as diferen&#231;as foram comparadas pelo teste <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> de Student n&#227;o pareado ou an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia &#40;Anova&#41;&#46; O p&#243;s&#8208;teste de Bonferroni foi usado para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas&#46; Em caso de vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o gaussiana&#44; as diferen&#231;as foram analisadas pelo teste U de Mann&#8208;Whitney ou teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskal&#8208;Wallis&#46; Todos os testes estat&#237;sticos foram bicaudais&#44; com um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de &#945;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46; As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas com o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> SPSS &#40;IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows&#44; Version 22&#46;0&#46; NY&#44; EUA&#41; e a vers&#227;o GraphPad Prism 5&#46;0 &#40;GraphPad Software&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; La Jolla&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Resultados</span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Caracter&#237;sticas e medi&#231;&#245;es casuais dos indiv&#237;duos</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O grupo de controle &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#41; incluiu cinco meninos e tr&#234;s meninas entre 6&#44;1 e 13&#44;5 anos&#46; Os valores m&#233;dios de peso&#44; estatura&#44; &#237;ndice de massa corporal&#44; press&#245;es sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas e par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o renal estavam dentro do normal &#40;dados n&#227;o mostrados&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os pacientes com SNI foram divididos de acordo com o n&#237;vel de protein&#250;ria no momento da amostragem sangu&#237;nea &#40;PP ou PB&#41;&#46; As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais de cada subgrupo no momento da amostragem sangu&#237;nea s&#227;o mostradas na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#46; Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi detectada na idade&#44; na distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo e nos n&#237;veis de azoto &#40;ureia e creatinina&#41;&#46; Contudo&#44; o grupo de PP apresentou aumento nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos e redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de albumina s&#233;rica em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de PB &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Conforme esperado&#44; o grupo de PP apresentou protein&#250;ria significativamente maior e 15 dos 17 pacientes no grupo de PP &#40;88&#44;2&#37;&#41; mostraram valores de protein&#250;ria acima de 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; Conforme mencionado anteriormente&#44; a doen&#231;a ficou em remiss&#227;o em todos os pacientes do grupo de PB&#46; Por outro lado&#44; todos os pacientes do grupo de PP tiveram reca&#237;da &#40;88&#44;2&#37;&#41; ou doen&#231;a parcialmente remitida &#40;11&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#44; pois os n&#237;veis de protein&#250;ria sempre estiveram acima de 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h em todos eles&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento&#44; 14 dos 27 pacientes &#40;51&#44;8&#37;&#41; do grupo de PB n&#227;o receberam qualquer tipo de medica&#231;&#227;o&#44; ao passo que todos os pacientes do grupo de PP precisaram de pelo menos uma medica&#231;&#227;o como tentativa de controle da protein&#250;ria&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; 25 dos 27 pacientes do grupo de PB &#40;88&#44;2&#37;&#41; se mostraram sens&#237;veis a esteroides&#46; Apenas dois pacientes com PB foram tratados com ciclosporina devido &#224; depend&#234;ncia a esteroides&#46; Em contraste acentuado&#44; 14 dos 17 pacientes &#40;82&#44;3&#37;&#41; no grupo de PP recebiam ciclosporina&#44; de forma isolada ou em associa&#231;&#227;o com inibidores do Sistema Renina&#8208;Angiotensina &#40;SRA&#41;&#44; devido &#224; resist&#234;ncia a esteroides&#46; Apenas tr&#234;s pacientes do grupo de PP mostraram resposta parcial &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de esteroides&#46; Conforme esperado&#44; todos os pacientes do grupo de PP foram submetidos a bi&#243;psias renais&#44; que mostraram esclerose segmentar focal em 13 pacientes &#40;76&#44;5&#37;&#41; e prolifera&#231;&#227;o mesangial difusa nos quatro restantes &#40;23&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; No grupo de PB&#44; apenas dois pacientes foram submetidos a bi&#243;psia&#44; devido &#224; depend&#234;ncia aos esteroides e ao padr&#227;o histol&#243;gico comprovado em altera&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima na s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica em um e prolifera&#231;&#227;o mesangial difusa em outro&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Contagem de leuc&#243;citos do sangue perif&#233;rico</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conforme mostrado na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#44; nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi encontrada nas contagens totais de leuc&#243;citos ou nas popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas de leuc&#243;citos &#40;mon&#243;citos&#44; neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos&#41; de pacientes com SNI em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle&#46; Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi detectada na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos de PP e PB&#46; Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os percentuais de linf&#243;citos T&#8208;CD4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>e T&#8208;CD8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nesses grupos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46; Por outro lado&#44; os pacientes com SNI apresentaram menores frequ&#234;ncias de linf&#243;citos B&#44; c&#233;lulas NK e c&#233;lulas NKT em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; os pacientes com SNI com PP apresentaram menores frequ&#234;ncias de linf&#243;citos B em c&#233;lulas NK e NKT em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle&#44; ao passo que nos pacientes com PB apenas os linf&#243;citos B se mostraram significativamente reduzidos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">An&#225;lise da citocina intracelular em leuc&#243;citos</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os percentuais de TCD4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#44; TCD8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>e linf&#243;citos B que expressam citocinas ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o com AMF foram comparados em pacientes com SNI e no grupo de controle&#46; A an&#225;lise de citocina em linf&#243;citos T&#8208;CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> revelou que os pacientes com SNI apresentaram aumento significativo na frequ&#234;ncia de c&#233;lulas que expressam TNF&#8208;&#945; em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles &#40;SNI&#58; 13&#44;94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;06 em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles&#58; 8&#44;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;92&#37;&#44; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Os pacientes com SNI tamb&#233;m mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o no percentual de linf&#243;citos TCD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> que expressam IFN&#8208;&#947; em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles &#40;SNI&#58; 5&#44;61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;83&#37; em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles&#58; 19&#44;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;91&#37;&#44; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; N&#227;o foi detectada outra diferen&#231;a&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As compara&#231;&#245;es entre o percentual de TCD4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#44; TCD8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>e linf&#243;citos B que expressam citocinas ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o com AMF no grupo de controle e em pacientes com SNI com PP e com PB est&#227;o na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#46; Em pacientes com SNI com PP que apresentaram percentuais significativamente maiores de c&#233;lulas TCD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> que expressam IFN&#8208;&#947; &#40;6&#44;58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;89&#37;&#41;&#44; TNF&#8208;&#945; &#40;14&#44;43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;18&#37;&#41; e IL&#8208;17 &#40;1&#44;58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;32&#37;&#41; em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle &#40;3&#44;47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;82&#44; 8&#44;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;92&#37; e 0&#44;55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;18&#44; respectivamente&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Os pacientes do grupo PP tamb&#233;m apresentaram aumento significativo no percentual de c&#233;lulas TCD8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>que expressam TNF&#8208;&#945; &#40;10&#44;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;75&#37;&#41; em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes do grupo de PB &#40;6&#44;43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;91&#37;&#41; e controles &#40;4&#44;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;90&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Por outro lado&#44; o percentual de c&#233;lulas TCD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> que expressam IFN&#8208;&#947; foi significativamente menor nos grupos de PB &#40;4&#44;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;78&#37;&#41; e PP &#40;7&#44;12&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;8&#37;&#41; em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles &#40;19&#44;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;91&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os mecanismos moleculares e celulares subjacentes &#224; SNI continuam incertos&#46; Contudo&#44; uma comprova&#231;&#227;o emergente foi destacada como um papel no sistema imunol&#243;gico na patog&#234;nese dessa doen&#231;a&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> No estudo atual&#44; os pacientes com SNI apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de linf&#243;citos B&#44; c&#233;lulas NK e NKT no sangue perif&#233;rico&#44; caso comparados com controles saud&#225;veis pareados por idade e sexo&#46; Nossos resultados est&#227;o em linha com estudos anteriores que mostram o envolvimento nessas c&#233;lulas imunes na SNI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#8211;20</span></a> Para comparar a doen&#231;a recidivada ou a falta de resposta &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o com a doen&#231;a em remiss&#227;o&#44; os pacientes com SNI foram divididos nos grupos de PP ou PB com base nos n&#237;veis de protein&#250;ria no momento da amostragem de sangue&#46; &#201; importante destacar que&#44; neste trabalho&#44; pela primeira vez&#44; a diminui&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos B depende dos n&#237;veis de protein&#250;ria&#44; ao passo que a redu&#231;&#227;o das frequ&#234;ncias de c&#233;lulas NK e NKT foi associada a reca&#237;da na SNI ou reca&#237;da parcial&#46; Nossos achados indicam que essa popula&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas pode ser marcadora da atividade da doen&#231;a&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi relatado que os mediadores inflamat&#243;rios&#44; inclusive as citocinas&#44; desempenham um papel na fisiopatologia da SNI e podem contribuir para a protein&#250;ria e o dano glomerular&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;13</span></a> H&#225; comprova&#231;&#227;o de que as c&#233;lulas T mediaram o dano renal por meio da libera&#231;&#227;o desses mediadores inflamat&#243;rios&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;21</span></a> Dessa forma&#44; descobrimos que os pacientes com SNI apresentaram maiores frequ&#234;ncias de c&#233;lulas TCD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> que expressam a citocina inflamat&#243;ria TNF&#8208;&#945;&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis&#46; Curiosamente&#44; eles tamb&#233;m apresentaram menores linf&#243;citos TCD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> que expressam IFN&#8208;&#947;&#46; Nos &#250;ltimos anos&#44; a comprova&#231;&#227;o emergente corroborou um papel de desequil&#237;brio nas respostas inflamat&#243;rias Th1&#47;Th2 na fisiopatologia da SNI&#44; com altera&#231;&#227;o com rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil Th2&#46; Por exemplo&#44; a aumento da express&#227;o de citocinas Th2&#44; como IL&#8208;4&#44; IL&#8208;10 e IL&#8208;13&#44; antecedeu a ocorr&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a em estudos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;22&#44;23</span></a> Contudo&#44; &#233; importante observar que as citocinas Th1&#44; inclusive IL&#8208;2&#44; IFN&#8208;&#947; e TNF&#8208;&#945;&#44; tamb&#233;m foram associadas &#224; SN&#44; o que corroborou nossos achados&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;14&#44;24</span></a> As diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas&#44; inclusive a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e as t&#233;cnicas usadas para medir os n&#237;veis de citocina&#44; poder&#227;o representar resultados conflitantes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tamb&#233;m mostramos que um est&#237;mulo n&#227;o espec&#237;fico com AMF das c&#233;lulas imunes de pacientes com PP revelaram um aumento significativo das c&#233;lulas TCD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> que expressam as citocinas inflamat&#243;rias IL&#8208;17&#44; IFN&#8208;&#947; e TNF&#8208;&#945;&#44; bem como os linf&#243;citos TCD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> que expressam TNF&#8208;&#945;&#46; Corroborando nossos achados&#44; o aumento na express&#227;o de mRNA para IL&#8208;17 nas c&#233;lulas mononucleares do sangue perif&#233;rico e rim&#44; bem como maiores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias&#44; IL1&#8208;&#223; e IL&#8208;6&#44; foi anteriormente relatado em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com SNI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Contudo&#44; os autores n&#227;o avaliaram a influ&#234;ncia das citocinas medidas nos n&#237;veis de protein&#250;ria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Sabe&#8208;se que os mediadores inflamat&#243;rios&#44; principalmente TNF&#8208;&#945;&#44; aumentam a excre&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na na urina em modelos de roedores&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;28</span></a> Contudo&#44; ainda faltam dados sobre os pacientes&#46; No melhor de nosso conhecimento&#44; nosso estudo &#233; o primeiro a fornecer comprova&#231;&#227;o de que o aumento na express&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias em c&#233;lulas do sistema imunol&#243;gico pode estar associado &#224; melhoria na protein&#250;ria em pacientes com SNI&#44; que&#44; por sua vez&#44; pode influenciar a atividade da doen&#231;a e o progn&#243;stico&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os corticosteroides s&#227;o a primeira linha de medicamentos imunossupressores para o tratamento de SNI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Os pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com SNI tratados com corticoides apresentaram uma supress&#227;o precoce e revers&#237;vel na popula&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas T&#44; seguida por uma depress&#227;o persistente nos n&#250;meros de c&#233;lulas B mesmo com interrup&#231;&#227;o do medicamento&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Tamb&#233;m foi relatado que as terapias imunossupressoras melhoraram a fun&#231;&#227;o renal e a redu&#231;&#227;o na protein&#250;ria em pacientes com glomeruloesclerose segmentar focal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Curiosamente&#44; neste estudo&#44; os corticosteroides e a ciclosporina n&#227;o conseguiram suprimir completamente a express&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias por linf&#243;citos T&#44; principalmente em pacientes com PP&#46; O perfil inflamat&#243;rio de c&#233;lulas imunes de pacientes com SNI pode contribuir&#44; pelo menos em parte&#44; para a persist&#234;ncia e&#47;ou recidiva de protein&#250;ria e&#44; por fim&#44; para a resposta inadequada a esteroides&#44; conforme hipotetizado na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estamos cientes das limita&#231;&#245;es associadas ao modelo transversal de nosso estudo&#46; A poss&#237;vel principal fraqueza foi o uso de uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia&#44; que torna a homogeneidade entre os grupos selecionados muito dif&#237;cil de atingir&#44; pois a presen&#231;a e o uso anterior de medicamentos imunossupressores podem interferir nas medi&#231;&#245;es de citocina e quimiocina&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; o tamanho de nosso grupo de controle foi reduzido devido &#224; dificuldade de recrutamento de pacientes saud&#225;veis para amostragem de sangue simultaneamente &#224;s coletas de sangue dos pacientes&#46; Contudo&#44; alguns aspectos do estudo podem aumentar a for&#231;a de nossos achados&#44; inclusive o uso de crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o estritamente definidos e do protocolo bem estabelecido para medi&#231;&#245;es de citometria de fluxo&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fornecemos a primeira comprova&#231;&#227;o de que os pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com SNI apresentaram um perfil inflamat&#243;rio&#44; apesar do uso de terapia com esteroides ou ciclosporina&#44; que foram associados a aumento nos n&#237;veis de protein&#250;ria&#46; Por fim&#44; identificamos c&#233;lulas imunes que expressam citocinas inflamat&#243;rias&#44; principalmente TNF&#8208;&#945;&#44; como poss&#237;veis marcadores de atividade da doen&#231;a&#44; pavimentamos uma estrada para o desenvolvimento de novos alvos terap&#234;uticos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0026" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Financiamento</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior &#40;Capes&#41;&#44;pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico &#40;CNPq&#41;&#44; Brasil - n&#250;mero de concess&#227;o470472&#47;2014-6 e n&#250;mero de concess&#227;o 460334&#47;2014-0&#41; - e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais &#40;Fapemig&#41;&#44; Brasil - n&#250;mero de concess&#227;o PPM-00555-15&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Conflitos de interesse</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesse&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0096" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect3150">Agradecimentos</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabalho foi financiado por FAPEMIG &#40;Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais&#44; Brasil&#41;&#44;CAPES &#40;Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior&#41;&#44; CNPq &#40;Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico&#44; Brasil&#41;&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "An&#225;lise da citocina intracelular em leuc&#243;citos"
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              "titulo" => "An&#225;lise de dados e avalia&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica"
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              "titulo" => "An&#225;lise da citocina intracelular em leuc&#243;citos"
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            0 => "Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There is evidence of an important role of immune system changes in the triggering and maintenance of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome &#40;INS&#41;&#46; The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of cytokines in lymphocyte populations of patients with INS in comparison to healthy individuals&#44; according to proteinuria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This cross&#8208;sectional study included 44 patients with INS and eight healthy children&#44; matched for age and sex &#40;controls&#41;&#46; Patients were subdivided according to proteinuria&#58; persistent proteinuria or partial remission &#40;PP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#41; and low proteinuria or complete remission &#40;LP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ex vivo</span> analysis of peripheral blood leukocytes by flow cytometry was performed using surface markers for T&#8208;lymphocytes&#44; TCD4&#44; TCD8&#44; natural killer &#40;NK&#41; cells&#44; NKT&#44; and B&#8208;lymphocytes&#46; Frequencies of intracellular cytokines were analyzed in these cells&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The frequencies of B&#8208;lymphocytes&#44; NK cells&#44; and NKT cells were lower in INS than in controls&#44; whereas INS patients had a higher frequency of CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>tumor necrosis factor &#40;TNF&#41;&#8208;&#945;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> cells than controls&#46; Cytotoxic&#8208;T&#8208;lymphocytes expressing IFN&#8208;&#947; were lower in INS than in controls&#46; Patients with PP showed higher frequencies of CD4&#8208;T&#8208;lymphocytes expressing IFN&#8208;&#947; and TNF&#8208;&#945; than controls&#46; CD8&#8208;lymphocytes expressing TNF&#8208;&#945; were increased in PP group when compared with LP and controls&#44; while CD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>interferon &#40;IFN&#41;&#8208;&#947;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> cells were lower than in LP and in controls&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Regardless the level of proteinuria&#44; INS patients had increased expression of TNF&#8208;&#945; in CD4&#8208;lymphocytes and reduced expression of IFN&#8208;&#947; in CD8&#8208;lymphocytes&#46; Persistence of proteinuria was associated with higher levels of inflammatory markers&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">H&#225; comprova&#231;&#227;o do importante papel das altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema imunol&#243;gico no desencadeamento e na manuten&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica idiop&#225;tica &#40;SNI&#41;&#46; O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a express&#227;o das citocinas em popula&#231;&#245;es de linf&#243;citos de pacientes com SNI em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e de acordo com a protein&#250;ria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo transversal incluiu 44 pacientes com SNI e oito crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis&#44; pareados por idade e sexo &#40;controles&#41;&#46; Os pacientes foram subdivididos de acordo com a protein&#250;ria&#58; protein&#250;ria persistente ou remiss&#227;o parcial &#40;PP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#41; e protein&#250;ria baixa ou remiss&#227;o completa &#40;PB<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27&#41;&#46; A an&#225;lise <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ex vivo</span> de leuc&#243;citos no sangue perif&#233;rico por citometria de fluxo foi feita utilizando marcadores de superf&#237;cie para linf&#243;citos T&#44; TCD4&#44; TCD8&#44; c&#233;lulas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">natural killer</span> &#40;NK&#41;&#44; linf&#243;citos NKT e B&#46; As frequ&#234;ncias das citocinas intracelulares foram analisadas nessas c&#233;lulas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A frequ&#234;ncia dos linf&#243;citos B&#44; c&#233;lulas NK e c&#233;lulas NKT foi menor em pacientes com SNI do que nos controles&#44; ao passo que os pacientes com SNI apresentaram maior frequ&#234;ncia de c&#233;lulas CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>fator de necrose tumoral &#40;TNF&#41;&#8208;&#945;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> do que nos controles&#46; Os linf&#243;citos T citot&#243;xicos que expressam interferon &#40;IFN&#41;&#8208;&#947; foram menores nos pacientes com SNI do que nos controles&#46; Os pacientes com PP mostraram maiores frequ&#234;ncias de linf&#243;citos T CD4 que expressam IFN&#8208;&#947; e TNF&#8208;&#945; que os controles&#46; Os linf&#243;citos CD8 que expressam TNF&#8208;&#945; apresentaram aumento no grupo com PP&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o aos com PB e os controles&#44; apesar de as c&#233;lulas CD8&#43;IFN&#8208;&#947;&#43; serem mais baixas nos pacientes com PB e nos controles&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel de protein&#250;ria&#44; os pacientes com SNI apresentaram aumento na express&#227;o de TNF&#8208;&#945; nos linf&#243;citos CD4 e express&#227;o reduzida de IFN&#8208;&#947; nos linf&#243;citos CD8&#46; A persist&#234;ncia da protein&#250;ria foi associada a maiores n&#237;veis de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Como citar este artigo&#58; Guimar&#227;es FT&#44; Melo GE&#44; Cordeiro TM&#44; Feracin V&#44; Vieira ER&#44; Pereira WF&#44; et al&#46; T&#8208;lymphocyte&#8208;expressing inflammatory cytokines underlie persistence of proteinuria in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2018&#59;94&#58;546&#8211;53&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;5342&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sexo &#40;masculino&#47;feminino&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&#47;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#47;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;6595&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ureia &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24&#44;8 &#91;19&#44;8&#8208;35&#44;0&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20&#44;0 &#91;18&#44;0&#8208;29&#44;0&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;2176&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Creatinina &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;50 &#91;0&#44;41 &#8208;0&#44;71&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;58 &#91;0&#44;44&#8208;0&#44;99&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;2362&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Triglicer&#237;deos &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">73&#44;0 &#91;59&#44;5&#8208;85&#44;75&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">116&#44;0 &#91;83&#44;0&#8208;172&#44;0&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#44;0437</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Colesterol total &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">167&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">227&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#44;0382</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Albumina &#40;g&#47;gL&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#44;0018</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">117&#44;9 &#91;93&#44;8&#8208;153&#44;7&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">92&#44;3 &#91;73&#44;7&#8208;136&#44;7&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;1849&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Protein&#250;ria &#40;mg&#47;m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#47;24h&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&#44;0 &#91;10&#44;0&#8208;70&#44;0&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">830&#44;0 &#91;490&#44;0&#8208;2805&#44;0&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#44;0001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Medicamentos em uso</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Esteroides&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Esteroides<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>inibidores de SRA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Inibidores de SRA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Apenas ciclosporina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ciclosporina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>inibidor de SRA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nenhuma medica&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica idiop&#225;tica divididas em dois grupos de acordo com a excre&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na na urina de 24 horas&#58; protein&#250;ria persistente &#40;PP&#41; quando a protein&#250;ria &#8805; 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h e protein&#250;ria baixa &#40;PB&#41; quando protein&#250;ria &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controles&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SNI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Total de leuc&#243;citos &#40;x10</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cel&#47;mm</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Popula&#231;&#245;es de leuc&#243;citos &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Eosin&#243;filos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Neutr&#243;filos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Linf&#243;citos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">As popula&#231;&#245;es e subpopula&#231;&#245;es de leuc&#243;citos em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis &#40;controles&#41;&#44; em todo o grupo de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica idiop&#225;tica &#40;SNI&#41; e em pacientes com SNI&#44; foram divididas em dois grupos de acordo com a excre&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na na urina de 24 horas&#58; protein&#250;ria persistente &#40;PP&#41; quando a protein&#250;ria &#8805; 300 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h e protein&#250;ria baixa &#40;PB&#41; quando protein&#250;ria &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h</p>"
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Artigo Original
T‐lymphocyte‐expressing inflammatory cytokines underlie persistence of proteinuria in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome
Os linfócitos T que expressam citocinas inflamatórias são subjacentes à persistência de proteinúria em crianças com síndrome nefrótica idiopática
Fábio Tadeu Lourenço Guimarãesa, Gustavo Eustáquio Brito Alvim de Meloa, Thiago Macedo Cordeirob, Victor Feracinb, Etel Rocha Vieiraa, Wagner de Fátima Pereiraa, Sérgio Veloso Brant Pinheirob, Aline Silva Mirandab,c, Ana Cristina Simões‐e‐Silvab,
Autor para correspondência
acssilva@hotmail.com

Autor para correspondência.
a Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Centro Integrado de Pós‐Graduação e Pesquisa em Saúde, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
b Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Departamento de Pediatria, Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
c Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lise do percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o &#40;&#916;&#37;&#41; das c&#233;lulas que expressam citocinas pr&#243; e anti&#8208;inflamat&#243;rias ap&#243;s est&#237;mulo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> n&#227;o espec&#237;fico com AMF em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica idiop&#225;tica que mostram protein&#250;ria baixa &#40;PB&#41;&#44; protein&#250;ria persistente &#40;PP&#41; e controles saud&#225;veis &#40;CON&#41;&#46; Resultados expressos como gr&#225;ficos de barras com valores m&#233;dios e desvio padr&#227;o&#46;</p> <p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#916;&#44; diferen&#231;a entre as culturas com e sem est&#237;mulo por AMF&#46;</p> <p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica &#40;SN&#41; &#233; uma glomerulopatia muito comum em crian&#231;as&#44; caracterizada por protein&#250;ria maci&#231;a&#44; hipoalbuminemia&#44; edema generalizado e hiperlipidemia&#46; A SN pode ser causada por les&#227;o renal prim&#225;ria&#44; denominada s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica idiop&#225;tica &#40;SNI&#41;&#44; ou estar relacionada a doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">H&#225; comprova&#231;&#227;o do importante papel das altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema imunol&#243;gico no desencadeamento e na manuten&#231;&#227;o da SNI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5</span></a> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es incluem a resposta dos linf&#243;citos T em pacientes com SNI&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> uma poss&#237;vel contribui&#231;&#227;o das citocinas na fisiopatologia da SNI&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> a possibilidade de um fator de permeabilidade circulante que foi relacionado &#224; recidiva da doen&#231;a ap&#243;s transplante renal e a melhoria cl&#237;nica dos pacientes ap&#243;s tratamento com corticosteroides e medicamentos imunossupressores&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Contudo&#44; al&#233;m dos avan&#231;os&#160;em pesquisa sobre a SNI nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas&#44; principalmente no campo de imunologia&#44; sua fisiopatologia continua a ser totalmente abordada&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">V&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es imunol&#243;gicas foram detectadas em pacientes com SNI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> H&#225; relatos de express&#227;o alterada de citocina&#47;quimiocina que incluem interleucina &#40;IL&#41;&#8208;2&#44; IL&#8208;10&#44; IL&#8208;4 e IL&#8208;8&#44; bem como altera&#231;&#245;es nas c&#233;lulas TCD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> e TCD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> de pacientes com SNI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;6&#8211;10</span></a> A IL&#8208;2 e o fator de necrose tumoral alfa &#40;TNF&#8208;&#945;&#41; s&#227;o considerados poss&#237;veis fatores patog&#234;nicos subjacentes aos mecanismos de les&#227;o renal em pacientes com SNI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> Por exemplo&#44; a infus&#227;o de TNF&#8208;&#945; em ratos com SN causou aumento da protein&#250;ria&#44; dependente da dose&#44; paralelamente ao comprometimento do estado cl&#237;nico&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> &#201; importante destacar que o aumento dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de TNF&#8208;&#945; em pacientes com SNI associado ao aumento nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de IL&#8208;2 e a seu receptor sol&#250;vel &#40;sIL&#8208;2R&#41; e IFN&#8208;&#947; durante as reca&#237;das da SN em pacientes sens&#237;veis a esteroides&#44; sugere um padr&#227;o pr&#243;&#8208;inflamat&#243;rio ou de resposta imune das c&#233;lulas T auxiliares 1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Por outro lado&#44; um desequil&#237;brio entre os padr&#245;es de resposta imune Th1 e Th2 foi relatado na SNI&#44; com uma tend&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#227;o no perfil Th2&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;15</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Com base no conceito de que a SNI e sua progress&#227;o podem estar associados ao desequil&#237;brio da resposta imune&#44; neste estudo investigamos a express&#227;o das citocinas pr&#243; e anti&#8208;inflamat&#243;rias em diferentes subpopula&#231;&#245;es leucocit&#225;rias do sangue perif&#233;rico de pacientes com SNI&#46; Avaliamos tamb&#233;m se essas altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil das c&#233;lulas imunes estiveram relacionadas &#224; persist&#234;ncia da protein&#250;ria&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes e m&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Modelo do estudo</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo transversal usou uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de 44 pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com SNI e oito crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis pareadas por sexo e idade como um grupo de controle&#46; Os pacientes com SNI foram regularmente acompanhados na Unidade de Nefrologia Pedi&#225;trica de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o de 2014 a 2016&#46; Os crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico da SNI tiveram como base as Orienta&#231;&#245;es de Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica para Glomerulonefrite do KDIGO&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Nossa Unidade de Nefrologia Pedi&#225;trica foi estabelecida em 1980 e acompanhou aproximadamente 300 crian&#231;as com s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica&#44; de acordo com um protocolo sistem&#225;tico que inclui defini&#231;&#227;o da etiologia da doen&#231;a&#44; avalia&#231;&#227;o do curso cl&#237;nico e altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais&#44; institui&#231;&#227;o de tratamento e indica&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psia renal com base nos achados cl&#237;nicos &#40;sem resposta ao corticosteroide&#41; e laboratoriais&#46;</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Pacientes com SNI</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram crian&#231;as e adolescentes com SNI bem estabelecida com fun&#231;&#227;o renal ainda preservada&#44; acompanhadas de 2014 a 2016&#44; cujos pais forneceram seu consentimento para participar do protocolo do estudo&#46; As crian&#231;as e os adolescentes com formas cong&#234;nitas ou secund&#225;rias de s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica e pacientes com SNI em est&#225;gios 2&#8208;5 de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica foram automaticamente exclu&#237;dos do estudo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0086">Grupo de controle</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O grupo de controle consistiu de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis pareados por sexo e idade de nosso Centro Pedi&#225;trico de Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria&#46; O status saud&#225;vel foi determinado por meio do hist&#243;rico de sa&#250;de dos indiv&#237;duos e relato dos pais ou autorrelato para descartar a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas ou agudas&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Aspectos &#233;ticos</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o aprovou o estudo&#46; O consentimento informado foi obtido dos pais de todos os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos&#46; O protocolo de pesquisa n&#227;o interferiu em qualquer recomenda&#231;&#227;o ou prescri&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica&#46; As amostras de sangue no grupo de controle foram coletadas simultaneamente a outros exames de sangue de rotina&#46; O acompanhamento dos pacientes com SNI e controles saud&#225;veis foi garantido mesmo em caso de recusa a participar do estudo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Protocolo do estudo</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Com base nos n&#237;veis de protein&#250;ria no momento da coleta de sangue&#44; os pacientes com SNI foram subdivididos em dois grupos&#46; Os pacientes com excre&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na na urina de 24 horas igual ou superior a 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h foram considerados em remiss&#227;o parcial e alocados ao grupo chamado protein&#250;ria persistente &#40;PP&#44; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#41; e os com protein&#250;ria inferior a 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h considerados em remiss&#227;o completa e classificados como protein&#250;ria baixa &#40;PB&#44; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27&#41;&#46; Esse ponto de corte para protein&#250;ria teve como base as Orienta&#231;&#245;es de Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica para Glomerulonefrite do KDIGO&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e medi&#231;&#245;es casuais foram obtidas ao mesmo tempo da coleta de sangue e urina de 24 horas&#46; As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas analisadas foram idade&#44; sexo&#44; estatura&#44; peso&#44; &#237;ndice de massa corporal e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica&#46; Em pacientes com SNI&#44; os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ureia&#44; creatinina&#44; albumina&#44; colesterol&#44; triglicer&#237;deos e &#225;cido &#250;rico foram avaliados com a mesma amostra de sangue coletada para as medi&#231;&#245;es de c&#233;lulas do sistema imunol&#243;gico&#46; A determina&#231;&#227;o da excre&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na de 24 horas tamb&#233;m foi feita simultaneamente &#224;s medi&#231;&#245;es sangu&#237;neas&#46; A Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular &#40;TFG&#41; foi estimada com a f&#243;rmula convencional de Schwartz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> em pacientes com SNI e controles saud&#225;veis&#46; Os resultados da bi&#243;psia renal e das medica&#231;&#245;es usadas no momento da amostragem de sangue tamb&#233;m foram informados &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Amostragem de sangue</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos est&#233;reis que cont&#234;m &#225;cido etilenodiamino tetra&#8208;ac&#233;tico &#40;EDTA&#41; e heparina&#46; As amostras de sangue coletadas em tubos com EDTA foram usadas imediatamente na an&#225;lise <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ex vivo</span> de popula&#231;&#245;es e subpopula&#231;&#245;es de leuc&#243;citos por citometria de fluxo&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As amostras de sangue coletadas em tubos que cont&#234;m heparina foram imediatamente usadas para cultura de c&#233;lulas e an&#225;lise subsequente de citocinas intracelulares&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Contagem de leuc&#243;citos do sangue perif&#233;rico</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os leuc&#243;citos no sangue foram contados com um contador de c&#233;lulas CC&#8208;550 CELM &#40;CELM&#44; Barueri&#44; SP&#44; Brasil&#41;&#46; As contagens de leuc&#243;citos diferenciais foram feitas em esfrega&#231;os de sangue com um microsc&#243;pio &#243;ptico &#40;Olympus&#8208;BX41 TF&#44; Jap&#227;o&#41; ap&#243;s colora&#231;&#227;o May&#8208;Grunwald&#8208;Giemsa&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Colora&#231;&#227;o da superf&#237;cie celular e an&#225;lise de citometria de fluxo</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As amostras de sangue perif&#233;rico &#40;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L&#47;amostra&#41; foram incubadas com anticorpo monoclonal para os seguintes marcadores de superf&#237;cie&#58; anti&#8208;CD3&#44; anti&#8208;CD4&#44; anti&#8208;CD8 &#40;Becton &#38; Dickinson&#44; San Jose&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#44; anti&#8208;CD80 e anti&#8208;CD18 &#40;Caltag&#8208;Medsystems Limited&#44; Buckingham&#44; Inglaterra&#41; conjugado com fluoresce&#237;na fico eritrina &#40;PE&#41;&#44; isotiocianato &#40;FITC&#41; ou biotina no escuro por 30 minutos em temperatura ambiente&#46; Ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o&#44; os eritr&#243;citos foram lisados com solu&#231;&#227;o Optilyse&#8208;B &#40;Immunotec&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; As c&#233;lulas foram lavadas duas vezes em 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL e solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada com fosfato fria &#40;PBS&#44; pH 7&#44;4&#41;&#46; Os anticorpos biotinilados foram revelados com estreptavidina&#8208;FITC &#40;Becton &#38; Dickinson&#44; San Jose&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; Foram usados os seguintes anticorpos contra prote&#237;nas humanas&#58; anti&#8208;CD3 FITC &#40;clone&#58; UCHT1&#41; e anti&#8208;CD8 FITC &#40;clone&#58; HIT8a&#41; &#40;Bio&#8208;Legend&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#59; anti&#8208;CD4 FITC &#40;clone&#58; RPA&#8208;T4&#41; e anti&#8208;CD19 FITC &#40;clone&#58; HIB19&#41; da BD Pharmigen&#59; anti&#8208;CD56 PE &#40;clone&#58; B159&#41;&#44; anti&#8208;CD19 PE &#40;clone&#58; HIB19&#41;&#44; anti&#8208;CD4 PE &#40;clone&#58; L120&#41; e anti&#8208;CD8 PE &#40;clone&#58; HIT8a&#41; fornecidos pela BD Biosciences &#40;Becton &#38; Dickinson&#44; San Diego&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; A coleta de dados foi feita com FACScan &#40;Becton &#38; Dickinson&#44; San Diego&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; A coleta de c&#233;lulas foi processada e analisada com o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> Cell Quest &#40;Becton &#38; Dickinson&#44; San Jose&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; O total de linf&#243;citos T &#40;CD3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#41;&#44; os linf&#243;citos T auxiliares &#40;CD3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#41;&#44; os linf&#243;citos T citot&#243;xico &#40;CD3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>CD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#41;&#44; os linf&#243;citos B &#40;CD3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>CD19<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#41;&#44; as c&#233;lulas com fen&#243;tipo de Exterminadoras Naturais &#40;NK&#44; CD3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8208;</span>CD56<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#41; e as c&#233;lulas com fen&#243;tipo de Exterminadoras Naturais T &#40;NKT&#44; CD3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>CD56<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#41; foram analisados com modelos de fluoresc&#234;ncia de pontos ap&#243;s a sele&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas de interesse com base no tamanho e na granulosidade de c&#233;lulas &#40;gr&#225;fico de SSC em compara&#231;&#227;o com FSC&#41;&#46; Essas c&#233;lulas foram ent&#227;o analisadas por sua express&#227;o &#91;frequ&#234;ncia e intensidade m&#233;dia de fluoresc&#234;ncia &#40;IMF&#41;&#93; de determinado marcador com histogramas com marcadores estabelecidos com base em controles de isotipo negativo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">An&#225;lise da citocina intracelular em leuc&#243;citos</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para fazer a an&#225;lise de perfil da citocina em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es de leuc&#243;citos&#44; 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L de sangue perif&#233;rico foram acrescentados a 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L de meio de cultura de RPMI&#8208;1640 &#40;Sigma&#8208;Aldrich&#174;&#44; EUA&#41; em dois tubos separados&#46; O primeiro tubo continha cultura n&#227;o estimulada chamada de cultura controle e o segundo tubo continha cultura n&#227;o especificamente estimulada com acetato de miristato de forbol &#40;AMF&#41; e 25 ng&#47;mL e 1&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L de ionomicina a 1 ng&#47;mL&#46; Nos dois tubos&#44; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L de Brefeldin&#8208;A em 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;mL foram adicionados para manter as citocinas no compartimento intracelular&#46; As amostras foram ent&#227;o incubadas por quatro horas a 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C em uma incubadora umidificada com 5&#37; de CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46; Ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o&#44; foi adicionado EDTA &#40;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nM&#41; seguido de nova incuba&#231;&#227;o por 15 minutos&#46; As amostras foram lavadas com PBS &#40;0&#44;015<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M PBS&#44; pH 7&#44;4 com 0&#44;5&#37; de albumina s&#233;rica bovina e 0&#44;1&#37; de azida de s&#243;dio&#41; e incubadas por 30 minutos&#44; longe da luz&#44; em temperatura ambiente&#44; com anticorpos monoclonais espec&#237;ficos para marcadores de superf&#237;cie celular&#58; FITC&#8208;anti&#8208;CD4&#44; FITC anti&#8208;CD8 e FITC anti&#8208;CD19&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ap&#243;s essa etapa&#44; os eritr&#243;citos foram lisados com 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL de solu&#231;&#227;o Optilyse&#8208;B &#40;Immunotec&#44; EUA&#41; por 10 minutos&#46; Ent&#227;o&#44; as amostras foram centrifugadas em temperatura ambiente e&#44; posteriormente&#44; os leuc&#243;citos foram permeabilizados com solu&#231;&#227;o de PBS &#40;0&#44;015<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M PBS&#44; pH 7&#44;4 com 0&#44;5&#37; de albumina s&#233;rica bovina&#44; 0&#44;1&#37; de azida de s&#243;dio e 0&#44;5&#37; de saponina&#41;&#46; Ap&#243;s permebializa&#231;&#227;o&#44; essas c&#233;lulas foram incubadas por 30 minutos em temperatura ambiente no escuro&#44; com anticorpos monoclonais espec&#237;ficos contra citocinas&#58; TNF&#8208;&#945; anti&#8208;PE &#40;clone&#58; MAb11&#41;&#44; anti&#8208;IL10 PE &#40;clone&#58; JES3&#8208;9D7&#41;&#44; anti&#8208;IFN&#8208;&#947; PE &#40;clone&#58; 4S&#46;B3&#41; e anti&#8208;IL13 PE &#40;clone&#58; JES10&#8208;5A2&#41; &#40;BioLegend&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#59; anti&#8208;IL17 PE &#40;clone&#58; eBio64DEC17&#41; Biosciences&#59; anti&#8208;IL6 PE &#40;clone&#58; 1936&#41; &#40;R&#38;D Systems&#44; MN&#44; EUA&#41; e anti&#8208;IL4 PE &#40;clone&#58; 8D4&#8208;8 BD&#41; &#40;BD Pharmingen&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; As amostras foram avaliadas para os par&#226;metros de produ&#231;&#227;o celular de fen&#243;tipo e citocina pela aquisi&#231;&#227;o de 30&#46;000 eventos&#46; As an&#225;lises foram feitas com o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> Cell Quest &#40;Becton &#38; Dickinson&#44; San Jose&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; O perfil de citocina foi expresso como a diferen&#231;a &#40;delta&#41; entre o percentual de c&#233;lulas manchadas para citocinas intracelulares obtido em culturas n&#227;o estimuladas e culturas estimuladas com AMF&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">An&#225;lise de dados e avalia&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os resultados obtidos foram apresentados como m&#233;dia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>erro&#8208;padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia &#40;EPM&#41; ou mediana e intervalos interquartis&#46; Todos os dados foram testados para normalidade pelo teste de Shapiro&#8208;Wilk&#46; Para vari&#225;veis normalmente distribu&#237;das&#44; as diferen&#231;as foram comparadas pelo teste <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> de Student n&#227;o pareado ou an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia &#40;Anova&#41;&#46; O p&#243;s&#8208;teste de Bonferroni foi usado para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas&#46; Em caso de vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o gaussiana&#44; as diferen&#231;as foram analisadas pelo teste U de Mann&#8208;Whitney ou teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskal&#8208;Wallis&#46; Todos os testes estat&#237;sticos foram bicaudais&#44; com um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de &#945;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46; As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas com o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> SPSS &#40;IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows&#44; Version 22&#46;0&#46; NY&#44; EUA&#41; e a vers&#227;o GraphPad Prism 5&#46;0 &#40;GraphPad Software&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; La Jolla&#44; CA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Resultados</span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Caracter&#237;sticas e medi&#231;&#245;es casuais dos indiv&#237;duos</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O grupo de controle &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#41; incluiu cinco meninos e tr&#234;s meninas entre 6&#44;1 e 13&#44;5 anos&#46; Os valores m&#233;dios de peso&#44; estatura&#44; &#237;ndice de massa corporal&#44; press&#245;es sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas e par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o renal estavam dentro do normal &#40;dados n&#227;o mostrados&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os pacientes com SNI foram divididos de acordo com o n&#237;vel de protein&#250;ria no momento da amostragem sangu&#237;nea &#40;PP ou PB&#41;&#46; As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais de cada subgrupo no momento da amostragem sangu&#237;nea s&#227;o mostradas na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#46; Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi detectada na idade&#44; na distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo e nos n&#237;veis de azoto &#40;ureia e creatinina&#41;&#46; Contudo&#44; o grupo de PP apresentou aumento nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos e redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de albumina s&#233;rica em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de PB &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Conforme esperado&#44; o grupo de PP apresentou protein&#250;ria significativamente maior e 15 dos 17 pacientes no grupo de PP &#40;88&#44;2&#37;&#41; mostraram valores de protein&#250;ria acima de 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; Conforme mencionado anteriormente&#44; a doen&#231;a ficou em remiss&#227;o em todos os pacientes do grupo de PB&#46; Por outro lado&#44; todos os pacientes do grupo de PP tiveram reca&#237;da &#40;88&#44;2&#37;&#41; ou doen&#231;a parcialmente remitida &#40;11&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#44; pois os n&#237;veis de protein&#250;ria sempre estiveram acima de 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h em todos eles&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento&#44; 14 dos 27 pacientes &#40;51&#44;8&#37;&#41; do grupo de PB n&#227;o receberam qualquer tipo de medica&#231;&#227;o&#44; ao passo que todos os pacientes do grupo de PP precisaram de pelo menos uma medica&#231;&#227;o como tentativa de controle da protein&#250;ria&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; 25 dos 27 pacientes do grupo de PB &#40;88&#44;2&#37;&#41; se mostraram sens&#237;veis a esteroides&#46; Apenas dois pacientes com PB foram tratados com ciclosporina devido &#224; depend&#234;ncia a esteroides&#46; Em contraste acentuado&#44; 14 dos 17 pacientes &#40;82&#44;3&#37;&#41; no grupo de PP recebiam ciclosporina&#44; de forma isolada ou em associa&#231;&#227;o com inibidores do Sistema Renina&#8208;Angiotensina &#40;SRA&#41;&#44; devido &#224; resist&#234;ncia a esteroides&#46; Apenas tr&#234;s pacientes do grupo de PP mostraram resposta parcial &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de esteroides&#46; Conforme esperado&#44; todos os pacientes do grupo de PP foram submetidos a bi&#243;psias renais&#44; que mostraram esclerose segmentar focal em 13 pacientes &#40;76&#44;5&#37;&#41; e prolifera&#231;&#227;o mesangial difusa nos quatro restantes &#40;23&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; No grupo de PB&#44; apenas dois pacientes foram submetidos a bi&#243;psia&#44; devido &#224; depend&#234;ncia aos esteroides e ao padr&#227;o histol&#243;gico comprovado em altera&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima na s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica em um e prolifera&#231;&#227;o mesangial difusa em outro&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Contagem de leuc&#243;citos do sangue perif&#233;rico</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conforme mostrado na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#44; nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi encontrada nas contagens totais de leuc&#243;citos ou nas popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas de leuc&#243;citos &#40;mon&#243;citos&#44; neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos&#41; de pacientes com SNI em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle&#46; Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi detectada na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos de PP e PB&#46; Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os percentuais de linf&#243;citos T&#8208;CD4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>e T&#8208;CD8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nesses grupos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46; Por outro lado&#44; os pacientes com SNI apresentaram menores frequ&#234;ncias de linf&#243;citos B&#44; c&#233;lulas NK e c&#233;lulas NKT em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; os pacientes com SNI com PP apresentaram menores frequ&#234;ncias de linf&#243;citos B em c&#233;lulas NK e NKT em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle&#44; ao passo que nos pacientes com PB apenas os linf&#243;citos B se mostraram significativamente reduzidos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">An&#225;lise da citocina intracelular em leuc&#243;citos</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os percentuais de TCD4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#44; TCD8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>e linf&#243;citos B que expressam citocinas ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o com AMF foram comparados em pacientes com SNI e no grupo de controle&#46; A an&#225;lise de citocina em linf&#243;citos T&#8208;CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> revelou que os pacientes com SNI apresentaram aumento significativo na frequ&#234;ncia de c&#233;lulas que expressam TNF&#8208;&#945; em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles &#40;SNI&#58; 13&#44;94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;06 em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles&#58; 8&#44;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;92&#37;&#44; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Os pacientes com SNI tamb&#233;m mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o no percentual de linf&#243;citos TCD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> que expressam IFN&#8208;&#947; em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles &#40;SNI&#58; 5&#44;61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;83&#37; em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles&#58; 19&#44;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;91&#37;&#44; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; N&#227;o foi detectada outra diferen&#231;a&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As compara&#231;&#245;es entre o percentual de TCD4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#44; TCD8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>e linf&#243;citos B que expressam citocinas ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o com AMF no grupo de controle e em pacientes com SNI com PP e com PB est&#227;o na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#46; Em pacientes com SNI com PP que apresentaram percentuais significativamente maiores de c&#233;lulas TCD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> que expressam IFN&#8208;&#947; &#40;6&#44;58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;89&#37;&#41;&#44; TNF&#8208;&#945; &#40;14&#44;43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;18&#37;&#41; e IL&#8208;17 &#40;1&#44;58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;32&#37;&#41; em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle &#40;3&#44;47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;82&#44; 8&#44;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;92&#37; e 0&#44;55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;18&#44; respectivamente&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Os pacientes do grupo PP tamb&#233;m apresentaram aumento significativo no percentual de c&#233;lulas TCD8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>que expressam TNF&#8208;&#945; &#40;10&#44;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;75&#37;&#41; em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes do grupo de PB &#40;6&#44;43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;91&#37;&#41; e controles &#40;4&#44;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;90&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Por outro lado&#44; o percentual de c&#233;lulas TCD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> que expressam IFN&#8208;&#947; foi significativamente menor nos grupos de PB &#40;4&#44;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;78&#37;&#41; e PP &#40;7&#44;12&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;8&#37;&#41; em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles &#40;19&#44;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;91&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os mecanismos moleculares e celulares subjacentes &#224; SNI continuam incertos&#46; Contudo&#44; uma comprova&#231;&#227;o emergente foi destacada como um papel no sistema imunol&#243;gico na patog&#234;nese dessa doen&#231;a&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> No estudo atual&#44; os pacientes com SNI apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de linf&#243;citos B&#44; c&#233;lulas NK e NKT no sangue perif&#233;rico&#44; caso comparados com controles saud&#225;veis pareados por idade e sexo&#46; Nossos resultados est&#227;o em linha com estudos anteriores que mostram o envolvimento nessas c&#233;lulas imunes na SNI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#8211;20</span></a> Para comparar a doen&#231;a recidivada ou a falta de resposta &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o com a doen&#231;a em remiss&#227;o&#44; os pacientes com SNI foram divididos nos grupos de PP ou PB com base nos n&#237;veis de protein&#250;ria no momento da amostragem de sangue&#46; &#201; importante destacar que&#44; neste trabalho&#44; pela primeira vez&#44; a diminui&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos B depende dos n&#237;veis de protein&#250;ria&#44; ao passo que a redu&#231;&#227;o das frequ&#234;ncias de c&#233;lulas NK e NKT foi associada a reca&#237;da na SNI ou reca&#237;da parcial&#46; Nossos achados indicam que essa popula&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas pode ser marcadora da atividade da doen&#231;a&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi relatado que os mediadores inflamat&#243;rios&#44; inclusive as citocinas&#44; desempenham um papel na fisiopatologia da SNI e podem contribuir para a protein&#250;ria e o dano glomerular&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;13</span></a> H&#225; comprova&#231;&#227;o de que as c&#233;lulas T mediaram o dano renal por meio da libera&#231;&#227;o desses mediadores inflamat&#243;rios&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;21</span></a> Dessa forma&#44; descobrimos que os pacientes com SNI apresentaram maiores frequ&#234;ncias de c&#233;lulas TCD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> que expressam a citocina inflamat&#243;ria TNF&#8208;&#945;&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis&#46; Curiosamente&#44; eles tamb&#233;m apresentaram menores linf&#243;citos TCD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> que expressam IFN&#8208;&#947;&#46; Nos &#250;ltimos anos&#44; a comprova&#231;&#227;o emergente corroborou um papel de desequil&#237;brio nas respostas inflamat&#243;rias Th1&#47;Th2 na fisiopatologia da SNI&#44; com altera&#231;&#227;o com rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil Th2&#46; Por exemplo&#44; a aumento da express&#227;o de citocinas Th2&#44; como IL&#8208;4&#44; IL&#8208;10 e IL&#8208;13&#44; antecedeu a ocorr&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a em estudos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;22&#44;23</span></a> Contudo&#44; &#233; importante observar que as citocinas Th1&#44; inclusive IL&#8208;2&#44; IFN&#8208;&#947; e TNF&#8208;&#945;&#44; tamb&#233;m foram associadas &#224; SN&#44; o que corroborou nossos achados&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;14&#44;24</span></a> As diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas&#44; inclusive a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e as t&#233;cnicas usadas para medir os n&#237;veis de citocina&#44; poder&#227;o representar resultados conflitantes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tamb&#233;m mostramos que um est&#237;mulo n&#227;o espec&#237;fico com AMF das c&#233;lulas imunes de pacientes com PP revelaram um aumento significativo das c&#233;lulas TCD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> que expressam as citocinas inflamat&#243;rias IL&#8208;17&#44; IFN&#8208;&#947; e TNF&#8208;&#945;&#44; bem como os linf&#243;citos TCD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> que expressam TNF&#8208;&#945;&#46; Corroborando nossos achados&#44; o aumento na express&#227;o de mRNA para IL&#8208;17 nas c&#233;lulas mononucleares do sangue perif&#233;rico e rim&#44; bem como maiores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias&#44; IL1&#8208;&#223; e IL&#8208;6&#44; foi anteriormente relatado em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com SNI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Contudo&#44; os autores n&#227;o avaliaram a influ&#234;ncia das citocinas medidas nos n&#237;veis de protein&#250;ria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Sabe&#8208;se que os mediadores inflamat&#243;rios&#44; principalmente TNF&#8208;&#945;&#44; aumentam a excre&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na na urina em modelos de roedores&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;28</span></a> Contudo&#44; ainda faltam dados sobre os pacientes&#46; No melhor de nosso conhecimento&#44; nosso estudo &#233; o primeiro a fornecer comprova&#231;&#227;o de que o aumento na express&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias em c&#233;lulas do sistema imunol&#243;gico pode estar associado &#224; melhoria na protein&#250;ria em pacientes com SNI&#44; que&#44; por sua vez&#44; pode influenciar a atividade da doen&#231;a e o progn&#243;stico&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os corticosteroides s&#227;o a primeira linha de medicamentos imunossupressores para o tratamento de SNI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Os pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com SNI tratados com corticoides apresentaram uma supress&#227;o precoce e revers&#237;vel na popula&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas T&#44; seguida por uma depress&#227;o persistente nos n&#250;meros de c&#233;lulas B mesmo com interrup&#231;&#227;o do medicamento&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Tamb&#233;m foi relatado que as terapias imunossupressoras melhoraram a fun&#231;&#227;o renal e a redu&#231;&#227;o na protein&#250;ria em pacientes com glomeruloesclerose segmentar focal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Curiosamente&#44; neste estudo&#44; os corticosteroides e a ciclosporina n&#227;o conseguiram suprimir completamente a express&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias por linf&#243;citos T&#44; principalmente em pacientes com PP&#46; O perfil inflamat&#243;rio de c&#233;lulas imunes de pacientes com SNI pode contribuir&#44; pelo menos em parte&#44; para a persist&#234;ncia e&#47;ou recidiva de protein&#250;ria e&#44; por fim&#44; para a resposta inadequada a esteroides&#44; conforme hipotetizado na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estamos cientes das limita&#231;&#245;es associadas ao modelo transversal de nosso estudo&#46; A poss&#237;vel principal fraqueza foi o uso de uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia&#44; que torna a homogeneidade entre os grupos selecionados muito dif&#237;cil de atingir&#44; pois a presen&#231;a e o uso anterior de medicamentos imunossupressores podem interferir nas medi&#231;&#245;es de citocina e quimiocina&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; o tamanho de nosso grupo de controle foi reduzido devido &#224; dificuldade de recrutamento de pacientes saud&#225;veis para amostragem de sangue simultaneamente &#224;s coletas de sangue dos pacientes&#46; Contudo&#44; alguns aspectos do estudo podem aumentar a for&#231;a de nossos achados&#44; inclusive o uso de crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o estritamente definidos e do protocolo bem estabelecido para medi&#231;&#245;es de citometria de fluxo&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fornecemos a primeira comprova&#231;&#227;o de que os pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com SNI apresentaram um perfil inflamat&#243;rio&#44; apesar do uso de terapia com esteroides ou ciclosporina&#44; que foram associados a aumento nos n&#237;veis de protein&#250;ria&#46; Por fim&#44; identificamos c&#233;lulas imunes que expressam citocinas inflamat&#243;rias&#44; principalmente TNF&#8208;&#945;&#44; como poss&#237;veis marcadores de atividade da doen&#231;a&#44; pavimentamos uma estrada para o desenvolvimento de novos alvos terap&#234;uticos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0026" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Financiamento</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior &#40;Capes&#41;&#44;pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico &#40;CNPq&#41;&#44; Brasil - n&#250;mero de concess&#227;o470472&#47;2014-6 e n&#250;mero de concess&#227;o 460334&#47;2014-0&#41; - e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais &#40;Fapemig&#41;&#44; Brasil - n&#250;mero de concess&#227;o PPM-00555-15&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Conflitos de interesse</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesse&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0096" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect3150">Agradecimentos</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabalho foi financiado por FAPEMIG &#40;Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais&#44; Brasil&#41;&#44;CAPES &#40;Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior&#41;&#44; CNPq &#40;Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico&#44; Brasil&#41;&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Contagem de leuc&#243;citos do sangue perif&#233;rico"
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              "titulo" => "Colora&#231;&#227;o da superf&#237;cie celular e an&#225;lise de citometria de fluxo"
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              "titulo" => "An&#225;lise da citocina intracelular em leuc&#243;citos"
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              "titulo" => "An&#225;lise de dados e avalia&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica"
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              "titulo" => "Caracter&#237;sticas e medi&#231;&#245;es casuais dos indiv&#237;duos"
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              "titulo" => "Contagem de leuc&#243;citos do sangue perif&#233;rico"
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              "titulo" => "An&#225;lise da citocina intracelular em leuc&#243;citos"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2017-03-28"
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            0 => "Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome"
            1 => "Cytokines"
            2 => "Inflammation"
            3 => "Proteinuria"
            4 => "Immune response"
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            0 => "S&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica idiop&#225;tica"
            1 => "Citocinas"
            2 => "Inflama&#231;&#227;o"
            3 => "Protein&#250;ria"
            4 => "Resposta imune"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There is evidence of an important role of immune system changes in the triggering and maintenance of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome &#40;INS&#41;&#46; The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of cytokines in lymphocyte populations of patients with INS in comparison to healthy individuals&#44; according to proteinuria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This cross&#8208;sectional study included 44 patients with INS and eight healthy children&#44; matched for age and sex &#40;controls&#41;&#46; Patients were subdivided according to proteinuria&#58; persistent proteinuria or partial remission &#40;PP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#41; and low proteinuria or complete remission &#40;LP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ex vivo</span> analysis of peripheral blood leukocytes by flow cytometry was performed using surface markers for T&#8208;lymphocytes&#44; TCD4&#44; TCD8&#44; natural killer &#40;NK&#41; cells&#44; NKT&#44; and B&#8208;lymphocytes&#46; Frequencies of intracellular cytokines were analyzed in these cells&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The frequencies of B&#8208;lymphocytes&#44; NK cells&#44; and NKT cells were lower in INS than in controls&#44; whereas INS patients had a higher frequency of CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>tumor necrosis factor &#40;TNF&#41;&#8208;&#945;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> cells than controls&#46; Cytotoxic&#8208;T&#8208;lymphocytes expressing IFN&#8208;&#947; were lower in INS than in controls&#46; Patients with PP showed higher frequencies of CD4&#8208;T&#8208;lymphocytes expressing IFN&#8208;&#947; and TNF&#8208;&#945; than controls&#46; CD8&#8208;lymphocytes expressing TNF&#8208;&#945; were increased in PP group when compared with LP and controls&#44; while CD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>interferon &#40;IFN&#41;&#8208;&#947;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> cells were lower than in LP and in controls&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Regardless the level of proteinuria&#44; INS patients had increased expression of TNF&#8208;&#945; in CD4&#8208;lymphocytes and reduced expression of IFN&#8208;&#947; in CD8&#8208;lymphocytes&#46; Persistence of proteinuria was associated with higher levels of inflammatory markers&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">H&#225; comprova&#231;&#227;o do importante papel das altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema imunol&#243;gico no desencadeamento e na manuten&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica idiop&#225;tica &#40;SNI&#41;&#46; O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a express&#227;o das citocinas em popula&#231;&#245;es de linf&#243;citos de pacientes com SNI em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e de acordo com a protein&#250;ria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo transversal incluiu 44 pacientes com SNI e oito crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis&#44; pareados por idade e sexo &#40;controles&#41;&#46; Os pacientes foram subdivididos de acordo com a protein&#250;ria&#58; protein&#250;ria persistente ou remiss&#227;o parcial &#40;PP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#41; e protein&#250;ria baixa ou remiss&#227;o completa &#40;PB<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27&#41;&#46; A an&#225;lise <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ex vivo</span> de leuc&#243;citos no sangue perif&#233;rico por citometria de fluxo foi feita utilizando marcadores de superf&#237;cie para linf&#243;citos T&#44; TCD4&#44; TCD8&#44; c&#233;lulas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">natural killer</span> &#40;NK&#41;&#44; linf&#243;citos NKT e B&#46; As frequ&#234;ncias das citocinas intracelulares foram analisadas nessas c&#233;lulas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A frequ&#234;ncia dos linf&#243;citos B&#44; c&#233;lulas NK e c&#233;lulas NKT foi menor em pacientes com SNI do que nos controles&#44; ao passo que os pacientes com SNI apresentaram maior frequ&#234;ncia de c&#233;lulas CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>fator de necrose tumoral &#40;TNF&#41;&#8208;&#945;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> do que nos controles&#46; Os linf&#243;citos T citot&#243;xicos que expressam interferon &#40;IFN&#41;&#8208;&#947; foram menores nos pacientes com SNI do que nos controles&#46; Os pacientes com PP mostraram maiores frequ&#234;ncias de linf&#243;citos T CD4 que expressam IFN&#8208;&#947; e TNF&#8208;&#945; que os controles&#46; Os linf&#243;citos CD8 que expressam TNF&#8208;&#945; apresentaram aumento no grupo com PP&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o aos com PB e os controles&#44; apesar de as c&#233;lulas CD8&#43;IFN&#8208;&#947;&#43; serem mais baixas nos pacientes com PB e nos controles&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel de protein&#250;ria&#44; os pacientes com SNI apresentaram aumento na express&#227;o de TNF&#8208;&#945; nos linf&#243;citos CD4 e express&#227;o reduzida de IFN&#8208;&#947; nos linf&#243;citos CD8&#46; A persist&#234;ncia da protein&#250;ria foi associada a maiores n&#237;veis de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Como citar este artigo&#58; Guimar&#227;es FT&#44; Melo GE&#44; Cordeiro TM&#44; Feracin V&#44; Vieira ER&#44; Pereira WF&#44; et al&#46; T&#8208;lymphocyte&#8208;expressing inflammatory cytokines underlie persistence of proteinuria in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2018&#59;94&#58;546&#8211;53&#46;</p>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Vis&#227;o esquem&#225;tica das intera&#231;&#245;es entre as altera&#231;&#245;es imunol&#243;gicas na corrente sangu&#237;nea e as altera&#231;&#245;es renais em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica idiop&#225;tica &#40;SNI&#41;&#46; A figura enfatiza as principais altera&#231;&#245;es nas popula&#231;&#245;es de leuc&#243;citos no sangue perif&#233;rico e a express&#227;o de citocinas ap&#243;s est&#237;mulo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> com AMF em pacientes com SNI com protein&#250;ria persistente &#40;PP&#41;&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SRA&#44; sistema renina&#8208;angiotensina&#46;</p><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os valores s&#227;o expressos como erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia de ou mediana e intervalos interquartis de acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel&#46; Sexo e as medica&#231;&#245;es em uso s&#227;o expressos como valores absolutos&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Triglicer&#237;deos &#40;mg&#47;dL&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Medicamentos em uso</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Esteroides&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Inibidores de SRA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular foi estimada com a f&#243;rmula de Schwartz&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica idiop&#225;tica divididas em dois grupos de acordo com a excre&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na na urina de 24 horas&#58; protein&#250;ria persistente &#40;PP&#41; quando a protein&#250;ria &#8805; 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h e protein&#250;ria baixa &#40;PB&#41; quando protein&#250;ria &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">45&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Linf&#243;citos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">As popula&#231;&#245;es e subpopula&#231;&#245;es de leuc&#243;citos em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis &#40;controles&#41;&#44; em todo o grupo de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica idiop&#225;tica &#40;SNI&#41; e em pacientes com SNI&#44; foram divididas em dois grupos de acordo com a excre&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na na urina de 24 horas&#58; protein&#250;ria persistente &#40;PP&#41; quando a protein&#250;ria &#8805; 300 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h e protein&#250;ria baixa &#40;PB&#41; quando protein&#250;ria &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h</p>"
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ISSN: 22555536
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