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mas existe em quase todos os sistemas biol&#243;gicos&#46; Ele &#233; absorvido por meio de diferentes formas&#59; contudo&#44; a ingest&#227;o de componentes alimentares contaminados &#233; respons&#225;vel pela maior parte da toxicidade por chumbo em crian&#231;as&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> As crian&#231;as s&#227;o mais propensas &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o do que os adultos devido &#224; alta taxa de inala&#231;&#227;o e maior absor&#231;&#227;o intestinal&#46; A exposi&#231;&#227;o intensa a altas doses de chumbo causa envenenamento sintom&#225;tico agudo&#44; caracterizado por c&#243;lica&#44; anemia e depress&#227;o do sistema nervoso central&#44; que pode resultar em coma&#44; convuls&#245;es e morte&#46; Sabe&#8208;se que baixos n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue afetam v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os na aus&#234;ncia de sintomas evidentes&#46; A toxicidade com baixos n&#237;veis de chumbo no &#250;tero e durante a inf&#226;ncia constitui dano no c&#233;rebro e no sistema nervoso&#46; A exposi&#231;&#227;o a baixo NCS &#40;menos de 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#41; afeta tamb&#233;m os sistemas imunol&#243;gico&#44; reprodutivo e cardiovascular&#46; Uma pesquisa recente indica que&#44; em n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL ou menor&#44; &#233; prov&#225;vel que ocorram danos neurocomportamentais&#46; Parece que pode haver les&#227;o cerebral sem limiar de n&#237;vel sangu&#237;neo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a extens&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao chumbo em crian&#231;as em idade escolar &#40;entre 6 e 12 anos&#41; em &#225;reas industriais e urbanas no Egito e investigar os poss&#237;veis fatores influenciadores para esclarecer o atual problema de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao chumbo e aprimorar os m&#233;todos de preven&#231;&#227;o e controle&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material e m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram aleatoriamente escolhidas 200 crian&#231;as em idade escolar b&#225;sica na &#225;rea industrial no Egito &#40;cidade de Helwan&#41; com o mesmo n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as em idade escolar b&#225;sica em uma &#225;rea urbana no Egito &#40;Dokki&#41;&#46; O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica M&#233;dica do Centro de Pesquisa Nacional&#44; Dokki&#44; Cairo&#44; Egito&#46; Foram obtidos os consentimentos dos pais&#46; Os pais que optaram por participar do estudo foram submetidos a question&#225;rios detalhados sobre as fontes de abastecimento de &#225;gua&#44; moradia &#40;casas antigas com pinturas descascando&#44; uso de cer&#226;micas vidradas &#224; base de chumbo&#41;&#44; morar com adultos cujo trabalho envolve troca de baterias ou reciclagem ou processamento de baterias&#44; h&#225;bitos alimentares &#40;por exemplo&#44; usar jornais para envolver os alimentos das crian&#231;as&#41;&#44; exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; polui&#231;&#227;o no ar &#40;local<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>da casa &#233; pr&#243;ximo a principais rodovias&#41; e brincadeiras ao ar livre em &#225;reas de poeira&#46; Foram perguntados sobre o hist&#243;rico de desempenho escolar e quaisquer altera&#231;&#245;es comportamentais&#44; como ansiedade&#44; agressividades e quaisquer problemas cl&#237;nicos&#46; Pedimos que os professores e outros funcion&#225;rios de escolas avaliassem o desempenho e o comportamento de cada crian&#231;a&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi feito um exame cl&#237;nico abrangente que incluiu peso&#44; altura&#44; press&#227;o arterial&#44; exames card&#237;acos&#44; abdominais e neurol&#243;gicos completos&#46; Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica tamb&#233;m foi feita por meio de uma entrevista com um especialista&#46; Foram avaliados o hemograma completo e o n&#237;vel de chumbo no sangue&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As amostras de sangue foram coletadas de acordo com as orienta&#231;&#245;es do Centro de Controle e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as &#40;CDC&#41;&#46; Todos os tubos e materiais de coleta de amostras foram pr&#233;&#8208;selecionados para contamina&#231;&#227;o por chumbo&#46; As amostras de sangue foram analisadas para o n&#237;vel de chumbo com o m&#233;todo de absor&#231;&#227;o at&#244;mica descrito por Miller et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> com o uso de atomiza&#231;&#227;o de grafite por aquecimento &#40;PerkinElmer&#174;&#44; HGA 600&#44; MA&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; O NCS &#233; definido como &#8220;elevado&#8221; ou &#8220;n&#237;vel de preocupa&#231;&#227;o&#8221; se estiver em 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL ou maior&#44; de acordo com o Centro de Controle e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as dos Estados Unidos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi feita com o pacote estat&#237;stico para as ci&#234;ncias sociais &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; vers&#227;o 16 para Windows&#44; IL&#44; EUA&#41;&#46; Os dados cont&#237;nuos &#40;NCSs&#41; foram expressos como m&#233;dia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>desvio padr&#227;o e foram comparados com o teste <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> de Student&#46; Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram expressos como frequ&#234;ncias e percentuais e foram analisados com o teste qui&#8208;quadrado bicaudal&#46; Uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla foi usada para analisar os preditores de altos n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue &#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL e para modificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os dados cl&#237;nicos e o alto NCS e acrescentar as covari&#225;veis&#46; O valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 foi considerado significativo&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Resultados</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participaram do estudo 400 crian&#231;as&#46; A idade variou de 6 a 12 anos&#44; com m&#233;dia de 9&#44;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;33&#46; Foram 205 meninos e 195 meninas&#46; A m&#233;dia de NCS foi de 10&#44;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL na &#225;rea de Helwan e de 5&#44;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL na &#225;rea de Dokki&#44; com uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre as &#225;reas &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi encontrada entre sexo em ambas as &#225;reas com rela&#231;&#227;o ao NCS &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Na &#225;rea de Dokki&#44; 20&#37; do grupo estudado apresentaram NCSs &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; ao passo que na &#225;rea de Helwan o percentual foi de 42&#37;&#46; As crian&#231;as com NCS &#8805;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL na &#225;rea de Dokki foram 44&#37;&#44; ao passo que aquelas na &#225;rea de Helwan foram 64&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os dados sociais e cl&#237;nicos da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada s&#227;o apresentados na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#44; que mostrou que as crian&#231;as na &#225;rea de Helwan apresentaram h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de significativamente piores&#44; moradia com maior exposi&#231;&#227;o&#44; desempenho escolar<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37;&#44; comportamento anormal e palidez do que as crian&#231;as na &#225;rea de Dokki &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A associa&#231;&#227;o entre os dados cl&#237;nicos de todas as crian&#231;as e os altos n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue &#233; apresentada na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#46; Foi encontrada uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o NCS &#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL e as crian&#231;as com desempenho escolar<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37;&#44; crian&#231;as com comportamento anormal&#44; crian&#231;as com baixa estatura e palidez em compara&#231;&#227;o com aquelas com NCS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi feita a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla para estudar os preditores de alto NCS &#40;&#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabela 3</a>&#41;&#46; Foi constatado que aquelas que moram na &#225;rea de Helwan&#44; aquelas com h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de ruins e aquelas que vivem em moradias com maior exposi&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o significativamente em alto risco de apresentar NCS &#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL &#40;RC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;16&#44; IC de 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;35&#8208;3&#44;47&#59; RC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;947&#44; IC de 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;2&#8208;3&#44;10&#59; RC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;72&#44; IC de 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;09&#8208;1&#44;09&#44; respectivamente&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 em todas&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabela 4</a> mostra a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os dados cl&#237;nicos e o alto NCS ap&#243;s modifica&#231;&#227;o pelos preditores de alto NCS como covari&#225;veis&#46; Comportamento anormal e palidez foram associados a alto NCS &#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#44; ao passo que o desenvolvimento escolar<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37; e a baixa estatura n&#227;o foram associados a alto NCS &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41; ap&#243;s modifica&#231;&#227;o pelas covari&#225;veis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O envenenamento por chumbo na inf&#226;ncia &#233; um grande problema que pode ser evitado em todo o mundo&#46; No estudo atual&#44; a m&#233;dia de NCS em uma &#225;rea urbana do Egito &#40;Dokki&#41; foi de 5&#44;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; ao passo que em uma &#225;rea industrial &#40;Helwan&#41; foi de 10&#44;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#46; Na &#225;rea de Dokki&#44; 20&#37; do grupo estudado apresentaram NCSs &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; ao passo que na &#225;rea de Helwan o percentual foi de 42&#37;&#46; As crian&#231;as com NCS &#8805; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL na &#225;rea de Dokki foram 44&#37;&#44; ao passo que aquelas na &#225;rea de Helwan foram 64&#37;&#46; Em Cingapura&#44; de 1995 a 1997&#44; o n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de chumbo no sangue foi relatado em 6&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL em 269 crian&#231;as&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Crian&#231;as entre 12 e 19 anos foram avaliadas em 1999 por americanos e foi encontrada uma m&#233;dia de NCS de 1&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> e&#44; de 2007 a 2010&#44; as m&#233;dias geom&#233;tricas aos 1&#8208;2 anos e 3&#8208;5 anos foram constatadas em 1&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL e 1&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; respectivamente&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Um estudo transversal para NCSs incluiu 3&#46;831 crian&#231;as recrutadas em hospitais na Fran&#231;a&#46; A media geom&#233;trica de NCS foi de 1&#44;49<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL e 0&#44;09&#37; das crian&#231;as apresentaram NCSs acima de 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; 1&#44;5&#37; acima de 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em 2011&#44; foi feito um estudo sobre os NCSs em 226 crian&#231;as em idade escolar de Alpuyeca&#44; em Morelos&#44; M&#233;xico&#46; Os NCSs m&#233;dios foram de 7&#44;23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; e encontramos NCSs<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL e<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL em 64&#37; e 18&#37; das crian&#231;as&#44; respectivamente&#46; Em quase 50&#37; das resid&#234;ncias foi relatado o uso de cer&#226;micas vidradas &#224; base de chumbo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os neonatos e as crian&#231;as jovens do Equador &#40;130&#41; entre 0&#44;33 e 5&#44;8 anos foram estudadas para n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue&#46; O NCS m&#233;dio foi de 29&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl &#40;DP&#58; 24&#44;3&#59; intervalo&#58; 3&#44;0&#8208;128&#44;2&#59; mediana 21&#44;7&#59; m&#233;dia geom&#233;trica&#58; 20&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Para medir a exposi&#231;&#227;o atual ao chumbo em crian&#231;as japonesas&#44; foram coletadas amostras de sangue de crian&#231;as entre 9 e 10 anos em Asahikawa&#44; Jap&#227;o&#46; A m&#233;dia geom&#233;trica &#40;MG&#41; dos NCSs foi de 0&#44;96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As crian&#231;as em seis comunidades pr&#243;ximas &#224;s minas e fundi&#231;&#245;es atualmente fechadas em Kabwe&#44; Z&#226;mbia&#44; foram estudadas para os n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue&#46; A m&#233;dia do NCS foi de 4&#44;83 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#956;</span>g&#47;dL&#41;&#46; O NCS mais baixo medido foi de 1&#44;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#46; O NCS mais alto de detec&#231;&#227;o pelo sistema de teste foi de 6&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Na comunidade de Bagega&#44; na Nig&#233;ria&#44; foi feita uma pesquisa para investigar o NCS&#46; A mediana do NCS foi de 71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL &#40;intervalo&#58; 8&#8208;332<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#41;&#46; NCS elevado &#40;&#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#41; foi encontrado em 99&#44;5&#37; do grupo estudado&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Os NCSs foram investigados em 2012&#44; durante todo o ano&#44; em crian&#231;as com menos de 18 anos em Wuhan&#8208;China&#46; Para todos os indiv&#237;duos&#44; a m&#233;dia geom&#233;trica dos NCSs foi de 4&#44;48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#46; NCSs elevados &#40;&#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL e &#8805; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#41; foram encontrados em 2&#37; e 44&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Foram feitos estudos anal&#237;ticos transversais na &#193;frica do Sul que inclu&#237;ram 160 crian&#231;as em idade escolar&#46; A m&#233;dia de n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue foi de 7&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl &#40;intervalo de 2&#44;2 a 22&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl&#41;&#46; N&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue &#8805; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl foram encontrados em 74&#37; das crian&#231;as&#44; ao passo que 16&#37; delas apresentaram n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue &#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os NCSs foram quantificados em sangue de crian&#231;as que moram em Riyadh&#44; Ar&#225;bia Saudita&#46; A concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia &#40;&#177; DP&#41; de chumbo no sangue das crian&#231;as foi de 5&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;7&#44; com intervalo de 1&#44;7&#8208;10&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl&#46; Os NCS de 17&#44;8&#37; das crian&#231;as em Riyadh foram maiores do que 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi feito um estudo sobre os NCSs em tr&#234;s escolas na cidade de Nablus&#44; na Palestina&#44; que incluiu 178 crian&#231;as &#40;140 meninos&#44; 38 meninas&#41;&#44; faixa de 6&#8208;8 anos&#46; Os n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue m&#233;dios gerais foram de 3&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL e n&#237;veis acima de 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL foram encontrados em 4&#44;5&#37; das crian&#231;as&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No presente estudo&#44; altos NCSs foram encontrados na &#225;rea de Helwan&#44; uma &#225;rea industrial antiga com muitas ind&#250;strias e f&#225;bricas de chumbo&#46; Outros preditores de alto NCS foram h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de ruins &#40;usar jornais para embalar os alimentos das crian&#231;as&#44; n&#227;o lavar as m&#227;os antes de comer e depois de brincar&#44; contato com poeira&#44; solo e brinquedos contaminados&#44; ingest&#227;o de ovos conservados e frituras&#41; e moradia com alta exposi&#231;&#227;o &#40;pintura &#224; base de chumbo descascada ou lascada&#44; reformas&#44; chumbo no encanamento&#44; uso de cer&#226;micas vidradas &#224; base de chumbo&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi detectada no estudo atual entre homens e mulheres nas &#225;reas de Dokki e Helwan com rela&#231;&#227;o aos NCSs&#44; o que pode ser explicado por comportamentos e atividades externos semelhantes de ambos os sexos&#46; Esse resultado est&#225; de acordo com os achados de Counter et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Cao et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> constataram que a m&#233;dia dos NCSs dos meninos &#40;23&#44;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#41; foi maior do que a das meninas &#40;21&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#41;&#44; o que foi explicado pelo comportamento distinto discrepante e pelas atividades externas praticadas por meninos em fase de crescimento&#44; que levam a contato com polui&#231;&#227;o ambiental por chumbo&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em uma an&#225;lise multivariada por Spanier et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> a m&#233;dia dos NCSs das crian&#231;as cuja moradia foi submetida a reforma interna foi 12&#37; maior do que a das crian&#231;as cuja moradia n&#227;o foi reformada &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#46; As normas de reforma&#44; conserto&#44; pintura e reforma interna foram associadas a um pequeno aumento nos NCSs das crian&#231;as&#44; que est&#225; de acordo com nosso estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No presente estudo&#44; o desempenho escolar<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37;&#44; a baixa estatura e a palidez &#40;Hb<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 gm&#47;dL&#41; foram associados a altos NCSs &#40;&#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#41;&#46; Liu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> estudaram crian&#231;as em quatro escolas prim&#225;rias &#40;um estudo de coorte prospectivo&#41;&#46; Eles detectaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os NCSs e o aumento no n&#250;mero de problemas comportamentais relatados por professores &#40;reatividade emocional&#44; ansiedade&#47;problemas comportamentais de depress&#227;o e generalizados&#41;&#44; que est&#225; de acordo com nossos resultados&#46; Os meninos sofrem efeitos cognitivos delet&#233;rios do chumbo mais do que as meninas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi feito um estudo transversal em crian&#231;as e adolescentes at&#233; 17 anos de seis comunidades na bacia do rio Corrientes&#46; As crian&#231;as e os adolescentes com NCSs<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL apresentaram duas vezes risco de baixa estatura em compara&#231;&#227;o com aquelas com menores NCSs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> Fleisch et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> conclu&#237;ram que&#44; em meninos em idade p&#250;bere&#44; maiores NCSs foram associados a menor IGF&#8208;1 s&#233;rico e que isso &#233; atribu&#237;do &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o do eixo hipot&#225;lamo&#8208;hip&#243;fise&#8208;crescimento pela exposi&#231;&#227;o ao chumbo que leva a atraso no crescimento&#46; Os resultados dos dois estudos anteriores est&#227;o de acordo com o presente resultado&#44; que mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os altos NCSs e baixa estatura&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O presente estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es&#44; que incluem o pequeno tamanho da amostra&#44; o modelo transversal&#44; que pode n&#227;o possibilitar o acompanhamento da associa&#231;&#227;o entre os dados cl&#237;nicos e os NCSs e&#44; por fim&#44; o question&#225;rio de coletar de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os fatores de risco que pode ter causado vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria&#46; A medi&#231;&#227;o do NCS que usa o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o de base &#40;m&#233;todo de absor&#231;&#227;o at&#244;mica de grafite&#41; acrescentou um ponto forte ao presente estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em conclus&#227;o&#44; os NCSs em duas &#225;reas &#40;urbana e industrial&#41; no Egito foram medidos e associados a fatores de risco de exposi&#231;&#227;o&#46; Os NCSs foram significativamente maiores na &#225;rea industrial em compara&#231;&#227;o com a &#225;rea urbana&#46; Os altos NCSs foram significativamente associados a h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de ruins e moradia com maior exposi&#231;&#227;o&#44; bem como desenvolvimento escolar<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37;&#44; baixa estatura e palidez &#40;Hb<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 gm&#47;dL&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No Egito&#44; planos e regulamentos definitivos devem ser feitos para aprimorar a preven&#231;&#227;o e o controle de envenenamento por chumbo na inf&#226;ncia&#46; Pol&#237;ticas reguladoras s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para reduzir a libera&#231;&#227;o de chumbo de diferentes setores&#46; O exame de chumbo no sangue e o teste de chumbo no sague devem ser aprimorados&#46; Em &#225;reas industriais&#44; devem ser implantados programas de exame para n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue&#46; Por fim&#44; a preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento de envenenamento por chumbo na inf&#226;ncia devem ser aprimorados no Egito&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo examinou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue e seus fatores de risco em crian&#231;as eg&#237;pcias&#46; O uso de uma amostra representativa das crian&#231;as eg&#237;pcias em geral &#233; um ponto forte do nosso estudo&#46; Contudo&#44; houve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es neste estudo&#46; Primeiro&#44; tratou&#8208;se de um estudo transversal que n&#227;o p&#244;de avaliar a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao chumbo ao longo de todo o desenvolvimento infantil&#46; Segundo&#44; outros poluentes ambientais perigosos n&#227;o puderam ser avaliados &#40;por exemplo&#44; merc&#250;rio&#44; c&#225;dmio&#41;&#46; Terceiro&#44; o tamanho da amostra &#233; relativamente pequeno&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflitos de interesse</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesse&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Blood lead levels"
            1 => "Children"
            2 => "Lead exposure"
            3 => "Abnormal behavior"
            4 => "Short stature"
            5 => "Egypt"
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            0 => "N&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue"
            1 => "Crian&#231;as"
            2 => "Exposi&#231;&#227;o ao chumbo"
            3 => "Comportamento anormal"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To investigate blood lead levels &#40;BLLs&#41; in schoolchildren in two areas of Egypt to understand the current lead pollution exposure and its risk factors&#44; aiming to improve prevention politicies&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Subjects and method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This was a cross&#8208;sectional study in children &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>400&#41; aged 6&#8211;12 years recruited from two areas in Egypt &#40;industrial and urban&#41;&#46; BLLs were measured using an atomic absorption method&#46; Detailed questionnaires on sources of lead exposure and history of school performance and any behavioral changes were obtained&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The mean BLL in the urban area of Egypt &#40;Dokki&#41; was 5&#46;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; while that in the industrial area &#40;Helwan&#41; was 10&#46;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; with a statistically significant difference between both areas &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; In Dokki&#44; 20&#37; of the studied group had BLLs<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 42&#37; of those in Helwan&#46; A significant association was found between children with abnormal behavior and those with pallor with BLL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; when compared with those with BLL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Those living in Helwan area&#44; those with bad health habits&#44; and those living in housing with increased exposure were at a statistically significantly higher risk of having BLL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lead remains a public health problem in Egypt&#46; High BLLs were significantly associated with bad health habits and housing with increased exposure&#44; as well as abnormal behavior and pallor&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Investigar os n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue &#40;NCSs&#41; em crian&#231;as em idade escolar em duas &#225;reas do Egito para entender a atual exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; polui&#231;&#227;o por chumbo e seus fatores de risco&#44; para melhorar as pol&#237;ticas de preven&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Indiv&#237;duos e m&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este foi um estudo transversal em crian&#231;as &#40;400&#41; entre 6&#8208;12 anos recrutadas de duas &#225;reas no Egito &#40;industrial e urbana&#41;&#46; Os NCSs foram medidos por um m&#233;todo de absor&#231;&#227;o at&#244;mica&#46; Foram obtidos question&#225;rios detalhados sobre as fontes de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao chumbo e o hist&#243;rico de desempenho escolar e quaisquer altera&#231;&#245;es comportamentais&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O NCS na &#225;rea urbana do Egito &#40;Dokki&#41; foi de 5&#44;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; ao passo que na &#225;rea industrial &#40;Helwan&#41; foi de 10&#44;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; com uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre ambas as &#225;reas &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Na &#225;rea de Dokki&#44; 20&#37; do grupo estudado apresentaram NCSs &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; ao passo que na &#225;rea de Helwan foi 42&#37;&#46; Foi encontrada uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre as crian&#231;as com comportamento anormal e aquelas com palidez com NCS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com aquelas com NCS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Aquelas que moram na &#225;rea de Helwan&#44; aquelas com h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de ruins e aquelas que moram em moradias com maior exposi&#231;&#227;o estiveram significativamente em alto risco de apresentar NCS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O chumbo ainda &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no Egito&#46; Altos NCSs foram significativamente associados a h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de ruins e moradia com maior exposi&#231;&#227;o&#44; bem como comportamento anormal e palidez&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Como citar este artigo&#58; AbuShady MM&#44; Fathy HA&#44; Fathy GA&#44; Fatah Sa&#44; Ali A&#44; Abbas MA&#46; Blood lead levels in a group of children&#58; the potential risk factors and health problems&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2017&#59;93&#58;619&#8211;24&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#193;rea de Helwan<br>n&#176; total 200<br>&#40;n&#250;mero em &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#193;rea de Dokki<br>n&#176; total 200<br>&#40;n&#250;mero em &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valor de p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">H&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de ruins que aumenta a exposi&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">122 &#40;61&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">64 &#40;32&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Moradia com aumento da exposi&#231;&#227;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">119 &#40;59&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69 &#40;34&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Desempenho escolar<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;10&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;004<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Comportamento anormal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;7&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;1&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;008<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Baixa estatura&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;681&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Palidez &#40;Hb<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 gm&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">79 &#40;39&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44 &#40;22&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NCS &#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">84 &#40;42&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;20&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 &#233; significativo&#46;</p>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dados cl&#237;nicos e sociais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>400&#41;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hb&#44; hemoglobina&#59; NCS&#44; n&#237;vel de chumbo no sangue&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Caracter&#237;sticas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Alto NCS &#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL<br>n&#176; total 124<br>&#40;n&#250;mero em &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NCS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL<br>n&#176; total 276<br>&#40;n&#250;mero em &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valor de p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Desempenho escolar<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;14&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Comportamento anormal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;2&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;041<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Baixa estatura&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;0&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;019<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Palidez &#40;Hb<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 gm&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67 &#40;54&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57 &#40;20&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 &#233; significativo&#46;</p>"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Associa&#231;&#227;o dos dados cl&#237;nicos das crian&#231;as e dos altos n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue &#40;&#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#41;</p>"
        ]
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      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabela 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          0 => array:3 [
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            "rol" => "short"
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IC&#44; intervalo de confian&#231;a&#59; RC&#44; raz&#227;o de chance&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Valor de p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">RC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IC de 95&#37; para RC</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Inferior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Superior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Resid&#234;ncia &#40;Dokki em compara&#231;&#227;o com Helwan&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;763&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;002<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;145&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;335&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#44;447&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">H&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de &#40;bons h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de em compara&#231;&#227;o com h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de ruins&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;664&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;943&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;220&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#44;095&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Exposi&#231;&#227;o da moradia &#40;moradia sem exposi&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com moradia com aumento da exposi&#231;&#227;o&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;565&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;760&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;108&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;796&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Idade&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;077&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;243&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;926&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;815&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;053&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sexo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;200&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;392&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;222&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;772&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;932&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Constante&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Epidemiol"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "19"
                        "paginaInicial" => "235"
                        "paginaFinal" => "238"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Identification of environmental lead sources and pathways in a mining and smelting town&#58; Mount Isa&#44; Australia"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "A&#46;K&#46; Mackay"
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                            2 => "N&#46;C&#46; Munksgaard"
                            3 => "K&#46;A&#46; Hudson-Edwards"
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                    0 => array:2 [
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Environ Pollut"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "180"
                        "paginaInicial" => "304"
                        "paginaFinal" => "311"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23770073"
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                      "titulo" => "Air and blood lead levels in lead acid battery recycling and manufacturing plants in Kenya"
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                    ]
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Artigo Original
Blood lead levels in a group of children: the potential risk factors and health problems
Mones M. AbuShadya,
Autor para correspondência
monesshady@ymail.com

Autor para correspondência.
, Hanan A. Fathyb, Gihan A. Fathya, Samer abd el Fatahb, Alaa Alia, Mohamed A. Abbasa
a National Research Centre, Child Health Department, Cairo, Egito
b Atomic Energy Authority, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Health Radiation Research Department, Cairo, Egito
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base de chumbo descascada ou lascada&#44; presente principalmente durante reformas de casas antigas&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> contato com poeira ou solo contaminados&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> chumbo no encanamento&#44; escapamento de autom&#243;veis&#44; subprodutos de trabalho de minera&#231;&#227;o e metalurgia e v&#225;rios produtos de consumo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> A reciclagem de sucata eletr&#244;nica &#233; uma &#225;rea de interesse emergente como uma fonte de exposi&#231;&#245;es ocupacionais entre trabalhadores e uma fonte de exposi&#231;&#245;es que s&#227;o levadas para casa&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sabe&#8208;se que o chumbo n&#227;o tem qualquer fun&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica&#44; mas existe em quase todos os sistemas biol&#243;gicos&#46; Ele &#233; absorvido por meio de diferentes formas&#59; contudo&#44; a ingest&#227;o de componentes alimentares contaminados &#233; respons&#225;vel pela maior parte da toxicidade por chumbo em crian&#231;as&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> As crian&#231;as s&#227;o mais propensas &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o do que os adultos devido &#224; alta taxa de inala&#231;&#227;o e maior absor&#231;&#227;o intestinal&#46; A exposi&#231;&#227;o intensa a altas doses de chumbo causa envenenamento sintom&#225;tico agudo&#44; caracterizado por c&#243;lica&#44; anemia e depress&#227;o do sistema nervoso central&#44; que pode resultar em coma&#44; convuls&#245;es e morte&#46; Sabe&#8208;se que baixos n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue afetam v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os na aus&#234;ncia de sintomas evidentes&#46; A toxicidade com baixos n&#237;veis de chumbo no &#250;tero e durante a inf&#226;ncia constitui dano no c&#233;rebro e no sistema nervoso&#46; A exposi&#231;&#227;o a baixo NCS &#40;menos de 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#41; afeta tamb&#233;m os sistemas imunol&#243;gico&#44; reprodutivo e cardiovascular&#46; Uma pesquisa recente indica que&#44; em n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL ou menor&#44; &#233; prov&#225;vel que ocorram danos neurocomportamentais&#46; Parece que pode haver les&#227;o cerebral sem limiar de n&#237;vel sangu&#237;neo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a extens&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao chumbo em crian&#231;as em idade escolar &#40;entre 6 e 12 anos&#41; em &#225;reas industriais e urbanas no Egito e investigar os poss&#237;veis fatores influenciadores para esclarecer o atual problema de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao chumbo e aprimorar os m&#233;todos de preven&#231;&#227;o e controle&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material e m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foram aleatoriamente escolhidas 200 crian&#231;as em idade escolar b&#225;sica na &#225;rea industrial no Egito &#40;cidade de Helwan&#41; com o mesmo n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as em idade escolar b&#225;sica em uma &#225;rea urbana no Egito &#40;Dokki&#41;&#46; O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica M&#233;dica do Centro de Pesquisa Nacional&#44; Dokki&#44; Cairo&#44; Egito&#46; Foram obtidos os consentimentos dos pais&#46; Os pais que optaram por participar do estudo foram submetidos a question&#225;rios detalhados sobre as fontes de abastecimento de &#225;gua&#44; moradia &#40;casas antigas com pinturas descascando&#44; uso de cer&#226;micas vidradas &#224; base de chumbo&#41;&#44; morar com adultos cujo trabalho envolve troca de baterias ou reciclagem ou processamento de baterias&#44; h&#225;bitos alimentares &#40;por exemplo&#44; usar jornais para envolver os alimentos das crian&#231;as&#41;&#44; exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; polui&#231;&#227;o no ar &#40;local<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>da casa &#233; pr&#243;ximo a principais rodovias&#41; e brincadeiras ao ar livre em &#225;reas de poeira&#46; 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A idade variou de 6 a 12 anos&#44; com m&#233;dia de 9&#44;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;33&#46; Foram 205 meninos e 195 meninas&#46; A m&#233;dia de NCS foi de 10&#44;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL na &#225;rea de Helwan e de 5&#44;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL na &#225;rea de Dokki&#44; com uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre as &#225;reas &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi encontrada entre sexo em ambas as &#225;reas com rela&#231;&#227;o ao NCS &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Na &#225;rea de Dokki&#44; 20&#37; do grupo estudado apresentaram NCSs &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; ao passo que na &#225;rea de Helwan o percentual foi de 42&#37;&#46; As crian&#231;as com NCS &#8805;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL na &#225;rea de Dokki foram 44&#37;&#44; ao passo que aquelas na &#225;rea de Helwan foram 64&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os dados sociais e cl&#237;nicos da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada s&#227;o apresentados na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#44; que mostrou que as crian&#231;as na &#225;rea de Helwan apresentaram h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de significativamente piores&#44; moradia com maior exposi&#231;&#227;o&#44; desempenho escolar<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37;&#44; comportamento anormal e palidez do que as crian&#231;as na &#225;rea de Dokki &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A associa&#231;&#227;o entre os dados cl&#237;nicos de todas as crian&#231;as e os altos n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue &#233; apresentada na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a>&#46; Foi encontrada uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o NCS &#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL e as crian&#231;as com desempenho escolar<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37;&#44; crian&#231;as com comportamento anormal&#44; crian&#231;as com baixa estatura e palidez em compara&#231;&#227;o com aquelas com NCS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi feita a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla para estudar os preditores de alto NCS &#40;&#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabela 3</a>&#41;&#46; Foi constatado que aquelas que moram na &#225;rea de Helwan&#44; aquelas com h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de ruins e aquelas que vivem em moradias com maior exposi&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o significativamente em alto risco de apresentar NCS &#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL &#40;RC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;16&#44; IC de 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;35&#8208;3&#44;47&#59; RC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;947&#44; IC de 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;2&#8208;3&#44;10&#59; RC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;72&#44; IC de 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;09&#8208;1&#44;09&#44; respectivamente&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 em todas&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabela 4</a> mostra a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os dados cl&#237;nicos e o alto NCS ap&#243;s modifica&#231;&#227;o pelos preditores de alto NCS como covari&#225;veis&#46; Comportamento anormal e palidez foram associados a alto NCS &#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#44; ao passo que o desenvolvimento escolar<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37; e a baixa estatura n&#227;o foram associados a alto NCS &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41; ap&#243;s modifica&#231;&#227;o pelas covari&#225;veis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O envenenamento por chumbo na inf&#226;ncia &#233; um grande problema que pode ser evitado em todo o mundo&#46; No estudo atual&#44; a m&#233;dia de NCS em uma &#225;rea urbana do Egito &#40;Dokki&#41; foi de 5&#44;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; ao passo que em uma &#225;rea industrial &#40;Helwan&#41; foi de 10&#44;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#46; Na &#225;rea de Dokki&#44; 20&#37; do grupo estudado apresentaram NCSs &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; ao passo que na &#225;rea de Helwan o percentual foi de 42&#37;&#46; As crian&#231;as com NCS &#8805; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL na &#225;rea de Dokki foram 44&#37;&#44; ao passo que aquelas na &#225;rea de Helwan foram 64&#37;&#46; Em Cingapura&#44; de 1995 a 1997&#44; o n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de chumbo no sangue foi relatado em 6&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL em 269 crian&#231;as&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Crian&#231;as entre 12 e 19 anos foram avaliadas em 1999 por americanos e foi encontrada uma m&#233;dia de NCS de 1&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> e&#44; de 2007 a 2010&#44; as m&#233;dias geom&#233;tricas aos 1&#8208;2 anos e 3&#8208;5 anos foram constatadas em 1&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL e 1&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; respectivamente&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Um estudo transversal para NCSs incluiu 3&#46;831 crian&#231;as recrutadas em hospitais na Fran&#231;a&#46; A media geom&#233;trica de NCS foi de 1&#44;49<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL e 0&#44;09&#37; das crian&#231;as apresentaram NCSs acima de 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; 1&#44;5&#37; acima de 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em 2011&#44; foi feito um estudo sobre os NCSs em 226 crian&#231;as em idade escolar de Alpuyeca&#44; em Morelos&#44; M&#233;xico&#46; Os NCSs m&#233;dios foram de 7&#44;23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; e encontramos NCSs<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL e<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL em 64&#37; e 18&#37; das crian&#231;as&#44; respectivamente&#46; Em quase 50&#37; das resid&#234;ncias foi relatado o uso de cer&#226;micas vidradas &#224; base de chumbo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os neonatos e as crian&#231;as jovens do Equador &#40;130&#41; entre 0&#44;33 e 5&#44;8 anos foram estudadas para n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue&#46; O NCS m&#233;dio foi de 29&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl &#40;DP&#58; 24&#44;3&#59; intervalo&#58; 3&#44;0&#8208;128&#44;2&#59; mediana 21&#44;7&#59; m&#233;dia geom&#233;trica&#58; 20&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Para medir a exposi&#231;&#227;o atual ao chumbo em crian&#231;as japonesas&#44; foram coletadas amostras de sangue de crian&#231;as entre 9 e 10 anos em Asahikawa&#44; Jap&#227;o&#46; A m&#233;dia geom&#233;trica &#40;MG&#41; dos NCSs foi de 0&#44;96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As crian&#231;as em seis comunidades pr&#243;ximas &#224;s minas e fundi&#231;&#245;es atualmente fechadas em Kabwe&#44; Z&#226;mbia&#44; foram estudadas para os n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue&#46; A m&#233;dia do NCS foi de 4&#44;83 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#956;</span>g&#47;dL&#41;&#46; O NCS mais baixo medido foi de 1&#44;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#46; O NCS mais alto de detec&#231;&#227;o pelo sistema de teste foi de 6&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Na comunidade de Bagega&#44; na Nig&#233;ria&#44; foi feita uma pesquisa para investigar o NCS&#46; A mediana do NCS foi de 71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL &#40;intervalo&#58; 8&#8208;332<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#41;&#46; NCS elevado &#40;&#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#41; foi encontrado em 99&#44;5&#37; do grupo estudado&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Os NCSs foram investigados em 2012&#44; durante todo o ano&#44; em crian&#231;as com menos de 18 anos em Wuhan&#8208;China&#46; Para todos os indiv&#237;duos&#44; a m&#233;dia geom&#233;trica dos NCSs foi de 4&#44;48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#46; NCSs elevados &#40;&#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL e &#8805; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#41; foram encontrados em 2&#37; e 44&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Foram feitos estudos anal&#237;ticos transversais na &#193;frica do Sul que inclu&#237;ram 160 crian&#231;as em idade escolar&#46; A m&#233;dia de n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue foi de 7&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl &#40;intervalo de 2&#44;2 a 22&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl&#41;&#46; N&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue &#8805; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl foram encontrados em 74&#37; das crian&#231;as&#44; ao passo que 16&#37; delas apresentaram n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue &#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os NCSs foram quantificados em sangue de crian&#231;as que moram em Riyadh&#44; Ar&#225;bia Saudita&#46; A concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia &#40;&#177; DP&#41; de chumbo no sangue das crian&#231;as foi de 5&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;7&#44; com intervalo de 1&#44;7&#8208;10&#44;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl&#46; Os NCS de 17&#44;8&#37; das crian&#231;as em Riyadh foram maiores do que 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dl&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi feito um estudo sobre os NCSs em tr&#234;s escolas na cidade de Nablus&#44; na Palestina&#44; que incluiu 178 crian&#231;as &#40;140 meninos&#44; 38 meninas&#41;&#44; faixa de 6&#8208;8 anos&#46; Os n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue m&#233;dios gerais foram de 3&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL e n&#237;veis acima de 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL foram encontrados em 4&#44;5&#37; das crian&#231;as&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No presente estudo&#44; altos NCSs foram encontrados na &#225;rea de Helwan&#44; uma &#225;rea industrial antiga com muitas ind&#250;strias e f&#225;bricas de chumbo&#46; Outros preditores de alto NCS foram h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de ruins &#40;usar jornais para embalar os alimentos das crian&#231;as&#44; n&#227;o lavar as m&#227;os antes de comer e depois de brincar&#44; contato com poeira&#44; solo e brinquedos contaminados&#44; ingest&#227;o de ovos conservados e frituras&#41; e moradia com alta exposi&#231;&#227;o &#40;pintura &#224; base de chumbo descascada ou lascada&#44; reformas&#44; chumbo no encanamento&#44; uso de cer&#226;micas vidradas &#224; base de chumbo&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi detectada no estudo atual entre homens e mulheres nas &#225;reas de Dokki e Helwan com rela&#231;&#227;o aos NCSs&#44; o que pode ser explicado por comportamentos e atividades externos semelhantes de ambos os sexos&#46; Esse resultado est&#225; de acordo com os achados de Counter et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Cao et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> constataram que a m&#233;dia dos NCSs dos meninos &#40;23&#44;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#41; foi maior do que a das meninas &#40;21&#44;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#41;&#44; o que foi explicado pelo comportamento distinto discrepante e pelas atividades externas praticadas por meninos em fase de crescimento&#44; que levam a contato com polui&#231;&#227;o ambiental por chumbo&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em uma an&#225;lise multivariada por Spanier et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> a m&#233;dia dos NCSs das crian&#231;as cuja moradia foi submetida a reforma interna foi 12&#37; maior do que a das crian&#231;as cuja moradia n&#227;o foi reformada &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#46; As normas de reforma&#44; conserto&#44; pintura e reforma interna foram associadas a um pequeno aumento nos NCSs das crian&#231;as&#44; que est&#225; de acordo com nosso estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No presente estudo&#44; o desempenho escolar<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37;&#44; a baixa estatura e a palidez &#40;Hb<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 gm&#47;dL&#41; foram associados a altos NCSs &#40;&#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#41;&#46; Liu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> estudaram crian&#231;as em quatro escolas prim&#225;rias &#40;um estudo de coorte prospectivo&#41;&#46; Eles detectaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os NCSs e o aumento no n&#250;mero de problemas comportamentais relatados por professores &#40;reatividade emocional&#44; ansiedade&#47;problemas comportamentais de depress&#227;o e generalizados&#41;&#44; que est&#225; de acordo com nossos resultados&#46; Os meninos sofrem efeitos cognitivos delet&#233;rios do chumbo mais do que as meninas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foi feito um estudo transversal em crian&#231;as e adolescentes at&#233; 17 anos de seis comunidades na bacia do rio Corrientes&#46; As crian&#231;as e os adolescentes com NCSs<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL apresentaram duas vezes risco de baixa estatura em compara&#231;&#227;o com aquelas com menores NCSs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> Fleisch et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> conclu&#237;ram que&#44; em meninos em idade p&#250;bere&#44; maiores NCSs foram associados a menor IGF&#8208;1 s&#233;rico e que isso &#233; atribu&#237;do &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o do eixo hipot&#225;lamo&#8208;hip&#243;fise&#8208;crescimento pela exposi&#231;&#227;o ao chumbo que leva a atraso no crescimento&#46; Os resultados dos dois estudos anteriores est&#227;o de acordo com o presente resultado&#44; que mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os altos NCSs e baixa estatura&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O presente estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es&#44; que incluem o pequeno tamanho da amostra&#44; o modelo transversal&#44; que pode n&#227;o possibilitar o acompanhamento da associa&#231;&#227;o entre os dados cl&#237;nicos e os NCSs e&#44; por fim&#44; o question&#225;rio de coletar de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os fatores de risco que pode ter causado vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria&#46; A medi&#231;&#227;o do NCS que usa o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o de base &#40;m&#233;todo de absor&#231;&#227;o at&#244;mica de grafite&#41; acrescentou um ponto forte ao presente estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em conclus&#227;o&#44; os NCSs em duas &#225;reas &#40;urbana e industrial&#41; no Egito foram medidos e associados a fatores de risco de exposi&#231;&#227;o&#46; Os NCSs foram significativamente maiores na &#225;rea industrial em compara&#231;&#227;o com a &#225;rea urbana&#46; Os altos NCSs foram significativamente associados a h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de ruins e moradia com maior exposi&#231;&#227;o&#44; bem como desenvolvimento escolar<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37;&#44; baixa estatura e palidez &#40;Hb<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 gm&#47;dL&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No Egito&#44; planos e regulamentos definitivos devem ser feitos para aprimorar a preven&#231;&#227;o e o controle de envenenamento por chumbo na inf&#226;ncia&#46; Pol&#237;ticas reguladoras s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para reduzir a libera&#231;&#227;o de chumbo de diferentes setores&#46; O exame de chumbo no sangue e o teste de chumbo no sague devem ser aprimorados&#46; Em &#225;reas industriais&#44; devem ser implantados programas de exame para n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue&#46; Por fim&#44; a preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento de envenenamento por chumbo na inf&#226;ncia devem ser aprimorados no Egito&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este estudo examinou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue e seus fatores de risco em crian&#231;as eg&#237;pcias&#46; O uso de uma amostra representativa das crian&#231;as eg&#237;pcias em geral &#233; um ponto forte do nosso estudo&#46; Contudo&#44; houve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es neste estudo&#46; Primeiro&#44; tratou&#8208;se de um estudo transversal que n&#227;o p&#244;de avaliar a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao chumbo ao longo de todo o desenvolvimento infantil&#46; Segundo&#44; outros poluentes ambientais perigosos n&#227;o puderam ser avaliados &#40;por exemplo&#44; merc&#250;rio&#44; c&#225;dmio&#41;&#46; Terceiro&#44; o tamanho da amostra &#233; relativamente pequeno&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflitos de interesse</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesse&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-07-15"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2016-12-22"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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            0 => "Blood lead levels"
            1 => "Children"
            2 => "Lead exposure"
            3 => "Abnormal behavior"
            4 => "Short stature"
            5 => "Egypt"
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            0 => "N&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue"
            1 => "Crian&#231;as"
            2 => "Exposi&#231;&#227;o ao chumbo"
            3 => "Comportamento anormal"
            4 => "Baixa estatura"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To investigate blood lead levels &#40;BLLs&#41; in schoolchildren in two areas of Egypt to understand the current lead pollution exposure and its risk factors&#44; aiming to improve prevention politicies&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Subjects and method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This was a cross&#8208;sectional study in children &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>400&#41; aged 6&#8211;12 years recruited from two areas in Egypt &#40;industrial and urban&#41;&#46; BLLs were measured using an atomic absorption method&#46; Detailed questionnaires on sources of lead exposure and history of school performance and any behavioral changes were obtained&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The mean BLL in the urban area of Egypt &#40;Dokki&#41; was 5&#46;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; while that in the industrial area &#40;Helwan&#41; was 10&#46;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; with a statistically significant difference between both areas &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; In Dokki&#44; 20&#37; of the studied group had BLLs<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 42&#37; of those in Helwan&#46; A significant association was found between children with abnormal behavior and those with pallor with BLL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; when compared with those with BLL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Those living in Helwan area&#44; those with bad health habits&#44; and those living in housing with increased exposure were at a statistically significantly higher risk of having BLL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lead remains a public health problem in Egypt&#46; High BLLs were significantly associated with bad health habits and housing with increased exposure&#44; as well as abnormal behavior and pallor&#46;</p></span>"
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            "identificador" => "abst0005"
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            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Subjects and method"
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        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Investigar os n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue &#40;NCSs&#41; em crian&#231;as em idade escolar em duas &#225;reas do Egito para entender a atual exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; polui&#231;&#227;o por chumbo e seus fatores de risco&#44; para melhorar as pol&#237;ticas de preven&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Indiv&#237;duos e m&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este foi um estudo transversal em crian&#231;as &#40;400&#41; entre 6&#8208;12 anos recrutadas de duas &#225;reas no Egito &#40;industrial e urbana&#41;&#46; Os NCSs foram medidos por um m&#233;todo de absor&#231;&#227;o at&#244;mica&#46; Foram obtidos question&#225;rios detalhados sobre as fontes de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao chumbo e o hist&#243;rico de desempenho escolar e quaisquer altera&#231;&#245;es comportamentais&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O NCS na &#225;rea urbana do Egito &#40;Dokki&#41; foi de 5&#44;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; ao passo que na &#225;rea industrial &#40;Helwan&#41; foi de 10&#44;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; com uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre ambas as &#225;reas &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Na &#225;rea de Dokki&#44; 20&#37; do grupo estudado apresentaram NCSs &#8805;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; ao passo que na &#225;rea de Helwan foi 42&#37;&#46; Foi encontrada uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre as crian&#231;as com comportamento anormal e aquelas com palidez com NCS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#44; em compara&#231;&#227;o com aquelas com NCS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Aquelas que moram na &#225;rea de Helwan&#44; aquelas com h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de ruins e aquelas que moram em moradias com maior exposi&#231;&#227;o estiveram significativamente em alto risco de apresentar NCS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">O chumbo ainda &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no Egito&#46; Altos NCSs foram significativamente associados a h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de ruins e moradia com maior exposi&#231;&#227;o&#44; bem como comportamento anormal e palidez&#46;</p></span>"
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      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Como citar este artigo&#58; AbuShady MM&#44; Fathy HA&#44; Fathy GA&#44; Fatah Sa&#44; Ali A&#44; Abbas MA&#46; Blood lead levels in a group of children&#58; the potential risk factors and health problems&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2017&#59;93&#58;619&#8211;24&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Caracter&#237;sticas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#193;rea de Helwan<br>n&#176; total 200<br>&#40;n&#250;mero em &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#193;rea de Dokki<br>n&#176; total 200<br>&#40;n&#250;mero em &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69 &#40;34&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Desempenho escolar<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;10&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;681&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Caracter&#237;sticas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Alto NCS &#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL<br>n&#176; total 124<br>&#40;n&#250;mero em &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NCS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL<br>n&#176; total 276<br>&#40;n&#250;mero em &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Desempenho escolar<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18 &#40;14&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60; 0&#44;000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Comportamento anormal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;2&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;041<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;0&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;019<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Palidez &#40;Hb<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 gm&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67 &#40;54&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57 &#40;20&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Associa&#231;&#227;o dos dados cl&#237;nicos das crian&#231;as e dos altos n&#237;veis de chumbo no sangue &#40;&#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#41;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Resid&#234;ncia &#40;Dokki em compara&#231;&#227;o com Helwan&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#44;447&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">H&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de &#40;bons h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de em compara&#231;&#227;o com h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de ruins&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;664&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;220&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#44;095&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Exposi&#231;&#227;o da moradia &#40;moradia sem exposi&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com moradia com aumento da exposi&#231;&#227;o&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;565&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;760&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;108&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#44;796&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;243&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;926&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;815&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;053&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;033&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "pt" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Preditores de alto n&#237;vel de chumbo no sangue &#40;&#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#41; &#40;an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla&#41;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hb&#44; hemoglobina&#59; IC&#44; intervalo de confian&#231;a&#59; RC&#44; raz&#227;o de chance&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;952&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Resid&#234;ncia &#40;Dokki em compara&#231;&#227;o com Helwan&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;049<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;591&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;350&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>H&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de &#40;bons h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de em compara&#231;&#227;o com h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de ruins&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#44;307&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;252&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;736&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;435&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;243&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Exposi&#231;&#227;o da moradia &#40;moradia sem exposi&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com moradia com aumento da exposi&#231;&#227;o&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;039<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;581&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;347&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Idade&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;188&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;105&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#44;924&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;845&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#44;948&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Associa&#231;&#227;o dos dados cl&#237;nicos e do alto n&#237;vel de chumbo no sangue &#40;&#8805; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;dL&#41; ap&#243;s modifica&#231;&#227;o pelas covari&#225;veis &#40;An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla&#41;</p>"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.01.022"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
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                            0 => "D&#46;E&#46; Jacobs"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                        0 => array:2 [
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                            0 => "A&#46;J&#46; Spanier"
                            1 => "S&#46; Wilson"
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                            3 => "R&#46; Hornung"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
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                            1 => "J&#46;M&#46; Gaitens"
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                      ]
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Investigation of childhood lead poisoning from parental take&#8208;home exposure from an electronic scrap recycling facility &#8211; Ohio&#44; 2012"
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                          "autores" => array:5 [
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                            1 => "C&#46; Jones"
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                            3 => "D&#46; Ceballos"
                            4 => "A&#46; Oza"
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                    0 => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Preventing lead poisoning in children"
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                      "doi" => "10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.187"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9143717"
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              "etiqueta" => "11"
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                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "Available from&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0010" href="http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/childhoodpoisoning/en/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;who&#46;int&#47;ceh&#47;publications&#47;childhoodpoisoning&#47;en&#47;</span> &#91;cited 19&#46;09&#46;15&#93;&#46;"
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                      "titulo" => "Childhood lead poisoning"
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                            0 => "World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41;"
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ISSN: 22555536
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