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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar complementam os hist&#243;ricos cl&#237;nicos e os exames f&#237;sicos de indiv&#237;duos com problemas respirat&#243;rios e contribuem para os diagn&#243;sticos&#44; progn&#243;sticos&#44; monitoramento de doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias e para as avalia&#231;&#245;es dos efeitos terap&#234;uticos das interven&#231;&#245;es&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A espirometria &#233; um m&#233;todo universalmente aceito para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar&#44; incluindo volumes e fluxos do pulm&#227;o&#44; e &#233; o m&#233;todo mais amplamente usado para detectar altera&#231;&#245;es das fun&#231;&#245;es pulmonares em adultos&#44; adolescentes e crian&#231;as em idade escolar&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Contudo&#44; a espirometria ainda n&#227;o foi amplamente estudada em popula&#231;&#245;es em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar latino&#8208;americanas nem brasileiras&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os primeiros estudos que avaliaram as manobras espirom&#233;tricas em crian&#231;as em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar foram publicados aproximadamente 20 anos atr&#225;s&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Atualmente&#44; &#233; bem estabelecido na literatura que 75&#8208;86&#37; de crian&#231;as em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar conseguem fazer manobras espirom&#233;tricas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3&#44;6&#8211;10</span></a> de forma aceit&#225;vel e reprodut&#237;vel&#44; conforme comprovado pela disponibilidade das equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar de v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;8&#44;9&#44;11&#8211;17</span></a> Al&#233;m disso&#44; um recente estudo multic&#234;ntrico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> prop&#244;s equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o para vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas de crian&#231;as em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar com base em dados coletados das crian&#231;as de 11 pa&#237;ses &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;777&#41;&#44; incluindo o Brasil&#46; Uma atualiza&#231;&#227;o foi publicada em 2012 e incluiu novas equa&#231;&#245;es multi&#233;tnicas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Recentemente&#44; Burity et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> descreveram valores de refer&#234;ncia com base em 135 crian&#231;as do Nordeste brasileiro em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar e identificaram a estatura e o sexo como vari&#225;veis preditoras de par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar&#46; Contudo&#44; essas equa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o necessariamente representam as crian&#231;as brasileiras em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar como um todo&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Devido &#224; import&#226;ncia da espirometria em todas as faixas et&#225;rias e &#224; escassez de equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas em crian&#231;as em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar no Brasil&#44; o objetivo deste estudo era descrever as equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o de espirometria em crian&#231;as de quatro a seis anos residentes em Sete Lagoas&#44; Estado de Minas Gerais&#44; Sudeste do Brasil&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">M&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Ambiente e amostragem</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os indiv&#237;duos foram recrutados em escolas p&#250;blicas e particulares escolhidas aleatoriamente em Sete Lagoas de acordo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o&#58; idade entre quatro e seis anos &#40;ou seja&#44; de 48 a 83 meses&#41;&#59; nenhuma doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica de acordo com o question&#225;rio da Sociedade Tor&#225;cica Norte&#8208;Americana e a Divis&#227;o de Doen&#231;a Pulmonar &#8211; ATS&#47;DLD&#47;78&#47;C &#40;ou seja&#44; pontua&#231;&#227;o total igual ou inferior a 6&#41;&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;20</span></a> &#237;ndice de massa corporal &#40;IMC&#41; entre o 3&#176; e o 95&#176; percentis por idade&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> peso ao nascer acima de 2&#46;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g em uma idade gestacional de 37 a 42 semanas&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> nenhum epis&#243;dio de gripe nos sete dias anteriores&#59; nenhum hist&#243;rico de tabagismo materno durante a gravidez ou exposi&#231;&#227;o ao tabaco ao longo dos anos anteriores &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o espirom&#233;trica&#59; nenhuma hist&#243;ria anterior de cirurgia tor&#225;cica ou abdominal&#59; nenhuma m&#225; forma&#231;&#227;o&#44; s&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica&#44; disfun&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica&#44; doen&#231;a cardiovascular&#44; doen&#231;a neuromuscular&#44; transtorno mental ou d&#233;ficit cognitivo&#59; e nenhum uso de medicamentos de forma regular&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O protocolo do estudo e o consentimento informado &#40;fornecido pelos pais ou pelos respons&#225;veis legais&#41; foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#40;ETIC n&#176; 0612&#46;0&#46;203&#46;000&#8208;09&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Instrumentos e procedimentos de medi&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O question&#225;rio ATS&#8208;DLD&#8208;78&#8208;C foi usado para descartar a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias e a exposi&#231;&#227;o a poluentes ambientais&#46; Esse question&#225;rio consiste em perguntas sobre os sintomas e outras doen&#231;as e interna&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a doen&#231;as do trato respirat&#243;rio e foi preenchido pelos pais ou pelos respons&#225;veis legais&#46; As pontua&#231;&#245;es gerais variaram de 0 a 22 e as pontua&#231;&#245;es acima ou iguais a sete eram indicativas de uma doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;das perguntas complementares&#44; por exemplo&#44; perguntas sobre a idade gestacional&#44; per&#237;odo neonatal e doen&#231;as concomitantes&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Um espir&#244;metro Koko port&#225;til &#40;Koko<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; tipo PFT&#44; nSpire Health Inc&#46;&#44; CO&#44; EUA&#41; foi usado para avaliar as vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas obtidas das manobras de expira&#231;&#227;o for&#231;ada&#46; Esse equipamento atende a todas as exig&#234;ncias da ATS&#47;ERS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> e exibe gr&#225;ficos em tempo real das curvas de fluxo&#47;volume e de volume&#47;tempo&#46; De acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ATS&#44; foram usados um bocal descart&#225;vel e um filtro antibacteriano&#44; que&#44; juntos&#44; resultam em um espa&#231;o morto de menos de 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;kg&#46; A precis&#227;o dos equipamentos era verificada diariamente por meio de calibragem com uma seringa manual de tr&#234;s litros &#40;Cosmed&#44; Equipamentos de Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar&#44; It&#225;lia&#41;&#46; As seguintes vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas foram analisadas&#58; capacidade vital for&#231;ada &#40;CVF&#41;&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado &#40;VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0&#46;5</span>&#41;&#44; VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; fluxo expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado &#40;FEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25&#8208;75</span>&#41; e pico de fluxo expirat&#243;rio &#40;PEF&#41;&#46; Os dados do tempo expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado &#40;TEF&#41; e o volume retroextrapolado &#40;BEV&#41; foram coletados para garantir as qualidades das curvas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os dados de todos os question&#225;rios foram analisados e as crian&#231;as que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram convidadas a participar&#46; As crian&#231;as cujos pais&#47;respons&#225;veis autorizaram sua participa&#231;&#227;o e assinaram um formul&#225;rio de consentimento foram avaliadas durante as atividades escolares regulares&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os exames f&#237;sicos foram iniciados com a medi&#231;&#227;o dos pesos com uma &#250;nica balan&#231;a &#40;Filizola&#44; SP&#44; Brasil&#41; e das estaturas com um estadi&#244;metro Harpenden&#174; &#40;Harpenden&#160;Skinfold Caliper&#44; Mediflex Surgical Products&#44; NY&#44; EUA&#41; com faixa de medi&#231;&#227;o de 60&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm a 210&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; fixado na parede&#44; com precis&#227;o de 0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm e com a crian&#231;a de p&#233;&#44; descal&#231;a&#44; posicionada de forma que a cabe&#231;a&#44; os ombros&#44; as n&#225;degas e os calcanhares tocassem ligeiramente a superf&#237;cie vertical do dispositivo de medi&#231;&#227;o&#46; Posteriormente&#44; foram medidos a press&#227;o arterial&#44; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#44; frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria&#44; satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio e ausculta pulmonar e foram feitas inspe&#231;&#245;es est&#225;ticas e din&#226;micas do padr&#227;o de respira&#231;&#227;o para confirmar a aus&#234;ncia de qualquer anomalia cl&#237;nica&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para fazer a espirometria&#44; seguimos os crit&#233;rios recomendados de aceitabilidade e reprodutibilidade&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Antes do exame&#44; cada crian&#231;a recebeu instru&#231;&#245;es adequadas para a idade e&#44; ent&#227;o&#44; fez as manobras&#46; As medi&#231;&#245;es foram coletadas com o indiv&#237;duo sentado&#44; com um clipe bucal descart&#225;vel bem ajustado &#40;para evitar vazamentos&#41;&#44; um clipe nasal e programas de anima&#231;&#227;o por computador que forneciam instru&#231;&#245;es e est&#237;mulos aos participantes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Foi solicitado que os indiv&#237;duos respirassem no volume corrente e&#44; ent&#227;o&#44; enchessem seus pulm&#245;es o m&#225;ximo poss&#237;vel e soprassem da forma mais forte&#44; r&#225;pida e longa poss&#237;vel&#46; Os crit&#233;rios de aceitabilidade foram&#58; as curvas de fluxo&#8208;volume e volume&#8208;tempo foram inspecionadas e as manobras visivelmente inadequadas foram exclu&#237;das&#44; ou seja&#44; quando a curva fluxo&#8208;volume n&#227;o apresentava um aumento r&#225;pido at&#233; o pico de fluxo e uma redu&#231;&#227;o calma sem evid&#234;ncia de tosse ou fechamento da glote&#59; o BEV era igual ou inferior a 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL ou inferior a 12&#44;5&#37; da CVF&#59; e TEF superior a 10&#37; da taxa do pico de fluxo expirat&#243;rio&#46; Os crit&#233;rios de reprodutibilidade foram&#58; a diferen&#231;a entre a CVF e o VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> era inferior a 10&#37; ou 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL por no m&#237;nimo duas manobras reprodut&#237;veis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> O exame foi limitado a 20 minutos para garantir a aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica e os indiv&#237;duos puderam descansar por um minuto entre duas manobras consecutivas feitas pelo mesmo investigador &#40;DCF&#41; com todos os indiv&#237;duos&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As curvas de volume&#8208;tempo e fluxo&#8208;volume foram visualmente examinadas por dois observadores independentes&#44; que n&#227;o conheciam as condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de atuais e anteriores das crian&#231;as&#46; Especificamente&#44; os valores m&#225;ximos da CVF&#44; VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0&#44;5</span>&#44; VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> e PEF foram obtidos com a curva adequada e reprodut&#237;vel &#40;os valores m&#225;ximos de cada uma das vari&#225;veis poderia vir de curvas diferentes&#41;&#46; O valor de FEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25&#8208;75</span> foi selecionado da curva que apresentava a maior soma de CVF e VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; e o valor de VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0&#44;5</span> foi obtido da curva com o maior valor de VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> ou o maior VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0&#44;5</span>&#44; quando TEF era<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 s&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De acordo com as faixas et&#225;rias &#40;48&#8208;59&#44; 60&#8208;71 e 72&#8208;83 meses&#41; e o sexo &#40;meninos e meninas&#41;&#44; predefinimos arbitrariamente 180 crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar na faixa et&#225;ria visada como a m&#237;nima a ser avaliada neste estudo&#46; Foi feita uma randomiza&#231;&#227;o em blocos com base na lista oficial das escolas p&#250;blicas e particulares em Sete Lagoas&#46; Foram selecionadas 11 escolas aleatoriamente &#40;sete p&#250;blicas e quatro privadas&#41;&#44; manteve&#8208;se&#44; ao mesmo tempo&#44; uma propor&#231;&#227;o de escolas p&#250;blicas&#47;particulares de 1&#44;75&#44; com base nas propor&#231;&#245;es de alunos matriculados&#46; Depois&#44; todas as crian&#231;as de quatro a seis anos matriculadas em cada escola foram convidadas para participar do estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste de Kolmogorov&#8208;Smirnov foi usado para verificar a normalidade dos dados&#46; As compara&#231;&#245;es dos dados antropom&#233;tricos e espirom&#233;tricos entre crian&#231;as do sexo masculino e feminino foram feitas com testes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> independentes das amostras&#46; Uma an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia &#40;Anova&#41; unidirecional&#44; seguida de m&#250;ltiplos testes de compara&#231;&#227;o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post&#8208;hoc</span> de Hochberg&#44; foi usada para comparar os dados e as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricos dos testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar entre crian&#231;as de quatro a seis anos&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para gerar as equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas&#44; foi usado o m&#233;todo dos m&#237;nimos quadrados&#46; Primeiro&#44; as transforma&#231;&#245;es logar&#237;tmicas foram aplicadas &#224;s vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas com an&#225;lises de Box&#8208;Cox&#46; Foram feitas regress&#245;es lineares entre as vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas &#40;dependentes&#41; e estatura&#44; peso&#44; sexo e idade &#40;vari&#225;veis explorat&#243;rias&#41;&#46; Depois&#44; foi feita uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla&#46; Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla&#44; a normalidade e a homocedasticidade das vari&#225;veis residuais foram estabelecidas com gr&#225;ficos quantil&#8208;quantil &#40;Q&#8208;Q&#41;&#46; As premissas residuais foram satisfeitas&#46; Os resultados s&#227;o expressos como escores&#8208;Z&#44; ou seja&#44; m&#250;ltiplos do desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia&#44; e gr&#225;ficos com as curvas de regress&#227;o e os escores&#8208;Z foram preparados para facilitar o uso das equa&#231;&#245;es na pr&#225;tica e pesquisa cl&#237;nicas&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos os testes foram avaliados com um alfa de 0&#44;05&#44; sem ajustes para m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es&#46; Os dados foram analisados com a linguagem estat&#237;stica R &#40;Free Software Foundation&#44; MA&#44; EUA&#41; e o SPSS &#40;SPSS Inc&#46; Released 2009&#46; SPSS for Windows&#44; Vers&#227;o 15&#46;0&#44; IL&#44; EUA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Resultados</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a> descreve o fluxograma do estudo e indica que 195 crian&#231;as foram avaliadas inicialmente e que 131 &#40;67&#37;&#41; alunos de escolas p&#250;blicas e 64 &#40;33&#37;&#41; de escolas particulares foram inscritos no estudo de junho de 2010 a agosto de 2011&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a> apresenta os coeficientes de determina&#231;&#227;o &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; das equa&#231;&#245;es de regress&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas com as vari&#225;veis independentes de estatura&#44; estatura<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>peso&#44; estatura<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>idade e estatura<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>peso<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>idade&#46; Os valores de r<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> mostraram pouca varia&#231;&#227;o &#40;aproximadamente 1&#37;&#41; quando a estatura era usada como o &#250;nico preditor das vari&#225;veis de espirometria&#44; com estatura<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>peso<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>idade como as vari&#225;veis independentes nas equa&#231;&#245;es de regress&#227;o&#46; A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a> tamb&#233;m apresenta as equa&#231;&#245;es de regress&#227;o e os limites inferiores do normal &#40;ou seja&#44; escores&#8208;Z de &#8208;1&#44;64&#41; para as vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas com a estatura como a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A regress&#227;o linear entre os par&#226;metros espirom&#233;tricos &#40;vari&#225;veis dependentes&#41; e estatura&#44; peso e idade &#40;vari&#225;veis independentes&#41; mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa&#46; Contudo&#44; as vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas n&#227;o mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com o sexo&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os gr&#225;ficos das vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas de acordo com a estatura em que os escores&#8208;Z s&#227;o tra&#231;ados s&#227;o mostrados na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">figura 2</a>&#46; Conforme ilustrado&#44; estaturas mais baixas foram associadas a menos variabilidade em cada um dos par&#226;metros espirom&#233;tricos estudados&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a> exibe a propor&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as que fizeram a espirometria com sucesso&#44; os dados antropom&#233;tricos e os par&#226;metros espirom&#233;tricos por idade das 195 crian&#231;as&#46; Em geral&#44; 85&#37; das crian&#231;as fizeram as manobras de espirometria com sucesso e a taxa de sucesso aumentou progressivamente com a idade&#46; A amostra a partir da qual as curvas foram geradas e as equa&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas predominantemente de etnia mista &#40;134 de 166&#44; ou seja&#44; 80&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#44; brancos &#40;27 de 166&#44; ou seja&#44; 16&#44;3&#37;&#41; e descendentes asi&#225;ticos&#47;africanos &#40;apenas cinco de 166&#44; ou seja&#44; 3&#37;&#41;&#46; Essas informa&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas de relatos dos pais&#46; As compara&#231;&#245;es dos dados antropom&#233;tricos e das vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas entre os meninos e meninas n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;as significativas &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#44; testes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> independentes&#41;&#46; Entretanto&#44; as faixas et&#225;rias indicaram que o peso&#44; a estatura e a maioria dos par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar apresentaram aumentos progressivos e estatisticamente significativos com a idade&#46; Sobre o TEF&#44; foi observado um aumento significativo somente entre crian&#231;as de quatro a seis anos&#46; Somente o BEV&#44; a CVF&#44; o VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0&#44;5</span>&#47;CVF e o VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;CVF em todas as faixas et&#225;rias investigadas n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas de acordo com o teste de Hochberg&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No melhor de nosso conhecimento&#44; este &#233; o segundo estudo destinado a descrever equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o para vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas exclusivamente para crian&#231;as brasileiras em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar&#44; de quatro a seis anos&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O primeiro estudo foi publicado por Burity et al&#46;&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> esses autores inclu&#237;ram 321 crian&#231;as de tr&#234;s a seis anos &#40;idade m&#233;dia&#58; 60 meses&#41;&#46; Contudo&#44; somente 135 crian&#231;as &#40;69 meninos e 66 meninas&#41; conseguiram fazer todas as manobras de expira&#231;&#227;o for&#231;ada&#46; Em contraste com nosso estudo&#44; as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas inclu&#237;ram regress&#245;es logar&#237;tmicas e lineares e n&#227;o inclu&#237;ram o m&#233;todo dos m&#237;nimos quadrados&#46; Esse m&#233;todo permite a interpreta&#231;&#227;o das curvas funiculares que melhor refletem as correla&#231;&#245;es entre o crescimento f&#237;sico dos pulm&#245;es em todas as idades analisadas &#40;quatro&#44; cinco e seis anos&#41; e os par&#226;metros funcionais&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os principais resultados deste estudo s&#227;o os seguintes&#58; foram observados aumentos progressivos e estatisticamente significativos na maioria dos par&#226;metros espirom&#233;tricos com o aumento da estatura e as equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o resultantes incorporaram a estatura como &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora&#46; Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com os relatados anteriormente&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;9&#44;15</span></a> Assim&#44; as equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas descritas neste estudo foram geradas considerando a estatura a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente&#46; Essa escolha de um &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora teve como base os seguintes fatores&#58; a varia&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente n&#227;o significativa nos coeficientes de determina&#231;&#227;o com acr&#233;scimos das outras poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis independentes &#40;ou seja&#44; idade&#44; peso e sexo&#41;&#44; a facilidade de uso das equa&#231;&#245;es com vari&#225;veis preditoras &#250;nicas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e o uso anterior da estatura como &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente por diversos autores para derivar equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o para par&#226;metros espirom&#233;tricos em crian&#231;as em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;8&#44;11&#44;13&#44;15</span></a> Al&#233;m disso&#44; os valores do coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; encontrados neste estudo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41; s&#227;o semelhantes aos descritos anteriormente&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;12&#44;15</span></a> incluindo aqueles de um estudo com crian&#231;as em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar do Nordeste do Brasil&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Em geral&#44; os valores de r<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> relatados na literatura para CVF variam de 0&#44;76 a 0&#44;53&#44; os para VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0&#44;5</span>&#44; de 0&#44;73 a 0&#44;42&#44; os para VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; de 0&#44;78 a 0&#44;55&#44; os para PEF&#44; de 0&#44;78 a 0&#44;38 e os para FEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25&#8208;75</span>&#44; de 0&#44;37 a 0&#44;17&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;12&#44;15&#44;19</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os gr&#225;ficos das vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas de acordo com a estatura em que os escores&#8208;Z foram marcados refletem as correla&#231;&#245;es diretas entre as vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas e o aumento na estatura&#46; Portanto&#44; com um aumento progressivo na estatura&#44; as vari&#225;veis avaliadas neste estudo apresentaram ampla variabilidade&#46; Os gr&#225;ficos de estudos anteriores t&#234;m apar&#234;ncia semelhante aos deste estudo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em contrapartida com o estudo com crian&#231;as nordestinas&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> em que foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre meninos e meninas&#44; este estudo n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;as significativas nas vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas entre crian&#231;as do sexo masculino e feminino e essa falta de diferen&#231;as tamb&#233;m foi observada em estudos semelhantes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;15</span></a> Os poss&#237;veis motivos desse resultado incluem a falta de diferen&#231;as hormonais e nutricionais entre meninos e meninas em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar e o tamanho pequeno da amostra&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adicionalmente&#44; foram observadas fortes concord&#226;ncias &#40;ou seja&#44; escores&#8208;Z pr&#243;ximos de zero&#41; nas compara&#231;&#245;es dos valores espirom&#233;tricos gerados em nossas equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o e dos valores recentemente relatados por Quanjer et al&#46; com base em 97&#46;759 registros de n&#227;o fumantes saud&#225;veis de 2&#44;5&#8208;95 anos em todo o mundo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Por exemplo&#44; os escores&#8208;Z m&#233;dios para CVF&#44; VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; &#237;ndice VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;CVF e FEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25&#8208;75</span> obtidos em nosso estudo foram &#8208;0&#44;8&#44; &#8208;0&#44;00&#44; &#43;0&#44;1 e &#43;0&#44;05&#44; respectivamente&#59; ou seja&#44; todos os par&#226;metros ficaram dentro da faixa aceit&#225;vel de escores&#8208;Z de<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ou &#8208;0&#44;5&#46; Em outras palavras&#44; esses valores foram inferiores a cerca de 1&#37; a 2&#37; dos valores preditivos relatados por Quanjer et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> clinicamente irrelevantes&#46; Contudo&#44; as equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o propostas neste estudo parecem ser mais aplic&#225;veis a popula&#231;&#245;es semelhantes &#224; deste estudo&#44; simplesmente porque essas equa&#231;&#245;es foram geradas a partir dessa popula&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores de refer&#234;ncia descritos por Rosenthal et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> e Burity et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> que representaram crian&#231;as com estatura de 110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; nossos valores preditivos est&#227;o pr&#243;ximos daqueles anteriormente relatados&#44; ou seja&#44; CVF de 1&#44;20 L&#44; 1&#44;10 L e 1&#44;18 L&#44; respectivamente&#44; VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> de 1&#44;10 L&#44; 1&#44;05 L e 1&#44;10 L&#44; respectivamente&#44; e VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;CVF de 0&#44;90&#44; 0&#44;95 e 0&#44;93&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo foi a n&#227;o inclus&#227;o de crian&#231;as de tr&#234;s anos&#44; embora seja considerado que a faixa et&#225;ria pr&#233;&#8208;escolar comece nessa idade&#46; Contudo&#44; o acesso a essas crian&#231;as teria sido restrito devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de escolas&#44; principalmente p&#250;blicas&#44; em Sete Lagoas para menores de quatro anos&#46; Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o tamanho da amostra relativamente pequeno deste estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em resumo&#44; as equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o para vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas foram geradas para crian&#231;as brasileiras de quatro a seis anos que residem no Estado de Minas Gerais&#46; Esses resultados poder&#227;o ter import&#226;ncia para a &#225;rea de sa&#250;de respirat&#243;ria pedi&#225;trica&#44; pois esses valores podem ser usados para aprimorar o diagn&#243;stico e a gest&#227;o cl&#237;nica de crian&#231;as com suspeita ou confirma&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias&#46; Os testes da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar s&#227;o importantes para elucidar hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas e melhorar a gest&#227;o cl&#237;nica&#46; Refletindo a import&#226;ncia de seu uso&#44; esses testes s&#227;o cada vez mais usados entre a popula&#231;&#227;o em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar&#46; Os resultados deste estudo poder&#227;o ajudar a ampliar o uso da espirometria entre crian&#231;as em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar&#44; pois corroboram os achados de estudos anteriores que relataram altas taxas de sucesso na feitura de manobras espirom&#233;tricas por crian&#231;as em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar e um aumento na taxa de sucesso com a idade&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;6&#44;7&#44;9&#44;10&#44;15&#44;22</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considerando as caracter&#237;sticas continentais do Brasil&#44; devem ser incentivados mais estudos sobre o assunto em todas as cinco regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s&#44; que devem visar &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar de uma popula&#231;&#227;o mais representativa de crian&#231;as brasileiras&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Financiamento</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pr&#243;&#8208;Reitoria de Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais&#59; CNPq &#40;Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico&#41;&#44; Bolsa n&#176; 309494&#47;2013&#8208;3 &#40;para VFP&#41; e 303396&#47;2012&#8208;1 &#40;para PAMC&#41;&#59; e Fapemig &#40;Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais&#41;&#44; Bolsa n&#176; PPM&#8208;00065&#8208;14 &#40;para PAMC&#41; e PPM&#8208;00287&#8208;15 &#40;para VFP&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflitos de interesse</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesse&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To generate prediction equations for spirometry in 4&#8208; to 6&#8208;year&#8208;old children&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forced vital capacity&#44; forced expiratory volume in 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; forced expiratory volume in one second&#44; peak expiratory flow&#44; and forced expiratory flow at 25&#8211;75&#37; of the forced vital capacity were assessed in 195 healthy children residing in the town of Sete Lagoas&#44; state of Minas Gerais&#44; Southeastern Brazil&#46; The least mean squares method was used to derive the prediction equations&#46; The level of significance was established as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; 85&#37; of the children succeeded in performing the spirometric maneuvers&#46; In the prediction equation&#44; height was the single predictor of the spirometric variables as follows&#58; forced vital capacity<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>exponential &#91;&#40;&#8722;2&#46;255&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#46;022<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>height&#41;&#93;&#44; forced expiratory volume in 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>exponential &#91;&#40;&#8722;2&#46;288&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#46;019<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>height&#41;&#93;&#44; forced expiratory volume in one second<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>exponential &#91;&#40;&#8722;2&#46;767&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#46;026<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>height&#41;&#93;&#44; peak expiratory flow<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>exponential &#91;&#40;&#8722;2&#46;908&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#46;019<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>height&#41;&#93;&#44; and forced expiratory flow at 25&#8211;75&#37; of the forced vital capacity<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>exponential &#91;&#40;&#8722;1&#46;404&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#46;016<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>height&#41;&#93;&#46; Neither age nor weight influenced the regression equations&#46; No significant differences in the predicted values for boys and girls were observed&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The predicted values obtained in the present study are comparable to those reported for preschoolers from both Brazil and other countries&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Gerar equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o da espirometria em crian&#231;as de quatro a seis anos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Capacidade vital for&#231;ada&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em 0&#44;5 segundo&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em um segundo&#44; pico de fluxo expirat&#243;rio e fluxo expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado com 25&#8208;75&#37; da capacidade vital for&#231;ada foram avaliados em 195 crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis que residem em Sete Lagoas&#44; Estado de Minas Gerais&#44; Sudeste do Brasil&#46; O m&#233;todo dos m&#237;nimos quadrados foi usado para derivar as equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o&#46; O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido como p &#60; 0&#44;05&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No geral&#44; 85&#37; das crian&#231;as foram bem&#8208;sucedidas ao fazer as manobras espirom&#233;tricas&#46; Na equa&#231;&#227;o de predi&#231;&#227;o&#44; a estatura foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora das vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas&#44; da seguinte forma&#58; capacidade vital for&#231;ada &#61; exponencial &#91;&#40;&#8208;2&#44;255&#41; &#43; &#40;0&#44;022 x estatura&#41;&#93;&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em 0&#44;5 segundo &#61; exponencial &#91;&#40;&#8208;2&#44;288&#41; &#43; &#40;0&#44;019 x estatura&#41;&#93;&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em um segundo &#61; exponencial &#91;&#40;&#8208;2&#44;767&#41; &#43; &#40;0&#44;026 x estatura&#41;&#93;&#44; pico do fluxo expirat&#243;rio &#61; exponencial &#91;&#40;&#8208;2&#44;908&#41; &#43; &#40;0&#44;019 x estatura&#41;&#93; e fluxo expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado com 25&#8208;75&#37; da capacidade vital for&#231;ada &#61; exponencial &#91;&#40;&#8208;1&#44;404&#41; &#43; &#40;0&#44;016 x estatura&#41;&#93;&#46; Nem a idade nem o peso influenciaram as equa&#231;&#245;es de regress&#227;o&#46; N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa nos valores previstos em meninos e meninas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os valores previstos obtidos neste estudo s&#227;o compar&#225;veis &#224;queles relatados em crian&#231;as em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar tanto do Brasil quanto de outros pa&#237;ses&#46;</p></span>"
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        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Como citar este artigo&#58; Fran&#231;a DC&#44; Camargos PA&#44; Jones MH&#44; Martins JA&#44; Vieira BP&#44; Colosimo EA&#44; et al&#46; Prediction equations for spirometry in four&#8208; to six&#8208;year&#8208;old children&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2016&#59;92&#58;400&#8211;8&#46;</p>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fluxograma do estudo&#46;</p>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Gr&#225;ficos dos escores&#8208;Z das vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas de acordo com estatura&#46;</p> <p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CVF&#44; capacidade vital for&#231;ada&#59; VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0&#44;5</span>&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em 0&#44;5 segundo&#59; VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em um segundo&#59; PEF&#44; pico de fluxo expirat&#243;rio&#59; FEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25&#8208;75</span>&#44; fluxo expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado com 25&#8208;75&#37; da CVF&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>P&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CVF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;56<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;57<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;56<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;57<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Exp&#46; &#91;&#40;&#8211;2&#44;255&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#44;022 x estatura&#41;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;51<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;51<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;52<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;44<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;44<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;44<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0&#44;5</span>&#47;CVF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#40;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;CVF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PEF &#40;L&#47;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">FEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25&#8208;75</span> &#40;L&#47;s&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TEF &#40;s&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">BEV &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="13" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Meninos</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 &#40;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">107<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 &#40;105&#8211;110&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 &#40;17&#8211;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;20 &#40;1&#44;06&#8211;1&#44;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;15 &#40;0&#44;80&#8211;0&#44;94&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;76<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;08 &#40;0&#44;72&#8211;0&#44;80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;26 &#40;0&#44;92&#8211;1&#44;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;18 &#40;0&#44;81&#8211;0&#44;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">151<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29 &#40;139&#8211;166&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;39 &#40;1&#44;39&#8211;1&#44;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;60 &#40;1&#44;62&#8211;2&#44;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;08 &#40;2&#44;91&#8211;3&#44;87&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 &#40;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">115<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6 &#40;113&#8211;117&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 &#40;19&#8211;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;21 &#40;1&#44;24&#8211;1&#44;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;13 &#40;0&#44;94&#8211;1&#44;04&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;08 &#40;0&#44;72&#8211;0&#44;79&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;17 &#40;1&#44;16&#8211;1&#44;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 &#40;0&#44;91&#8211;0&#44;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">173<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36 &#40;157&#8211;188&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;32 &#40;1&#44;61&#8211;1&#44;88&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;60 &#40;1&#44;62&#8211;2&#44;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;29 &#40;2&#44;67&#8211;3&#44;76&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6 &#40;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">118<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 &#40;116&#8211;120&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 &#40;20&#8211;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;23 &#40;1&#44;33&#8211;1&#44;51&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;16 &#40;0&#44;95&#8211;1&#44;08&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;06 &#40;0&#44;70&#8211;0&#44;74&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;20 &#40;1&#44;21&#8211;1&#44;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04 &#40;0&#44;89&#8211;0&#44;92&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">172<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33 &#40;159&#8211;185&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;36 &#40;1&#44;55&#8211;1&#44;83&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;56 &#40;2&#44;10&#8211;2&#44;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;03 &#40;2&#44;84&#8211;3&#44;64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="13" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="13" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Meninas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 &#40;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">109<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 &#40;107&#8211;111&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 &#40;18&#8211;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;24 &#40;1&#44;01&#8211;1&#44;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;16 &#40;0&#44;75&#8211;0&#44;87&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;07 &#40;0&#44;71&#8211;0&#44;76&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;21 &#40;0&#44;94&#8211;1&#44;09&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 &#40;0&#44;91&#8211;0&#44;94&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">135<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>32 &#40;123&#8211;147&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;34 &#40;1&#44;28&#8211;1&#44;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;09<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;66 &#40;1&#44;83&#8211;2&#44;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;05 &#40;2&#44;73&#8211;3&#44;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 &#40;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">115<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 &#40;113&#8211;117&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 &#40;19&#8211;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;18 &#40;1&#44;18&#8211;1&#44;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;13 &#40;0&#44;88&#8211;0&#44;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;07 &#40;0&#44;73&#8211;0&#44;78&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;15 &#40;1&#44;10&#8211;1&#44;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 &#40;0&#44;91&#8211;0&#44;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">166<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>34 &#40;154&#8211;179&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;40 &#40;1&#44;53&#8211;1&#44;82&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;69 &#40;1&#44;64&#8211;2&#44;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;17 &#40;3&#44;17&#8211;4&#44;03&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6 &#40;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7 &#40;117&#8211;122&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6 &#40;22&#8211;26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;25 &#40;1&#44;39&#8211;1&#44;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;19 &#40;1&#44;01&#8211;1&#44;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;06 &#40;0&#44;71&#8211;0&#44;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;22 &#40;1&#44;27&#8211;1&#44;43&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;07 &#40;3&#44;17&#8211;3&#44;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                            0 => "M&#46; Rosenthal"
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                            2 => "D&#46; Cramer"
                            3 => "P&#46; Helms"
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                            3 => "K&#46; Christoph"
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Prediction equations for spirometry in four‐ to six‐year‐old children
Equações de predição da espirometria em crianças de quatro a seis anos
Danielle Corrêa Françaa, Paulo Augusto Moreira Camargosb, Marcus Herbert Jonesc, Jocimar Avelar Martinsd, Bruna da Silva Pinto Pinheiro Vieirae, Enrico Antônio Colosimof, Karla Morganna Pereira Pinto de Mendonçag, Raíssa de Oliveira Borjag, Raquel Rodrigues Brittoe, Verônica Franco Parreirae,
Autor para correspondência
a Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
b Unidade de Pneumologia Pediátrica, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
c Divisão de Respirologia Pediátrica, Hospital São Lucas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
d Hospital Arnaldo Gavazza, Ponte Nova, MG, Brasil
e Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
f Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
g Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brasil
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Sudeste do Brasil&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">M&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Ambiente e amostragem</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os indiv&#237;duos foram recrutados em escolas p&#250;blicas e particulares escolhidas aleatoriamente em Sete Lagoas de acordo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o&#58; idade entre quatro e seis anos &#40;ou seja&#44; de 48 a 83 meses&#41;&#59; nenhuma doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica de acordo com o question&#225;rio da Sociedade Tor&#225;cica Norte&#8208;Americana e a Divis&#227;o de Doen&#231;a Pulmonar &#8211; ATS&#47;DLD&#47;78&#47;C &#40;ou seja&#44; pontua&#231;&#227;o total igual ou inferior a 6&#41;&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;20</span></a> &#237;ndice de massa corporal &#40;IMC&#41; entre o 3&#176; e o 95&#176; percentis por idade&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> peso ao nascer acima de 2&#46;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g em uma idade gestacional de 37 a 42 semanas&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> nenhum epis&#243;dio de gripe nos sete dias anteriores&#59; nenhum hist&#243;rico de tabagismo materno durante a gravidez ou exposi&#231;&#227;o ao tabaco ao longo dos anos anteriores &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o espirom&#233;trica&#59; nenhuma hist&#243;ria anterior de cirurgia tor&#225;cica ou abdominal&#59; nenhuma m&#225; forma&#231;&#227;o&#44; s&#237;ndrome gen&#233;tica&#44; disfun&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica&#44; doen&#231;a cardiovascular&#44; doen&#231;a neuromuscular&#44; transtorno mental ou d&#233;ficit cognitivo&#59; e nenhum uso de medicamentos de forma regular&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O protocolo do estudo e o consentimento informado &#40;fornecido pelos pais ou pelos respons&#225;veis legais&#41; foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#40;ETIC n&#176; 0612&#46;0&#46;203&#46;000&#8208;09&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Instrumentos e procedimentos de medi&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O question&#225;rio ATS&#8208;DLD&#8208;78&#8208;C foi usado para descartar a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias e a exposi&#231;&#227;o a poluentes ambientais&#46; Esse question&#225;rio consiste em perguntas sobre os sintomas e outras doen&#231;as e interna&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a doen&#231;as do trato respirat&#243;rio e foi preenchido pelos pais ou pelos respons&#225;veis legais&#46; As pontua&#231;&#245;es gerais variaram de 0 a 22 e as pontua&#231;&#245;es acima ou iguais a sete eram indicativas de uma doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;das perguntas complementares&#44; por exemplo&#44; perguntas sobre a idade gestacional&#44; per&#237;odo neonatal e doen&#231;as concomitantes&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Um espir&#244;metro Koko port&#225;til &#40;Koko<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; tipo PFT&#44; nSpire Health Inc&#46;&#44; CO&#44; EUA&#41; foi usado para avaliar as vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas obtidas das manobras de expira&#231;&#227;o for&#231;ada&#46; Esse equipamento atende a todas as exig&#234;ncias da ATS&#47;ERS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> e exibe gr&#225;ficos em tempo real das curvas de fluxo&#47;volume e de volume&#47;tempo&#46; De acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ATS&#44; foram usados um bocal descart&#225;vel e um filtro antibacteriano&#44; que&#44; juntos&#44; resultam em um espa&#231;o morto de menos de 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;kg&#46; A precis&#227;o dos equipamentos era verificada diariamente por meio de calibragem com uma seringa manual de tr&#234;s litros &#40;Cosmed&#44; Equipamentos de Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar&#44; It&#225;lia&#41;&#46; As seguintes vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas foram analisadas&#58; capacidade vital for&#231;ada &#40;CVF&#41;&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado &#40;VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0&#46;5</span>&#41;&#44; VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; fluxo expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado &#40;FEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25&#8208;75</span>&#41; e pico de fluxo expirat&#243;rio &#40;PEF&#41;&#46; Os dados do tempo expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado &#40;TEF&#41; e o volume retroextrapolado &#40;BEV&#41; foram coletados para garantir as qualidades das curvas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os dados de todos os question&#225;rios foram analisados e as crian&#231;as que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram convidadas a participar&#46; As crian&#231;as cujos pais&#47;respons&#225;veis autorizaram sua participa&#231;&#227;o e assinaram um formul&#225;rio de consentimento foram avaliadas durante as atividades escolares regulares&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os exames f&#237;sicos foram iniciados com a medi&#231;&#227;o dos pesos com uma &#250;nica balan&#231;a &#40;Filizola&#44; SP&#44; Brasil&#41; e das estaturas com um estadi&#244;metro Harpenden&#174; &#40;Harpenden&#160;Skinfold Caliper&#44; Mediflex Surgical Products&#44; NY&#44; EUA&#41; com faixa de medi&#231;&#227;o de 60&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm a 210&#44;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; fixado na parede&#44; com precis&#227;o de 0&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm e com a crian&#231;a de p&#233;&#44; descal&#231;a&#44; posicionada de forma que a cabe&#231;a&#44; os ombros&#44; as n&#225;degas e os calcanhares tocassem ligeiramente a superf&#237;cie vertical do dispositivo de medi&#231;&#227;o&#46; Posteriormente&#44; foram medidos a press&#227;o arterial&#44; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#44; frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria&#44; satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio e ausculta pulmonar e foram feitas inspe&#231;&#245;es est&#225;ticas e din&#226;micas do padr&#227;o de respira&#231;&#227;o para confirmar a aus&#234;ncia de qualquer anomalia cl&#237;nica&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para fazer a espirometria&#44; seguimos os crit&#233;rios recomendados de aceitabilidade e reprodutibilidade&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Antes do exame&#44; cada crian&#231;a recebeu instru&#231;&#245;es adequadas para a idade e&#44; ent&#227;o&#44; fez as manobras&#46; As medi&#231;&#245;es foram coletadas com o indiv&#237;duo sentado&#44; com um clipe bucal descart&#225;vel bem ajustado &#40;para evitar vazamentos&#41;&#44; um clipe nasal e programas de anima&#231;&#227;o por computador que forneciam instru&#231;&#245;es e est&#237;mulos aos participantes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Foi solicitado que os indiv&#237;duos respirassem no volume corrente e&#44; ent&#227;o&#44; enchessem seus pulm&#245;es o m&#225;ximo poss&#237;vel e soprassem da forma mais forte&#44; r&#225;pida e longa poss&#237;vel&#46; Os crit&#233;rios de aceitabilidade foram&#58; as curvas de fluxo&#8208;volume e volume&#8208;tempo foram inspecionadas e as manobras visivelmente inadequadas foram exclu&#237;das&#44; ou seja&#44; quando a curva fluxo&#8208;volume n&#227;o apresentava um aumento r&#225;pido at&#233; o pico de fluxo e uma redu&#231;&#227;o calma sem evid&#234;ncia de tosse ou fechamento da glote&#59; o BEV era igual ou inferior a 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL ou inferior a 12&#44;5&#37; da CVF&#59; e TEF superior a 10&#37; da taxa do pico de fluxo expirat&#243;rio&#46; Os crit&#233;rios de reprodutibilidade foram&#58; a diferen&#231;a entre a CVF e o VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> era inferior a 10&#37; ou 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL por no m&#237;nimo duas manobras reprodut&#237;veis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> O exame foi limitado a 20 minutos para garantir a aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica e os indiv&#237;duos puderam descansar por um minuto entre duas manobras consecutivas feitas pelo mesmo investigador &#40;DCF&#41; com todos os indiv&#237;duos&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As curvas de volume&#8208;tempo e fluxo&#8208;volume foram visualmente examinadas por dois observadores independentes&#44; que n&#227;o conheciam as condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de atuais e anteriores das crian&#231;as&#46; Especificamente&#44; os valores m&#225;ximos da CVF&#44; VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0&#44;5</span>&#44; VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> e PEF foram obtidos com a curva adequada e reprodut&#237;vel &#40;os valores m&#225;ximos de cada uma das vari&#225;veis poderia vir de curvas diferentes&#41;&#46; O valor de FEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25&#8208;75</span> foi selecionado da curva que apresentava a maior soma de CVF e VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; e o valor de VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0&#44;5</span> foi obtido da curva com o maior valor de VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> ou o maior VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0&#44;5</span>&#44; quando TEF era<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 s&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De acordo com as faixas et&#225;rias &#40;48&#8208;59&#44; 60&#8208;71 e 72&#8208;83 meses&#41; e o sexo &#40;meninos e meninas&#41;&#44; predefinimos arbitrariamente 180 crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar na faixa et&#225;ria visada como a m&#237;nima a ser avaliada neste estudo&#46; Foi feita uma randomiza&#231;&#227;o em blocos com base na lista oficial das escolas p&#250;blicas e particulares em Sete Lagoas&#46; Foram selecionadas 11 escolas aleatoriamente &#40;sete p&#250;blicas e quatro privadas&#41;&#44; manteve&#8208;se&#44; ao mesmo tempo&#44; uma propor&#231;&#227;o de escolas p&#250;blicas&#47;particulares de 1&#44;75&#44; com base nas propor&#231;&#245;es de alunos matriculados&#46; Depois&#44; todas as crian&#231;as de quatro a seis anos matriculadas em cada escola foram convidadas para participar do estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O teste de Kolmogorov&#8208;Smirnov foi usado para verificar a normalidade dos dados&#46; As compara&#231;&#245;es dos dados antropom&#233;tricos e espirom&#233;tricos entre crian&#231;as do sexo masculino e feminino foram feitas com testes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> independentes das amostras&#46; Uma an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia &#40;Anova&#41; unidirecional&#44; seguida de m&#250;ltiplos testes de compara&#231;&#227;o <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post&#8208;hoc</span> de Hochberg&#44; foi usada para comparar os dados e as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricos dos testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar entre crian&#231;as de quatro a seis anos&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para gerar as equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas&#44; foi usado o m&#233;todo dos m&#237;nimos quadrados&#46; Primeiro&#44; as transforma&#231;&#245;es logar&#237;tmicas foram aplicadas &#224;s vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas com an&#225;lises de Box&#8208;Cox&#46; Foram feitas regress&#245;es lineares entre as vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas &#40;dependentes&#41; e estatura&#44; peso&#44; sexo e idade &#40;vari&#225;veis explorat&#243;rias&#41;&#46; Depois&#44; foi feita uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla&#46; Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla&#44; a normalidade e a homocedasticidade das vari&#225;veis residuais foram estabelecidas com gr&#225;ficos quantil&#8208;quantil &#40;Q&#8208;Q&#41;&#46; As premissas residuais foram satisfeitas&#46; Os resultados s&#227;o expressos como escores&#8208;Z&#44; ou seja&#44; m&#250;ltiplos do desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia&#44; e gr&#225;ficos com as curvas de regress&#227;o e os escores&#8208;Z foram preparados para facilitar o uso das equa&#231;&#245;es na pr&#225;tica e pesquisa cl&#237;nicas&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos os testes foram avaliados com um alfa de 0&#44;05&#44; sem ajustes para m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es&#46; Os dados foram analisados com a linguagem estat&#237;stica R &#40;Free Software Foundation&#44; MA&#44; EUA&#41; e o SPSS &#40;SPSS Inc&#46; Released 2009&#46; SPSS for Windows&#44; Vers&#227;o 15&#46;0&#44; IL&#44; EUA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Resultados</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a> descreve o fluxograma do estudo e indica que 195 crian&#231;as foram avaliadas inicialmente e que 131 &#40;67&#37;&#41; alunos de escolas p&#250;blicas e 64 &#40;33&#37;&#41; de escolas particulares foram inscritos no estudo de junho de 2010 a agosto de 2011&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a> apresenta os coeficientes de determina&#231;&#227;o &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; das equa&#231;&#245;es de regress&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas com as vari&#225;veis independentes de estatura&#44; estatura<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>peso&#44; estatura<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>idade e estatura<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>peso<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>idade&#46; Os valores de r<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> mostraram pouca varia&#231;&#227;o &#40;aproximadamente 1&#37;&#41; quando a estatura era usada como o &#250;nico preditor das vari&#225;veis de espirometria&#44; com estatura<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>peso<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>idade como as vari&#225;veis independentes nas equa&#231;&#245;es de regress&#227;o&#46; A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a> tamb&#233;m apresenta as equa&#231;&#245;es de regress&#227;o e os limites inferiores do normal &#40;ou seja&#44; escores&#8208;Z de &#8208;1&#44;64&#41; para as vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas com a estatura como a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A regress&#227;o linear entre os par&#226;metros espirom&#233;tricos &#40;vari&#225;veis dependentes&#41; e estatura&#44; peso e idade &#40;vari&#225;veis independentes&#41; mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa&#46; Contudo&#44; as vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas n&#227;o mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com o sexo&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os gr&#225;ficos das vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas de acordo com a estatura em que os escores&#8208;Z s&#227;o tra&#231;ados s&#227;o mostrados na <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">figura 2</a>&#46; Conforme ilustrado&#44; estaturas mais baixas foram associadas a menos variabilidade em cada um dos par&#226;metros espirom&#233;tricos estudados&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabela 2</a> exibe a propor&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as que fizeram a espirometria com sucesso&#44; os dados antropom&#233;tricos e os par&#226;metros espirom&#233;tricos por idade das 195 crian&#231;as&#46; Em geral&#44; 85&#37; das crian&#231;as fizeram as manobras de espirometria com sucesso e a taxa de sucesso aumentou progressivamente com a idade&#46; A amostra a partir da qual as curvas foram geradas e as equa&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas predominantemente de etnia mista &#40;134 de 166&#44; ou seja&#44; 80&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#44; brancos &#40;27 de 166&#44; ou seja&#44; 16&#44;3&#37;&#41; e descendentes asi&#225;ticos&#47;africanos &#40;apenas cinco de 166&#44; ou seja&#44; 3&#37;&#41;&#46; Essas informa&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas de relatos dos pais&#46; As compara&#231;&#245;es dos dados antropom&#233;tricos e das vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas entre os meninos e meninas n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;as significativas &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#44; testes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> independentes&#41;&#46; Entretanto&#44; as faixas et&#225;rias indicaram que o peso&#44; a estatura e a maioria dos par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar apresentaram aumentos progressivos e estatisticamente significativos com a idade&#46; Sobre o TEF&#44; foi observado um aumento significativo somente entre crian&#231;as de quatro a seis anos&#46; Somente o BEV&#44; a CVF&#44; o VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0&#44;5</span>&#47;CVF e o VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;CVF em todas as faixas et&#225;rias investigadas n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas de acordo com o teste de Hochberg&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discuss&#227;o</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No melhor de nosso conhecimento&#44; este &#233; o segundo estudo destinado a descrever equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o para vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas exclusivamente para crian&#231;as brasileiras em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar&#44; de quatro a seis anos&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O primeiro estudo foi publicado por Burity et al&#46;&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> esses autores inclu&#237;ram 321 crian&#231;as de tr&#234;s a seis anos &#40;idade m&#233;dia&#58; 60 meses&#41;&#46; Contudo&#44; somente 135 crian&#231;as &#40;69 meninos e 66 meninas&#41; conseguiram fazer todas as manobras de expira&#231;&#227;o for&#231;ada&#46; Em contraste com nosso estudo&#44; as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas inclu&#237;ram regress&#245;es logar&#237;tmicas e lineares e n&#227;o inclu&#237;ram o m&#233;todo dos m&#237;nimos quadrados&#46; Esse m&#233;todo permite a interpreta&#231;&#227;o das curvas funiculares que melhor refletem as correla&#231;&#245;es entre o crescimento f&#237;sico dos pulm&#245;es em todas as idades analisadas &#40;quatro&#44; cinco e seis anos&#41; e os par&#226;metros funcionais&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os principais resultados deste estudo s&#227;o os seguintes&#58; foram observados aumentos progressivos e estatisticamente significativos na maioria dos par&#226;metros espirom&#233;tricos com o aumento da estatura e as equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o resultantes incorporaram a estatura como &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora&#46; Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com os relatados anteriormente&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;9&#44;15</span></a> Assim&#44; as equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas descritas neste estudo foram geradas considerando a estatura a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente&#46; Essa escolha de um &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora teve como base os seguintes fatores&#58; a varia&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente n&#227;o significativa nos coeficientes de determina&#231;&#227;o com acr&#233;scimos das outras poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis independentes &#40;ou seja&#44; idade&#44; peso e sexo&#41;&#44; a facilidade de uso das equa&#231;&#245;es com vari&#225;veis preditoras &#250;nicas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e o uso anterior da estatura como &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente por diversos autores para derivar equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o para par&#226;metros espirom&#233;tricos em crian&#231;as em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;8&#44;11&#44;13&#44;15</span></a> Al&#233;m disso&#44; os valores do coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; encontrados neste estudo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabela 1</a>&#41; s&#227;o semelhantes aos descritos anteriormente&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;12&#44;15</span></a> incluindo aqueles de um estudo com crian&#231;as em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar do Nordeste do Brasil&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Em geral&#44; os valores de r<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> relatados na literatura para CVF variam de 0&#44;76 a 0&#44;53&#44; os para VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0&#44;5</span>&#44; de 0&#44;73 a 0&#44;42&#44; os para VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; de 0&#44;78 a 0&#44;55&#44; os para PEF&#44; de 0&#44;78 a 0&#44;38 e os para FEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25&#8208;75</span>&#44; de 0&#44;37 a 0&#44;17&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;12&#44;15&#44;19</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os gr&#225;ficos das vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas de acordo com a estatura em que os escores&#8208;Z foram marcados refletem as correla&#231;&#245;es diretas entre as vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas e o aumento na estatura&#46; Portanto&#44; com um aumento progressivo na estatura&#44; as vari&#225;veis avaliadas neste estudo apresentaram ampla variabilidade&#46; Os gr&#225;ficos de estudos anteriores t&#234;m apar&#234;ncia semelhante aos deste estudo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em contrapartida com o estudo com crian&#231;as nordestinas&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> em que foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre meninos e meninas&#44; este estudo n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;as significativas nas vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas entre crian&#231;as do sexo masculino e feminino e essa falta de diferen&#231;as tamb&#233;m foi observada em estudos semelhantes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;15</span></a> Os poss&#237;veis motivos desse resultado incluem a falta de diferen&#231;as hormonais e nutricionais entre meninos e meninas em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar e o tamanho pequeno da amostra&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adicionalmente&#44; foram observadas fortes concord&#226;ncias &#40;ou seja&#44; escores&#8208;Z pr&#243;ximos de zero&#41; nas compara&#231;&#245;es dos valores espirom&#233;tricos gerados em nossas equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o e dos valores recentemente relatados por Quanjer et al&#46; com base em 97&#46;759 registros de n&#227;o fumantes saud&#225;veis de 2&#44;5&#8208;95 anos em todo o mundo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Por exemplo&#44; os escores&#8208;Z m&#233;dios para CVF&#44; VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; &#237;ndice VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;CVF e FEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25&#8208;75</span> obtidos em nosso estudo foram &#8208;0&#44;8&#44; &#8208;0&#44;00&#44; &#43;0&#44;1 e &#43;0&#44;05&#44; respectivamente&#59; ou seja&#44; todos os par&#226;metros ficaram dentro da faixa aceit&#225;vel de escores&#8208;Z de<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ou &#8208;0&#44;5&#46; Em outras palavras&#44; esses valores foram inferiores a cerca de 1&#37; a 2&#37; dos valores preditivos relatados por Quanjer et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> clinicamente irrelevantes&#46; Contudo&#44; as equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o propostas neste estudo parecem ser mais aplic&#225;veis a popula&#231;&#245;es semelhantes &#224; deste estudo&#44; simplesmente porque essas equa&#231;&#245;es foram geradas a partir dessa popula&#231;&#227;o&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores de refer&#234;ncia descritos por Rosenthal et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> e Burity et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> que representaram crian&#231;as com estatura de 110<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; nossos valores preditivos est&#227;o pr&#243;ximos daqueles anteriormente relatados&#44; ou seja&#44; CVF de 1&#44;20 L&#44; 1&#44;10 L e 1&#44;18 L&#44; respectivamente&#44; VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> de 1&#44;10 L&#44; 1&#44;05 L e 1&#44;10 L&#44; respectivamente&#44; e VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#47;CVF de 0&#44;90&#44; 0&#44;95 e 0&#44;93&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo foi a n&#227;o inclus&#227;o de crian&#231;as de tr&#234;s anos&#44; embora seja considerado que a faixa et&#225;ria pr&#233;&#8208;escolar comece nessa idade&#46; Contudo&#44; o acesso a essas crian&#231;as teria sido restrito devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de escolas&#44; principalmente p&#250;blicas&#44; em Sete Lagoas para menores de quatro anos&#46; Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o tamanho da amostra relativamente pequeno deste estudo&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Em resumo&#44; as equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o para vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas foram geradas para crian&#231;as brasileiras de quatro a seis anos que residem no Estado de Minas Gerais&#46; Esses resultados poder&#227;o ter import&#226;ncia para a &#225;rea de sa&#250;de respirat&#243;ria pedi&#225;trica&#44; pois esses valores podem ser usados para aprimorar o diagn&#243;stico e a gest&#227;o cl&#237;nica de crian&#231;as com suspeita ou confirma&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias&#46; Os testes da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar s&#227;o importantes para elucidar hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas e melhorar a gest&#227;o cl&#237;nica&#46; Refletindo a import&#226;ncia de seu uso&#44; esses testes s&#227;o cada vez mais usados entre a popula&#231;&#227;o em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar&#46; Os resultados deste estudo poder&#227;o ajudar a ampliar o uso da espirometria entre crian&#231;as em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar&#44; pois corroboram os achados de estudos anteriores que relataram altas taxas de sucesso na feitura de manobras espirom&#233;tricas por crian&#231;as em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar e um aumento na taxa de sucesso com a idade&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;6&#44;7&#44;9&#44;10&#44;15&#44;22</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considerando as caracter&#237;sticas continentais do Brasil&#44; devem ser incentivados mais estudos sobre o assunto em todas as cinco regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s&#44; que devem visar &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar de uma popula&#231;&#227;o mais representativa de crian&#231;as brasileiras&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Financiamento</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pr&#243;&#8208;Reitoria de Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais&#59; CNPq &#40;Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico&#41;&#44; Bolsa n&#176; 309494&#47;2013&#8208;3 &#40;para VFP&#41; e 303396&#47;2012&#8208;1 &#40;para PAMC&#41;&#59; e Fapemig &#40;Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais&#41;&#44; Bolsa n&#176; PPM&#8208;00065&#8208;14 &#40;para PAMC&#41; e PPM&#8208;00287&#8208;15 &#40;para VFP&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflitos de interesse</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesse&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To generate prediction equations for spirometry in 4&#8208; to 6&#8208;year&#8208;old children&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forced vital capacity&#44; forced expiratory volume in 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; forced expiratory volume in one second&#44; peak expiratory flow&#44; and forced expiratory flow at 25&#8211;75&#37; of the forced vital capacity were assessed in 195 healthy children residing in the town of Sete Lagoas&#44; state of Minas Gerais&#44; Southeastern Brazil&#46; The least mean squares method was used to derive the prediction equations&#46; The level of significance was established as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; 85&#37; of the children succeeded in performing the spirometric maneuvers&#46; In the prediction equation&#44; height was the single predictor of the spirometric variables as follows&#58; forced vital capacity<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>exponential &#91;&#40;&#8722;2&#46;255&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#46;022<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>height&#41;&#93;&#44; forced expiratory volume in 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>exponential &#91;&#40;&#8722;2&#46;288&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#46;019<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>height&#41;&#93;&#44; forced expiratory volume in one second<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>exponential &#91;&#40;&#8722;2&#46;767&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#46;026<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>height&#41;&#93;&#44; peak expiratory flow<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>exponential &#91;&#40;&#8722;2&#46;908&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#46;019<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>height&#41;&#93;&#44; and forced expiratory flow at 25&#8211;75&#37; of the forced vital capacity<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>exponential &#91;&#40;&#8722;1&#46;404&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#46;016<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>height&#41;&#93;&#46; Neither age nor weight influenced the regression equations&#46; No significant differences in the predicted values for boys and girls were observed&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The predicted values obtained in the present study are comparable to those reported for preschoolers from both Brazil and other countries&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Gerar equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o da espirometria em crian&#231;as de quatro a seis anos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Capacidade vital for&#231;ada&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em 0&#44;5 segundo&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em um segundo&#44; pico de fluxo expirat&#243;rio e fluxo expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado com 25&#8208;75&#37; da capacidade vital for&#231;ada foram avaliados em 195 crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis que residem em Sete Lagoas&#44; Estado de Minas Gerais&#44; Sudeste do Brasil&#46; O m&#233;todo dos m&#237;nimos quadrados foi usado para derivar as equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o&#46; O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido como p &#60; 0&#44;05&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No geral&#44; 85&#37; das crian&#231;as foram bem&#8208;sucedidas ao fazer as manobras espirom&#233;tricas&#46; Na equa&#231;&#227;o de predi&#231;&#227;o&#44; a estatura foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora das vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas&#44; da seguinte forma&#58; capacidade vital for&#231;ada &#61; exponencial &#91;&#40;&#8208;2&#44;255&#41; &#43; &#40;0&#44;022 x estatura&#41;&#93;&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em 0&#44;5 segundo &#61; exponencial &#91;&#40;&#8208;2&#44;288&#41; &#43; &#40;0&#44;019 x estatura&#41;&#93;&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em um segundo &#61; exponencial &#91;&#40;&#8208;2&#44;767&#41; &#43; &#40;0&#44;026 x estatura&#41;&#93;&#44; pico do fluxo expirat&#243;rio &#61; exponencial &#91;&#40;&#8208;2&#44;908&#41; &#43; &#40;0&#44;019 x estatura&#41;&#93; e fluxo expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado com 25&#8208;75&#37; da capacidade vital for&#231;ada &#61; exponencial &#91;&#40;&#8208;1&#44;404&#41; &#43; &#40;0&#44;016 x estatura&#41;&#93;&#46; Nem a idade nem o peso influenciaram as equa&#231;&#245;es de regress&#227;o&#46; N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa nos valores previstos em meninos e meninas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os valores previstos obtidos neste estudo s&#227;o compar&#225;veis &#224;queles relatados em crian&#231;as em idade pr&#233;&#8208;escolar tanto do Brasil quanto de outros pa&#237;ses&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Como citar este artigo&#58; Fran&#231;a DC&#44; Camargos PA&#44; Jones MH&#44; Martins JA&#44; Vieira BP&#44; Colosimo EA&#44; et al&#46; Prediction equations for spirometry in four&#8208; to six&#8208;year&#8208;old children&#46; J Pediatr &#40;Rio J&#41;&#46; 2016&#59;92&#58;400&#8211;8&#46;</p>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fluxograma do estudo&#46;</p>"
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          "pt" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Gr&#225;ficos dos escores&#8208;Z das vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas de acordo com estatura&#46;</p> <p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CVF&#44; capacidade vital for&#231;ada&#59; VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0&#44;5</span>&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em 0&#44;5 segundo&#59; VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em um segundo&#59; PEF&#44; pico de fluxo expirat&#243;rio&#59; FEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25&#8208;75</span>&#44; fluxo expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado com 25&#8208;75&#37; da CVF&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">E&#44; estatura &#40;cm&#41;&#59; P&#44; peso &#40;kg&#41;&#59; I&#44; idade &#40;meses&#41;&#59; Exp&#46;&#44; exponencial&#59; CVF&#44; capacidade vital for&#231;ada &#40;L&#41;&#59; VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0&#44;5</span>&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em 0&#44;5 segundo &#40;L&#41;&#59; VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em um segundo &#40;L&#41;&#59; PEF&#44; pico de fluxo expirat&#243;rio &#40;L&#47;min&#41;&#59; FEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25&#8208;75</span>&#44; fluxo expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado com 25&#8208;75&#37; da CVF &#40;L&#47;s&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Vari&#225;veis espirom&#233;tricas</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Limite inferior do normal</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">E&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>P&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CVF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;56<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;57<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;56<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;57<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Exp&#46; &#91;&#40;&#8211;2&#44;255&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#44;022 x estatura&#41;&#93;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">0&#44;5</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;51<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;51<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;51<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;52<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VEF<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;45<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;44<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;44<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;44<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;34<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;35<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;35<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;24<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;24<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;76<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;08 &#40;0&#44;72&#8211;0&#44;80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;26 &#40;0&#44;92&#8211;1&#44;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;18 &#40;0&#44;81&#8211;0&#44;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">151<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29 &#40;139&#8211;166&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;39 &#40;1&#44;39&#8211;1&#44;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;60 &#40;1&#44;62&#8211;2&#44;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;08 &#40;2&#44;91&#8211;3&#44;87&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 &#40;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">115<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6 &#40;113&#8211;117&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 &#40;19&#8211;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;21 &#40;1&#44;24&#8211;1&#44;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;13 &#40;0&#44;94&#8211;1&#44;04&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;08 &#40;0&#44;72&#8211;0&#44;79&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;17 &#40;1&#44;16&#8211;1&#44;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 &#40;0&#44;91&#8211;0&#44;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">173<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36 &#40;157&#8211;188&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;32 &#40;1&#44;61&#8211;1&#44;88&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;60 &#40;1&#44;62&#8211;2&#44;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;29 &#40;2&#44;67&#8211;3&#44;76&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6 &#40;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">118<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 &#40;116&#8211;120&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 &#40;20&#8211;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;23 &#40;1&#44;33&#8211;1&#44;51&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;16 &#40;0&#44;95&#8211;1&#44;08&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;06 &#40;0&#44;70&#8211;0&#44;74&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;20 &#40;1&#44;21&#8211;1&#44;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04 &#40;0&#44;89&#8211;0&#44;92&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">172<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33 &#40;159&#8211;185&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;36 &#40;1&#44;55&#8211;1&#44;83&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;56 &#40;2&#44;10&#8211;2&#44;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;03 &#40;2&#44;84&#8211;3&#44;64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="13" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="13" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Meninas</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 &#40;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">109<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 &#40;107&#8211;111&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 &#40;18&#8211;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;24 &#40;1&#44;01&#8211;1&#44;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;16 &#40;0&#44;75&#8211;0&#44;87&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;07 &#40;0&#44;71&#8211;0&#44;76&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;21 &#40;0&#44;94&#8211;1&#44;09&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 &#40;0&#44;91&#8211;0&#44;94&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">135<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>32 &#40;123&#8211;147&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;34 &#40;1&#44;28&#8211;1&#44;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;09<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;66 &#40;1&#44;83&#8211;2&#44;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;05 &#40;2&#44;73&#8211;3&#44;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 &#40;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">115<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 &#40;113&#8211;117&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 &#40;19&#8211;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;18 &#40;1&#44;18&#8211;1&#44;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;13 &#40;0&#44;88&#8211;0&#44;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;07 &#40;0&#44;73&#8211;0&#44;78&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;15 &#40;1&#44;10&#8211;1&#44;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05 &#40;0&#44;91&#8211;0&#44;95&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">166<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>34 &#40;154&#8211;179&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;40 &#40;1&#44;53&#8211;1&#44;82&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;69 &#40;1&#44;64&#8211;2&#44;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;17 &#40;3&#44;17&#8211;4&#44;03&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6 &#40;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7 &#40;117&#8211;122&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6 &#40;22&#8211;26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;25 &#40;1&#44;39&#8211;1&#44;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;19 &#40;1&#44;01&#8211;1&#44;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;06 &#40;0&#44;71&#8211;0&#44;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;22 &#40;1&#44;27&#8211;1&#44;43&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04 &#40;0&#44;90&#8211;0&#44;93&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">185<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36 &#40;172&#8211;197&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;47 &#40;1&#44;69&#8211;2&#44;03&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;70 &#40;2&#44;01&#8211;2&#44;51&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#44;41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;80 &#40;3&#44;12&#8211;3&#44;70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="13" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Total &#40;195&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">114<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b&#44;c</span></a> &#40;113&#8211;115&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b&#44;c</span></a> &#40;20&#8211;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;26 &#40;1&#44;26&#8211;1&#44;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;18<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b&#44;c</span></a> &#40;0&#44;93&#8211;0&#44;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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