Translation and validation of the Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale in Nepali language

doi:10.1016/j.midw.2016.03.004

Midwifery

Volume 36, May 2016, Pages 86-91

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.03.004 Get rights and content

Highlights

•
Maternal self-efficacy is an important variable for infant nurturing and development
•
The translated version of KPCS may be valid and reliable measure among Nepalese mothers.
•
Maternal confidence level was affected by education level.
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There was significant difference in maternal confidence between multiparous and primiparous.

Abstract

Background

a mother׳s lack of confidence in the early postnatal period may negatively influence their ability to care for their infant. Parenting confidence contributes to the parent-infant relationship and other aspects of infant development. The Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale is a 15-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure parents’ subjective confidence in their parenting abilities, or ‘perceived parenting self-efficacy’, and is designed for mothers with infants aged 0–12 months.

Objectives

to translate the Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale into Nepali language and assess the validity and reliability among Nepalese postnatal mothers.

Design

cross-sectional study.

Setting

outpatient department of maternity and women׳s hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Participants

one hundred postnatal mothers within 5–6 weeks of childbirth were recruited using the convenience sampling method.

Methods

following back-translation procedures, mothers completed questionnaires during follow-up visit at immunisation/postnatal clinics. For the validity and reliability have been assessed internal consistency, discriminant validity, and construct validity.

Results

the translated Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale mean score was 35.47±5.48, ranging from 32 to 42. Cronbach׳s alpha coefficient for internal consistency was 0.87. A difference was found between primiparous and multiparous mothers׳ confidence scores. There was a significant correlation between maternal confidence and anxiety scores. Demographic response patterns suggest that the maternal confidence level was affected by education level.

Conclusions

the Nepali version of Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale showed adequate reliability and validity. Therefore, the Nepali Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale is considered a suitable instrument to assess maternal confidence in Nepali postnatal mothers.

Introduction

Maternal confidence is an important factor for proper growth and development of newborn babies. A mother׳s lack of confidence in the early postnatal period may negatively influence their ability to care for their infant. Parenting confidence contributes to the parent–infant relationship and other aspects of infant development. Maternal confidence can also influence how much energy mothers spend in teaching, playing, and parenting their children (Bornstein et al., 2003). Maternal confidence means a mother׳s perception of her ability to take care of her children and understand them (Badr, 2005; Goto et al., 2010), which is closely related to motherhood adjustment and caring behaviours for infants. Parenting confidence, maternal self-efficacy, parenting self-agency, parenting self-definition, and parental sense of competence have become the key concepts (Hess et al., 2004). A mother׳s feelings of self-confidence and self-efficacy are determined by various factors, including contextual characteristics, such as social support, infant temperament, and maternal mental health (Leerkes and Burney, 2007). Maternal self-confidence is defined as the mother׳s perception of her own ability to take care of the child and to correctly interpret the child׳s signals (Zahr, 1991). In the early postnatal period, mothers’ lack of confidence may negatively influence their ability to care for their infants (Warren, 2005, Poobalan et al., 2007). Parents’ confidence in their parenting ability is a key factor in predicting a range of parent and child outcomes (Jones and Prinz, 2005). Maternal confidence has been shown to facilitate maternal role development and promote positive infant nurturing and development (Mercer and Ferketich, 1995). Mothers with lower levels of parenting confidence were more likely to use an aggressive, punitive, low-warmth parenting style (Bondy and Mash, 1999). High parenting confidence has been shown to act as a buffer against factors, such as parental depression, relationship difficulties, stress, and compromised child development; it is also associated with actual parenting competence and positive child outcomes (Coleman and Karraker, 1997). Furthermore, maternal sensitivity and engagement has been directly related to maternal confidence (Teti and Gelfand, 1991).

There had some preliminary evidence that the KPCS is an applicable, reliable, and valid measure to assist maternal confidence in infant care (Kohlhoff and Barnett, 2013, Bernardi et al., 2012, Jones et al., 2013). No study in Nepal has measured maternal confidence comprehensively using this questionnaire. Thus, we translated the Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale (KPCS) into Nepali language to use in our research and future studies in Nepal. Before applying any psychometric tool to different ethnic population settings it should be translated, validated and adapted according to local cultural and social needs. Therefore the aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable Nepalese version of KPCS. The main purpose of this study was to translate and validate KPCS among postnatal mothers in Nepal and to examine the relationship between KPCS and demographic variables.

To promote the conceptual development of maternal confidence, Bandura׳s (1977) social cognitive theory and self-efficacy concept may be used. According to Bandura (1977), self-efficacy is one׳s perceived belief to perform a specific task or behaviour. Self-efficacy perception affects an individual׳s preferences, efforts and how much they will struggle against obstacles. People who have low self-efficacy think that events are more difficult than they seem to be, look at things with a narrow perspective and have trouble solving problems that they face.Conversely, people with high Self-efficacy are more comfortable and confident when confronted with difficult tasks and events (Bandura, 1998).

Section snippets

Background of Nepal

Nepal is a small landlocked country, with a total area of 14,7181 km², thatlies between India and China. It has a population of 30 million people (Index Mundi, 2012) and more than 60 ethnic groups. The people of Nepal are poor, and there are limited communication systems and infrastructure throughout the country, resulting in a lack of access to health care for many people (Shrestha et al., 2013). A comparison of men and women׳s literacy rates revealed that the literacy rate of women is lower

Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale (KPCS)

The KPCS is a 15-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure parents’ confidence in their parenting abilities, or ‘perceived parenting self-efficacy’. The KPCS was developed in an Australian context to use with mothers and fathers of infants aged 0 to 12 months. Its four-point response format is as follows: 0 (no, hardly ever), 1 (no, not very often), 2 (yes, some of the time), and 3 (yes, most of the time). The range of possible scores on the KPCS is 0–45, with higher scores indicating

Sample characteristics

In this study total 100 mothers were enroled. The participants’ demographic, obstetric, and related data are shown in Table 1. The mean age for the participants was 23.56 years (standard deviation [SD] 4.23, range 17–34). Just under half (n=42; 42%) of mothers had higher secondary education, 30% (n=30) had university education, 15% (n=15) had primary education, and 13 (13%) had secondary education. Of the total mothers, half of them (n=50; 50%) reported a monthly income of NPR 10,000–15,000

Discussion

This is the first study in which the KPCS has been translated into Nepali and validated with Nepali postnatal mothers. The 15-item KPCS scale was developed in Australia and was designed to measure the confidence of parents in their abilities with infants aged 0-12 months (Crncec et al., 2008). Translations and validity were necessary to adapt the scale to Nepali cultural as well as the socio-demographic reality of the country. The translated KPCS was also pilot tested with postnatal mothers to

Conclusion

In this study, the translation process was conducted carefully by bilingual experts, and the blind back-translation method was used as recommended. Overall, this study found that the validity and reliability of the Nepali version of the KPCS are adequate for field application, but there is a need to repeat the validity studies of the scale in different fields. The translated Nepali version of the KPCS can be used in various field surveys to identify mothers’ confidence levels in the postpartum

Limitations and recommendations

Several limitations should be highlighted. However, the translation of the KPCS scale was based on back translation method, professional translators were not used in the initial translation due to time and budget constraints, and test–retest reliability was not conducted. This was the first study of its kind in Nepal; nevertheless the sample size was small with a non-random selection process. The sample was recruited from women who attended postnatal and/ or immunisation clinics, and only one

Author contributions

Study design: Sharmila S , KA,

Data collection: Sharmila S,

Data analysis: SS, SS,

Manuscript writing: Sharmila S, KA.

Conflict of interest

None.

Acknowledgement

We extend my sincere thanks to all the participants for their whole- hearted co-operation and without whom this study would have been impossible. We would like to thank all the women who volunteered for this research.

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^☆: Funding: This research was funded by a grant from the Asian Human Resources Fund.

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Translation and validation of the Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale in Nepali language☆

Highlights

Abstract

Background

Objectives

Design

Setting

Participants

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Introduction

Section snippets

Background of Nepal

Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale (KPCS)

Sample characteristics

Discussion

Conclusion

Limitations and recommendations

Author contributions

Conflict of interest

Acknowledgement

Applied Developmental Psychology

Clinical Psychology Review

Infant Behavior and Development

Further psychometric testing and use of the Maternal Confidence Questionnaire

Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing

Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change

Psychological Review

Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory

Psychology & Health

Impact of perinatal different intrauterine environments on child growth and development in the first six months of life - IVAPSA birth cohort: rationale, design, and methods

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

Parenting efficacy, perceived control over caregiving failure, and mothers’ reactions to preschool children׳s misbehavior

Child Study Journal

Contributors to self-perceived competence, satisfaction, investment, and role balance in maternal parenting: a multivariate ecological analysis

Parenting: Science and Practice

Birth outcome, the social environment and child health

Health Reports