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Use of screen media by youth is associated with shorter total sleep time, delayed sleep onset, shorter sleep duration, later bedtime, and poorer sleep quality.
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Mechanisms underlying the relationship between screen media habits and sleep outcomes include displacement of sleep time spent, psychological stimulation from content, and (3) alerting and circadian effects of exposure to light from screens.
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Clinicians, educators, and parents should prioritize the need of youth to get sufficient sleep by
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
Youth Screen Media Habits and Sleep: Sleep-Friendly Screen Behavior Recommendations for Clinicians, Educators, and Parents
Section snippets
Key points
Sleep requirements for children and adolescents
Two independent sleep associations—the National Sleep Foundation (NSF) and American Academy of Sleep Medicine—each convened teams of sleep researchers and other experts to establish consensuses to guide health care providers and the public about sleep duration requirements across the lifespan, based on the best available evidence. Both groups used a modified RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method9 to arrive at their recommendations. For the pediatric population, the NSF panel recommended that
What are the bedtime screen habits of infants, children, and adolescents?
Although the scientific and clinical communities continue to express concern regarding the negative impacts of screen media on sleep, electronics in the bedroom and screen time use around bedtime remain common among youth.26, 27, 28 A large-scale, nationally representative sample of American parents in 201326 revealed that about one-third of young children (36%) had televisions in their bedrooms, including 16% of children under 2 years of age, 37% of 2- to 4-year-olds, and 45% of 5- to
Screen media, especially near bedtime, is adversely associated with sleep time and quantity
In relation to a growing interest in the association between screen time and sleep patterns, data from more than 60 associated studies have been examined in 2 systematic literature reviews3, 30 and 2 related metaanalyses.31, 32 In the time since those articles were published, at least a dozen more studies have surfaced (eg, see6, 8, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42), from a wide range of cultural contexts including Thailand,37 Saudi Arabia,40 and Norway.8
The vast majority of these studies
Mechanisms through which screens affect sleep
Because many of the existing studies are observational and cross-sectional, causality is difficult to discern. Several potential mechanisms, along with supporting evidence, are briefly discussed, including time displacement, psychological stimulation from content, and the alerting and circadian effects of light.
Internet and video game addiction and sleep
There is growing concern that technology habits can become uncontrollable and excessive to the point of interference with normal daily functioning. For example, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, recognizes 1 type of technology addiction, Internet gaming disorder, as a “condition for further study.”88 More broadly, the concept of Internet and video game addiction (IVGA), has gained traction in the psychological and psychiatric communities, due in part to the
Moderating factors
New evidence suggests some young people are particularly susceptible to the ill effects of screen media on sleep quality. As early as 2009, researchers documented individual differences in teenagers’ heart rate variability when playing violent video games.82 A subsequent study46 demonstrated that adolescents’ level of gaming experience moderated the effect between their video game use, heart rate variability, and sleep. Inexperienced gamers reported poorer sleep after playing a violent video
Interventions, policies, and strategies designed to improve child and adolescent sleep
The American Academy of Pediatrics issued a Statement of Endorsement in support of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines, which recommends that screen-based devices not be allowed in children’s bedrooms and be turned off 30 minutes before bedtime.95 These are commonly suggested approaches, but modifying media content may be another effective means of protecting sleep. A randomized trial found that a harm reduction intervention that attempted to change the media exposure of preschool
Clinician’s perspective
Clinicians can help families to improve their sleep health and screen media habits by encouraging parenting marked by high levels of warmth and support, as well as limits that are clearly communicated, consistently applied appropriate to the child’s behavior and context, and allow for developmentally appropriate autonomy (ie, an authoritative parenting style101, 102; Box 1). All parents should begin instilling family bedtime routines and healthy sleep habits early in life, and adjust these
Recommendations for clinicians, educators, and parents
Based on our current understanding of clinical practice and sleep health research, we have developed sleep-friendly screen behavior recommendations for clinicians and educators (see Box 1) and for parents (see Box 2) to help minimize the adverse effects of screen-based media on the sleep of children and adolescents.
Future directions
Research indicates that screen-based media represents a threat to the sleep quality of youth, many of whom already have insufficient sleep. However, very few studies demonstrate easy-to-implement and effective interventions. Future research should develop, implement, and evaluate sustainable interventions that minimize the adverse effects of evening screen use on sleep. For example, a means of reducing fear of missing out from social media and other screen-based activities may significantly
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Guest Editor, Paul Weigle, MD, for his careful review and constructive feedback on this article.
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Disclosures: Authors on this paper were supported in part by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under award numbers R01HD073352 (supporting Dr L. Hale, Dr A.M. Chang, G.W. Kirschen, and Dr O.M. Buxton), R01HD087707 (supporting Dr M.K. LeBourgeois), and R01HD071937 (supporting Dr M.M. Garrison). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Outside of the current work, Dr O.M. Buxton received subcontracts from Mobile Sleep Technologies for National Science Foundation award 1622766 and NIH/National Institute on Aging (NIA) R43AG056250. Dr M. Gradisar has received consultancies from Johnson & Johnson, the Australian Psychological Society, the National Health & Medical Research Council, Access Macquarie, and Little Brown Book Company.